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There has been a change in international politics since the 2008 financial crisis, thanks to a greater spread of economic resources and military capabilities. For many, it is a radical transformation that could spell the end of US hegemony in Latin America. This paper examines the proposition, beginning with a review of the concept of hegemony, which rather than being viewed as a structural characteristic is conceived of here as a "nuanced hegemony", in other words a network of asymmetric and hierarchical relations. We can observe not just one transformation then, but the emergence of a hemispheric context that could be described as "differentiated hegemony". The United States still occupies a central position, but its foreign policy is marked by subregional fragmentation and the externalisation of electoral priorities. The paper explores the effects at subregional level, focusing on the opportunities and challenges it presents to Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to trace U.S. imaginaries, representations, and uses made during the cycle of Latin America's centennial celebrations by a number of men of culture, diplomacy, and regional politics who played prominent roles in discussions about how the countries in the subcontinent should position themselves and act toward one another and toward the United States. By analyzing the multiple references and uses of symbols, signs, and other attributes of the Northern nation that circulated between 1910 and 1926 in a series of speeches, conferences, essays, articles, and books -largely unnoticed by the historiography on the subject-, it will be possible to observe how different images of such country were constructed and disseminated in order to promote and legitimize certain political-ideological searches and bets. Contrary to readings that have reduced the Latin American map at the time to the tension between Pan-Americanism and anti-imperialism, this article ultimately aims to make this image more complex by repositioning other uses and meanings around the United States at a particular moment of the continent's history, in which its imperialist expansion encountered a systematic search by Latin American countries to reassert their interests, positions, and national identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of growing international competition and rivalry between China and the United States, Latin America and the European Union (EU) are caught in the same thorny dilemma. Positioned between these global giants, both regions are facing a retorn to a Westphalian system of nation-states, which undermines their roles as emerging regional players. In view of these new global challenges in Latin America and the EU, this paper uses a qualitative and comparative approach to explore foreign policy discourses on autonomy in both regions. It examines their goals and priorities and assesses the potential regional and interregional consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Abstract: "Kosher" is a word used to illustrate the food laws of Jewish people. It's a traditional Jewish law for food. For Jews, it's more than food consumption with safety. It's regarding religious beliefs and traditions. Jews follow proper guidelines of Kosher and give the compulsion to food to be reckoned Kosher. The English word "Kosher" is derived from the Hebrew root "Kasher", which means to be pure, proper, or suitable for consumption. Kashrut is a charter that renders the foundation for kosher dietetic rule and is established inside 'Torah' which is a Jewish sacred book. Kosher dietetic rules are including all and produce a strict structure of rules and regulations which gives a sketch of foods allowed or prohibited. It also determines how foods allowed should be made, refined, and fixed before eating. The paper illustrates kosher law and food among American-Jewish people and their determination towards their religious beliefs in American land, which is not their motherland, with analysis from Philip Roth's novel Indignation. This paper also ascertains Jewish culture into the outlook of American culture which ends with a cultural clash referring to historical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse a corpus of 137 texts published between 1888 and 1899. These texts are included in one of the most successful Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century: Las Novedades (New York, 1876-1918). In the analysis I will determine the linguistic ideologies and the discursive strategies used for the promotion of Hispanism and Spanish language in a sociopolitical context in which the Spanish hegemony was losing all its power at an international level. Thus, the ideologies found are divided in two different categories: the linguistic ideologies that give the language a cultural value and the linguistic ideologies that make reference to the economic and commercial value of the language. The results obtained from this analysis will contribute to understand the role of Spanish language in the United States. Furthermore, this paper presents an unpublished corpus of clear historiographic interest that contributes to clarify the panorama of Hispanism in a country like the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexander the Great is a historical figure who has caught the interest of the academic and artistic world. In cinema, we must highlight the films by the American directors Robert Rossen and Oliver Stone. This paper reflects on the idea of empire that is developed here considering that the United States is the current empire and that both filmmakers show a critical position with certain policies of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As defined in economic theory, artificial intelligence (AI) can be considered an industry. In this context, two simultaneous processes are observed: concurrence and cooperation. The current dispute between China and the United States for world leadership in AI should be placed against this background. Thus, the description in this paper of concrete policies and measures that the Chinese regime pursued to promote its AI industry and identify its strategy to increase its influence on the standardization processes in the emerging industry is extremely important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the trilateral trade relationship between Mexico, the United States and China, and its main characteristics, from 1993 to 