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In recent decades, at the same time that the problems of women and diversity in relation to entry and permanence in the labor market have gained visibility, gender and diversity issues have occupied a relevant place on the public agenda. In this framework, this work aims to know and analyze the gender and diversity policies implemented in national public companies in Argentina. This is an exploratory and descriptive study where regulations, documents and public information on the development and implementation of policies aimed at reducing gender inequalities in national public companies were surveyed. Specifically, this paper presents a systematization of the surveyed actions, their link with current regulations and ministerial authorities, and the presence of heterogeneity of actions carried out in the different companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the scientific productivity of researchers in Chile during 2019, based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific articles published during that year. For this purpose, we worked with the SciVal and Dataciencia databases from which we obtained data on publications per researcher, number of publications, their h-index, and number of citations. The results show a gender difference in the number of publications and consequently in the h-index. Thus, women publish less than their male counterparts, which in turn has an impact on their lower average h-index, establishing a gender gap in the scientific publications of that year. The results show that men predominate in the group of the most productive researchers. Similarly, there is an underrepresentation of female authors in the scientific productivity of greater impact; on the contrary, their male counterparts stand out for a higher average number of publications and a higher h-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is one of the most inequal countries in Latin America, which at the same time, is the most inequal region of the world. Even though this situation is discouraging it is not new, the difference lays on the importance that this situation has been taken in the political agenda in the nation, awakening multiple expectative between the citizens who has been the eternal losers: the poor. This paper focuses on the challenges that the new government of Gustavo Petro faces in matter of the inequality and poverty that affects over the half of the population in Colombia, at the same time provides a context of the Colombian case in the conjuncture of global and regional socioeconomic changes that incident on the chances of fulfill structural transformations at the social policy. Although this research acknowledges a large spectrum of inequalities existing in the territory (gender, generational, ethnic, racial) it focusses on the income inequality. This analysis takes place based on the data of specialized sources on the subject and the monitoring fluctuations of inequality in Colombia in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and particularly, mitigation measures taken by government institutions in Mexico, such as the closure of all schools at all levels of education, have brought strong regressive consequences in terms of both education and gender equality. In this paper, we start from a theoretical framework of gender and family to analyze, along with the negative repercussions of this measure (especially for women and children), an embodied experience of upbringing and community education in Mexico. This experience seeks to preserve educational and labor rights violated by school closures such as sociability, guardianship and custody of minors, the right to a life free of violence, work-life balance, among others. Our aim is to suggest some keys for an ecofeminist and community solution to the education crisis in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates wage discrimination against workers with disabilities, as well as its interactions with other social markers of inequality, gender and race/color, using data from the 2010 Demographic Census (IBGE). Four types of disability are investigated: visual, hearing, motor, and mental. A multivariate regression model controlling for occupational fixed effects was used. The results indicate that there is wage discrimination for the four types of disability analyzed. It is observed that the greatest discrimination occurs for workers with severe visual impairment, followed by physical disabilities and, lastly, mental and hearing disabilities. However, such discrimination is of small magnitude when compared to other social markers of inequality, such as gender and race/color. The effect of gender, for example, is six times greater than that of visual impairment while non-white people suffer almost four times more discrimination. When considering the accumulation of the social markers of inequality, disability, gender, and race/color, it is confirmed that black women with and without disabilities are those who suffer the most from wage discrimination in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a reflection on the inclusion of the gender perspective in the university classroom, specifically, within the compulsory subject of Strategies for communication in multilingual groups of the Degree in Social Education at the University of Almería (Spain). In this, a didactic training proposal for Social Education students is proposed from the parameters of Critical Discourse Analysis to determine what discursive strategies the Spanish press uses to refer to refugee-type migrants, especially women. For this, the corpus created by the R + D DIPURE Project (The Public Discourse on Refugees in Spain) was used, since we consider that the results of the analysis will collaborate in recognizing possible stereotypes and prejudices that can be transmitted in this public discourse of the media, in this case Spanish, to be able to be combated and overcome in the framework of a democratic society that pursues equity and equality between women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of the 20th anniversary of