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This paper analyses the political paths of congresswomen in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile between 2009 and 2016. Their trajectories are classified according to their previous experience and the territorial levels at which they won elections before entering congress, and includes both novices and professionals. The professionals had prior political experience at either national or subnational level, with some having won re-election. Despite the countries' differing institutional structures, the vast majority held their first political position at national level - in congress (novices). Among the professionals, most of them in Chile, Ecuador and Peru began their careers at national level, while in Colombia and Bolivia they began at subnational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergovernmental coordination is a key factor to achieve a homogeneous implementation in national policies. However, the bibliography of coordination argues that the horizontal coordination (among jurisdictions of the same level of government) does not occur. On the contrary, this paper asks: Which factors produces that the subnational jurisdictions decide to act together to enforce a national environmental policy? Based on comparative analysis of the formulation process of the adequation laws to the National Forest Law in Argentina, I argue that the provinces act together when there are a regularized and legitim institutional frame available and a structures of incentives that produce that the locals politicians decide formulate and enforce an environmental policy in theirs jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes some ideas regarding the history of the Quyllurit'i pilgrimage by paying close attention to the particularities of the wayri ch'unchu ritual dance. After reviewing the available historic evidence about it, the text proposes that the location of the shrine at the bottom of the Qulqipunku glacier (Ocongate, Cusco) is explained by its liminal position between the Andean highlands and the Amazon. The location of the Qulqipunku, and its difference with the Ausangate, is very evident for the communities living in the surroundings of Qulqipunku. The text proposes that these communities were the main protagonists of the pilgrimage at least until the end of the 19th century. The paper explains why the wayri ch'unchu dancers of these communities -highlanders who represent indigenous peoples of the Amazon- were so important and numerous in the past. Finally, the text shows how the continuous grow of the pilgrimage along the 20th century has meant a progressive marginalization of these communities within the pilgrimage as well as a clear decrease in the preponderance of wayri ch'unchu dancers. The decrease is directly related to attempts to subvert ideologies of social differentiation present in the region that are framed in a broader and ongoing process of de-indianization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious pilgrimages to the high Andes take place periodically in the Humahuaca region of northern Argentina. Although these processions are formally dedicated to the Virgin and saints of Catholicism, they take place in a mountain landscape that has been traditionally sacred in Andean religiosity. This paper describes the high altitude pilgrimage to Punta Corral from an ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological perspective, focusing in the use of the mountain scenery in the context of the diverse rituals that configure this particular collective religious experience. The Punta Corral pilgrimage is a syncrethic ceremony which combines elements of popular catholicism in Latinoamerica with traditional Andean rituals of probable pre-hispanic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary Indigenism and the narrative production of Peruvian writer José María Arguedas have long been associated with one another as discursive practices which share the same narrative commitment. This paper attempts to establish the discursive horizon of literary Indigenism, in examining the moods of enunciation and the discursive relations of Arguedas' work. Also, it discusses the supposed indigenist identity of that work, considering specifically the history of representations of the figure of indigenous people and the Andean world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principal purposes of Q'eros music is to actively regenerate and re-create good relationships with the cosmos and the spirit world they believe in. In this paper, I explore how both the Q'eros' indigenous songs as well as their newly-adopted music and dance for Peru's largest pilgrimage, Qoyllurit'i, achieve efficacy of purpose through similar techniques of sound production and aesthetics. Even though the specific musical traits (structure, scale, and instrumentation) of both musical styles are significantly different, I address how Q'eros' musical production of both types share the same focus and serve the same end-goals, whether the ritual is an intimate one within the community or shared with thousands of other people from the greater region. In addition, the performance of both styles of music serve as specific identity markers for the Q'eros depending on their contextual use and the identity desired at the time. In other words, the Q'eros' musical choices allow them to shift identities between traditional Q'eros in their home community and misti (mestizo) in Qoyllurit'i. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand from a regional perspective the causes of the civil war of 1876-1877 in the Northeastern Colombian Andes. An approximation is made to the urban hierarchy in the current Colombian departments of Santander and Norte de Santander between 1853 and 1875. The conditions leading to conflict and the change in that hierarchy are presented. In addition, intervening players and the location of the events of the war are identified. It concludes that the group that fell in urban hierarchy was the one that started the war and that this hierarchical change was one of the causes of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abandonment of indigenous and traditional ways of relating to the landscape and making use of the environment are historically tied, since the epoch of conquest, to the imposition of development models that respond to foreign demands. Social scientists have variously integrated the concept of development as an analytical tool, with differing foci and applications, despite a broader and persistent tendency to relate the idea chiefly to economic growth and eschew social progress. This paper critically addresses the theoretical implications of an ecological approach to the recovery of indigenous technologies in the Andean area, on the basis of experiences in bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Its objective is to learn from past mistakes and recast the recovery of indigenous technologies as an effective strategy to articulate viable alternatives for local communities in the fields of agriculture, herding and agroforestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric and heterogeneous phenomenon of the globalization offers opportunities to some societies, but also impacts adversely others. This paper evaluates for the Andean countries on an empirical basis the outcome of their insertion in the global economy during the last no decades. To this end, four topical axes are examined: growth," international trade," financial flows and foreign direct investment; and social equity. It concludes with a--non-exhaustive-- list of development policies that should be adopted (or furthered) by the Andean countries in order to improve the quality of their international insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to many analysts, the Nation-State is undergoing a deep crisis, because the effectiveness of its power is being broken up in three directions: upward, as a consequence of globalization and supranationalization; horizontally due to the dismantling of the Welfare State, privatization and deregulation; and downward, because of decentralization and the empowerment of the regional and local entities. According to these interpretations, the joint action of such trends would be eroding the traditional competences of the Nation State and determining the irrelevance of this political entity in the global dynamics of power and the economy. This paper analyses the impact of the above mentioned trends in the Andean countries. It concludes by stating that in this context the processes aimed at reducing the role of the State, have paradoxically turned into the widening of its sphere of action in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]