2020, through the application of vector autoregressive (VAR) models at different points in time. More specifically, trade links between these economies have been transformed from a first phase of little significance to a second phase with profound interrelationships since 2001, and finally to a current consolidation stage, despite the current increasingly complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostensibly, Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential elections should have placed United States international policy back on a familiar path. However, despite the prevalence of a highly traditional vision of US foreign policy, the Biden administration has maintained significant continuities with the previous administration, as reflected in the policy towards China and the withdrawal from Afghanistan. In part, this is due to the constraints produced by the deep divisions that exist at domestic level. This paper aims to unravel the fundamental elements of Biden's foreign policy, focusing on possible ideological and doctrinal elements, strategic priorities, and any continuities and changes relative to his predecessor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent electoral successes of right-wing and far-right actors in different parts of the world have prompted discussion on various topics: the causes of their rise, their characteristics and strategies, the motivations of electorates and the depth of the right-wing shifts in a range of societies. This paper proposes key themes for systematising this debate and some clues to understanding the rise of the right in such diverse and heterogeneous national realities. It also suggests recovering a constructivist conceptualisation of "authoritarian traditions" in order to analyse the mobilisation strategies, behaviour and coordination of right-wing groups from a perspective that highlights their dynamic and innovative nature. This approach allows us to (re)think authoritarianism as the result of symbolic practices and discourses that are assembled, (re)invented and updated to serve various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper by David Quammen, author of the recommended book Spillover. Animal infections and the next human pandemic, makes a brief synthesis of the latest research on epizootic diseases, caused by viruses that jump from other animal species to the human species, and is a sort of addendum to the epilogue of the Spanish version, entitled "We were the ones who created the coronavirus epidemic". In this paper Quammen argues that U.S. has fared worse than other countries not because it lacked information or funding but because it failed to learn the lessons of the last outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial segregation established in the United States at the end of the 19th century was the object of criticism and rejection by certain sectors of American society, who formed various organizations that channeled this discontent and tried to structure a response that would put an end to the situation of inequality. The 1950s and 1960s accentuated the struggle for civil rights through new forms of resistance and criticism of the segregationist regime. This new situation was the subject of an abundant musical production that, in the form of protest songs and songs for freedom, served as a vehicle of expression for the Civil Rights Movement of the African-American community, expressing its aspirations and frustrations. The objective of this paper is to compile and examine the portrait that these compositions cultivated of the struggle for Civil Rights through the events that marked this claim. In order to reach this goal, this article will take into account both the actions of protest whose purpose was to obtain a new legislation that would put an end to racial segregation and the violent reactions that it provoked in the Southern states. I will analyze the lyrical contents of the songs which will allow us to determine the positioning of the singer-songwriters and determine their approach to the struggle against segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic crises can be analyzed as part of the economic cycle and from different theoretical perspectives. The article considers economic crises or recessions, in general, as capitalism's own mechanisms to alleviate its contradictions and restore, at least partially, the previous accumulated imbalances. The period 1970 to 2020 covers eight economic crises, some of which determine changes in the internal structure, economic policy trends and the functioning of the U.S. economy, as the main center of the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the set of economic crises of the last fifty years in a panoramic manner, to evaluate them as part of the process of major economic transformations and associated economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the word indio and the concepts underlying it, in American documents from 1494 to 1905 written in Spanish. The paper examines the syntax, the semantics and the contexts in which indio appears, to shed light on the relationships between indio and other actors of the American society, like español, and to shed light on the conceptual changes along 400 years. The paper analyzes various independent syntactic and semantic variables; for instance, the general frequency of the word during four centuries, the textual genre in which indio preferably appears, the quantifi- cation, the individuation, and the semantic classes of verbs. In all variables, it is clear a strong social asymmetry for indio and the low social class status that indio had always in Spanish America. There are some important grammatical and conceptual changes in the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze the figure of the bridge and its key role in the development of Woolf's arguments in Three guineas. I will argue that the bridge symbolizes the notion of point of view elaborated by the author: a situated and differentiated perspective constructed from the experiences of women. I will argue that a different experience results into the construction of a non-hegemonic, different point of view that provides an "other" knowledge, the knowledge of outsiders. As a consequence, the unsolvable dilemmas as seen from the dominant perspective can be resolved if they are approached from the perspective of outsiders, which has epistemological and axiological implications. I will also argue that these ideas