the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325, this paper conducts a critical analysis of the track record of the international Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. The text retraces the history of the WPS agenda by examining its key features, strengths, gaps and weaknesses. What are the main criticisms made of the series of measures on the WPS agenda and their implementation? Answering this question enables us to glimpse the agenda's major weaknesses, as well as the key challenges for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the limits of childhood? When does it start and when does it end? Does it happen at the same time for girls and boys? What impact do physiological processes have? What impact do social institutions such as the school have? These questions, all too familiar to many childhood researchers, emerged again when researching menstruation in four different regions of Peru. This paper focuses on one of them, Ucayali, where I reconsider research conducted in previous years in different communities in the light of more recent work. The aim was to examine the characteristics of childhood among the Shipibo people, with a particular focus on girls, and how a biological process such as menstruation implies social representations and actions, and reflects gender norms. Results show an imaginary in which sexual maturation and the possibility of being a mother signals the end of childhood, entering a period of danger and the need for greater control, which is not present for boys of the same age group. Since this is such a defining process, there is a strong lack of information on menstruation among girls, as well as gaps and silence in school that contribute to the reproduction of such a lack of information. Fear and embarrassment, fuelled by lack of information, reduce girls' assistance or restrict their participation in the school when menstruating, which in turn negatively affects school experiences and learning, reproducing and strengthening gender inequalities during childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their characteristics, cooperatives have a great potential for women and men to participate on equal terms, although gender imbalances still exist. In order to explore this issue, this paper reviews the evolution of the cooperative movement with respect to gender equality, paying attention to the forces in the environment that have strengthened this position. It also analyses the elements that act in environments as disparate as those of Cuba and Spain and that favor the participation of women in cooperatives. Reference is made to Non-agricultural Cooperatives in Cuba and Associated Work Cooperatives in Spain, which are similar organizations. Using a qualitative methodology, theoretical methods of a socio-legal nature were used, which made it possible to focus on the evolution of cooperativism as part of a historical process and to compare the cases of both countries. The corpus has been made up of the main international declarations on gender and the Social Economy, as well as laws, regional and national public policies that promote gender equality in cooperatives. The results indicate that, with the particularities of each country, the evolution of the international context has exerted pressure for action in this area. However, the changes introduced by cooperatives require that the experience for women be successful, in terms of promoting real long-term empowerment and being a viable economic alternative that transcends the times of crisis that have encouraged them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an analysis of the working conditions and the working/post-work environment of workers in commercial shops in La Araucanía is developed. The focus of this study was identifying gender inequalities in these two dimensions of retail that is increasingly taking center as economic sector in Chilean society. On the basis of a quantitative methodology, workers from five retail companies in the region were contacted (n=205), who answered a survey consisting of six sections. Among the main results --which were analyzed as particular variables-- it is relevant to mention that there was a high level of precariousness regarding to working conditions; gender differences in health services; double feminized working hours; dissatisfaction related to routinely work in the company and gender wage gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to draw attention on the political origin of the concept of development. It shows that, more than a concept, development could be understood as a paradigm that determines the way we see, define and intervene the world. Moreover, the paper makes a historical review of how gender perspective has been included in the study of poverty, and the resulting policies directed to attend this phenomenon. Additionally, the paper mentions the contributions of gender perspective to the study of poverty in an ampler sense than the intervention one. Finally, it presents further questions about the course that poverty studies with a gender perspective should follow, and the need of a new paradigm -altemative to the development one- that will help us understand, redefine and change social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical framework that links gender perspective-public budgets with the modernization of the public administration, taking as the starting point its parallelism with the result-oriented management and public finances. Also, it focuses in the advances in the implementation of budgets for gender in the world and it discussed its scope and limitations in the case of Mexico, based on the review of international agreements and their results in the institutionalization of the category of gender in public policies and plans in the federal and local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical framework that links gender perspective public budgets with the modernization of the public administration, taking as the starting point its parallelism with the result-oriented management and public finances. Also, it focuses in the advances in the implementation of budgets for