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Victor von Richter (1841-1891) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the 19th century. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Richter and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks for higher education, well-known in different countries. In addition, his research activities is briefly described, and especially the chemical reactions named after him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the German Federal Constitutional Court case-law about the European integration process. Both concepts of sovereignty and democracy, base of its reasoning, have been constructed as related to a national legal system. Therefore, the nature, functions and limits of the EU has been determined by the BVerfG in relation to state categories. This paper tries to show how since Lisbon's ruling (2009), the bases for a definition of sovereignty and democracy from the point of view of the common constitutional tradition of Member States may have been established. That's to say, what modern Schools for Scientific Thought call iuspublicum europaeum. The German Federal Constitutional Court makes this methodological transformation returning to the material concept of democracy established during the 50's and 60's. If it was then used in order to construct a militant democracy ad intra against the enemies of democracy, it may be now used to the militant defense ad extra of democracy. The respect for German political identity imposed by Lisbon's ruling supports this idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is, along with cycling, the most sustainable, democratic and healthy transportation mode to travel within a city (Tonucci, 2004; Gehl, 2011). For this reason, walking should be promoted through planning and urban design. In fact, in Chile, the recent National Urban Development Policy (2014) sets out the promotion of pedestrian traffic as an urban mobility objective. This research analyzes the deficiencies and challenges of urban planning and street design in Chile, making a comparative analysis with instruments and urban design standards in Germany which promote pedestrians in the city. Thus, best practices and planning tools are analyzed in depth from case studies that have promoted walking, such as minimum standards, design guidelines, traffic calming and participatory processes, among others. This paper concludes with a proposal of instruments, recommendations and urban design standards to promote the development of pedestrian-oriented streets in Chile and thus a more sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the ideology of the National Socialist Movement (MNS) and its leader, referring to Nazism, with regard to anti-Judaism. Compared to the decisive and explicit Nazi judeophobia, the Chilean Movement, although inspired by the first, developed a less intense, volatile and poorly mobilizing anti-Jewish public discourse. The paper is organized in two parts: the first review the extreme and mobilizing nature of Nazi anti-Semitism, from their accommodations and fluctuations; the second and more extensive, outlines the Chilean case, considering the Chilean nationalist tradition, the family and ideological background of the "Leader", the characteristics of MNS and its relations with Nazism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the citizenship courses and exams recently introduced in Europe. Does the manner in which each country understands nationhood and citizenship determine the content of these programmes or are there similarities, regardless of the country's conception of nationhood? How can we explain these similarities and differences? Do these programmes reflect an idea of belonging based on a commitment to civic values that are inclusionary and universalist rather than on shared cultural traditions that are exclusionary and particularist? Or are there tensions between the normative proposal of liberal universalism and its realization in certain policies of integration?. To answer these questions, I propose an analytical framework that enables a normative evaluation of civic integration programmes in France and Germany. I, thus, carry out an in-depth analysis of the programmes, in order to explain their similarities and differences, both from a theoretical perspective and in relation to the political life in each country. Although these countries represent divergent conceptions of nationhood and citizenship, the analysis of their respective programmes reveals many similarities. However, in spite of what one might expect, both bring to light certain paradoxes regarding the liberal and universalist ideal that inspires them, which expose the possible exclusionary consequences of this type of measure, which are hard to reconcile with the liberal democratic values they are trying to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a constitutional analysis, but also a political science analysis, of reforms on the German Constitution since 1949. This analysis concluded that in many cases it has been more constitutional «mutations» than formal reforms, and that it is difficult to distinguish both kind of changes. Due to the number of reforms and its effects, it is possible to consider that the German Constitution is a flexible constitution: the special majority required is not a real obstacle to the parliament decision; and the decision to reform the constitution and an ordinary decision are very similar, therefore there is a serious rift between constituent process and reform process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his first Freiburg lessons Heidegger proposed that an original philosophical conceptualization had to have a formal-indicative character. This involved a deep methodological transformation of phenomenology to wards a hermeneutics of factual life. This work expounds how the assumption of a formal-indicative procedure allows Heidegger to overcome certain problems of Husserl's understanding of phenomenology, which Natorp had pointed out. Besides, this paper makes a critical consideration of Heidegger's original phenomenological approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the more important constitutional questions discussed and the main constitutional and political events in Germany from July 2008 to December 2009. The author places particular emphasis on the different elections that have taken place in Germany as well as on the reform of federalism concerning the restrictions to get into new debts. Finally this article includes the exam of the Constitutional Court Decisions issued in that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author is based on the assumption that "The Federal Republic of Germany is not only a stable democracy, but it has achieved the status of Rule of Law and can defend itself", and then analyzes legislative omissions in the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. Starting from the early times of the Court, when its position was against supervising omissions, this paper analyzes their evolution from the first procedural instruments to the sentence of December 19, 1951 and pauses at a transcendent contribution: the arbitrary exclusion of a benefit and the different types of sentences, even declarations of unconstitutionality without a ruling of nullity and their interpretation according to the Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1881 and 1905 the German publishing company F. A. Brockhaus, issued one million textbooks for Chilean educational institutions under the direction of José Abelardo Núñez. What started as a way of funding his own research-stay in Europe, quickly became a tremendous enterprise of cultural nationalization. Profitmaking, patriotism, nationalism and international capitalism merged to make possible these German editions. This paper reconstructs at length the origin and motivations behind the publication of these books using previously unpublished correspondence and archival documentation, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the procedures that the German Embassy in Madrid used since 1933 to reach the German audiences who were living in Spain. It is focused on the distribution and willingness to promote propaganda documentaries; how the German authorities did it and which outcomes they got. Unpublished documentation from the German and Spanish archives are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central hypothesis presented here refers to the economic importance of the development of new products and design participation as an innovative and creative activity. This paper shows the industrial design perspective. There are two points of view here: the first point is global, and it shows the historical evolution of industrial design in the development of new products. There is a two-case analysis over two countries: Italy and Germany. They based their strategies upon the creation of new products. This last fact played an important role in the post-war period and after it. The article also analyzes the Mexican case and design application, which is still limited when talking about new products. On the other hand, the second perspective presents an approach into the process of developing new products, but just inside the company. This study considers the different languages used by industrial designers who search for understanding and fulfilling both owners/ entrepreneurs' requirements and consumers' needs and wishes, adapting them to manufacturers' ability. The designer needs to interpret the information in a proper way. This information is relatively subjective when it comes from the consumer, and it must be translated into a tangible fact. Marketing studies and surveys on consumers are generally synthesized in the design brief. However, the information needs to be complemented by another kind of information which is frequently required, that is to say: commercial, market, regulatory and legislative, technologic and scientific information; finally, political information is demanded too. Designers may have access to this information through several means: the mass media, institutional and human sources, and then combine the gathered information with the existing knowledge and experience. The development of new products is an important part of the company strategies. This last point is crucial when considering the company survival in the mid- and long-term. Design plays an important role and may serve as a distinguishing tool for a company to satisfy the consumers' needs with regard to price and quality. It is also important that the interface existing between product and consumer be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I defend the thesis that it was Kant who first proposed philosophical anthropology as the prima philosophia, into which the theorethical question of knowledge, the practical question of moral and political action, as well as the religious question of future life converge. I show how this proposal was not realized by Kant himself, but had to wait until Max Scheler, Helmuth Plessner and Arnold Gehlen addressed the question between 1928-1940. I explain how later the philosophical anthropology entered into a period of decline, and finally I point out the current return of a renewed philosophical anthropology in contemporary German philosophy, but always as prima philosophia, specially in the latest works of Ernst Tugendhat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the middle of the 20th Century the functionalist current of penal law started to develop in Germany. Some of its main representatives are Günther Jakobs and Klaus Roxin. With it a new vision of penal law is created, since it must now adequate to the social reality of the community. So, whoever defrauds society's expectations through the production of a disapproved juridical risk must be punished. To determine if a result can be charged to a person functionalism uses the Theory of Objective Imputation, which based on the guarantee positions to determine the role that a given person plays in society. In this research paper we will state the case of how an event that was traditionally ally attributed to nature is caused by the activity of men of modern society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]