gender in the world and it discussed its scope and limitations in the case of Mexico, based on the review of international agreements and their results in the institutionalization of the category of gender in public policies and plans in the federal and local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to provide a critical analysis of the symbolic representations of women and men in the mass media, from the review of various basic concepts in the context of Social Sciences. The purpose is to deepen the understanding of phenomena such as symbolic inequality/discrimination, sexism in the media, or symbolic violence against women. To this end, we gather some examples of symbolic discrimination in language and in language use, and also in the images with which media and advertising represent gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though we are at the beginning of the 21st century there is still a blindness to gender, as it is evident in the paper that I comment: El género en el análisis de la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja [Gender in the analysis of intimate partner violence against women]. The problem is: how are we going to be able to end with that blindness? The proposal presented here is very clear: institutionalizing generelogy, which represents a considerable advance with respect to gender studies, which would thus be coherently integrated. From this perspective, the gender goes from being a mere category of analysis (important as it has been until now) to a nationally and internationally recognized area of study, under conditions similar to those of other scientific disciplines already fully recognized, such as psychology, medicine, or sociology, among others. Some of the study nuclei of this new discipline are already being widely investigated, such as gender identities, masculinities and femininities, roles, stereotypes, status, or gender asymmetries, along with services, laws, and intervention programs whose ultimate goal is gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interaction between the process of job insecurity in the fishing industry in the 1990s and the sexual division of domestic labor. There are diverse academic studies about the organization of domestic labor among adult household members, especially for heterosexual homes. This work addresses a less explored phenomenon: domestic work of girls and adolescents in their homes of origin. Based on two life histories, we cross experiences that are built around class and gender inequalities that limit the possibilities of upward mobility of young poor girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the main theoretical and empirical arguments that have been brought to bear around the relationship between city and gender . Central points are laid out on a feminist critique of the city, as well as the main empirical studies documenting the diverse experiences of women as a group in urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses gender research in urban public space through three different perspectives: the social representations and differentiated uses of space, the division of roles in public and private spaces, and urban planning of public space. The paper gathers and analyses some studies that complement the state of art and literature on women and space giving evidence on how women have been segregated from public space and are victim of gender inequalities. Public space does not exist absolutely nor gender; instead both are socially constructed by social order and reproduced by social practices. Finally, some suggestions for urban planning and research are given in order to respond women's needs in public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, poverty analyses and policies against poverty have incorporated women as a relevant factor. Nevertheless, some criticisms have been raised against them: first, most of the time, they have relied on an instrumental perspective which does not guarantee better conditions of gender equity; second, poverty analyses have generally become reactive tools that seek to compensate for a current situation, not to prevent it from occurring in the future. This paper therefore proposes to go beyond poverty analyses to identify distinctive features of households derived from social constructions that have an effect on vulnerability, particularly in households headed by women. We point out the importance of an analysis from a gender perspective in order to identify the features which make households more vulnerable to suffering or worsening their conditions of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the links between divorce law, gender differences, and justice for women in a working-class neighborhood of Guadalajara, Mexico. It presents evidence from women, lawyers, and judges, that shows how the application of divorce law does not necessarily mean justice for women. The testimony presented has to do with women's experience, but also with that of lawyers and judges who are in charge of divorce cases. The article is part of ethnographic research on how men and women take decisions in the process of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the processes of transition experienced by young men and women as a privileged field for identifying elements of permanence and change in relation to schooling processes, professional insertion models and the emergence of new varieties of family emancipation. Taking a biographical approach to transition as the point of departure, some results of previous studies made by the GRET are presented and compared with the results of the Catalonia 2002 Survey on Young People. This allows us a glimpse at dominant and emerging professional insertion models in relation to models that are recessive at the present time. One of the major changes detected in relation to insertion models refers to the increase in qualification levels among young women and the fact that they are working in more qualified jobs, in comparison with their male counterparts. However, these changes survive with the old forms of employment inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]