are to be found decades later in contemporary feminism, both as acknowledged legacies and through unexplored affinities. Finally, I will showcase thematic and methodological affinities between Woolf's approach, Anglo-Saxon feminist epistemologies and those of radical women of color in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of who owns large companies and how they are organised is overdue in the study of Latin American elites, especially at transnational level. It is a limitation that has hampered debates on the emergence of transnational business elites in the region. This paper identifies the owners of the largest companies in Latin America and analyses the networks they form. The results reveal the formation of an interlocking ownership network between a small number of transnational owners, most of whom are financial corporations in the United States and Europe. These findings allow us to discuss regional integration and the dominance of economic models imported from those territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines secondary sanctions as part of the triangular relations between the United States, the European Union and Cuba. The analysis - built on Dittmer's (1981) strategic triangle theory and Womack's (2016) studies of asymmetric relationships - questions the evaluation of sanctions carried out by the US Departments of State, Commerce and the Treasury, noting that, by prioritising the impact on the target's economy, the evaluation ignores other fundamental effects of the sanctions in terms of triangular relations with allies and alternative powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper puts forward a set of academic proposals for the Colombian health care system's adequate incorporation of the right to try experimental treatments conceived in the United States. It explains the differences between the Colombian and the American health models regarding access to non-conventional drugs. A comparative qualitative method is used, which, by contrasting, would provide solutions to incorporate the right appropriately into the national health model. The research concludes that, for the right to be adequately adopted, it is crucial to take out voluntary policies that ensure experimental treatments, introduce presumption of fact on patients' economic capacity to avoid shifting the burden of proof, eliminate medical committees for the approval of these drugs--notwithstanding the fact that physicians may consult their risks and benefits with other medical bodies--, and incentivize credits and tax exemptions for insurers and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into an analysis of illegality in migration, from a migrant perspective. To do this, established and assimilated historical practices in selected groups of Mexican migrants were analyzed according to immigration status and settlement area. The argument presented here is that illegality has a functional character for the reproduction of the migrant trajectory. This is demonstrated using a comparative analysis of the way migrants' decisions allow them to integrate their trajectories into two contexts which show unequal development. Such integration determines its functionality independently of the existence of restrictive migration policies in nation-state contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes five excerpts from the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) that have been subjected to intervention, through a work of erasures and overlays to the original document, which appear in the intervention as a mellow-grey watermark, in Hugo García Manríquez's Anti-Humboldt. This article aims to read the original document along with the bold words selected by the author in order to extract a sense that challenges the increasingly tightened migration policies on the United States-Mexico border. What this approach produces is a counter-discourse that proclaims for the territorial opening and the decriminalization of the border crossing. This work thus presents an oblique proposal which highlights the segregationist ideology hidden behind the proclamations of freedom and harmony of the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the first two attempts at the creation of science and technology policy in Ecuador from the role of various stakeholders: scientists, politicians, and industry. The institutionalization of this policy first emerged in 1973 as part of the "nationalist and revolutionary" military dictatorship of Rodriguez Lara, and as part of the proposed import substitution industrialization (ISI) in response to the oil boom. The second attempt took place during the return to democracy in 1979 and was based on the enactment of the Law on the National System of Science and Technology and on the creation of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. This paper discusses the narrative of the events rather than the cause. It examines social macro processes through the lens of various stakeholders (political and economic national conditions and international influences). Furthermore, the definition and implementation of policies is explained via political cultures; implicit and explicit scientific technology Policy; and technological scientific paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this paper to elaborate a cost-benefit analysis to estimate the convenience of investing in a new prison within San Pedro Cholula, a municipality located in the Method: We use a methodology proposed by Canavagh P. David and Mark A.R. Kleinman (1990) who develop a cost-benefit analysis of building a prison in the United States considering four concerning participants: government, families, enterprises and society. Results: Based on an Internal Rate of Return of 48% and a cost-benefit relation of 1.77, it turns out that the construction of a new facility is convenient and recommendable under the present tenets. Conclusion: Overpopulation and precarious conditions prevail in most Mexican prisons nowadays. Corruption, violence and permanent violations of human rights are business as usual and the Cholula prison is not the exception. That is why, a new facility, away from the urban area is not only necessary but urgent, in order to improve the general conditions of the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official Development Assistance (ODA) received a new boost at the start of the 21st century, but this did not translate into a meaningful decrease in poverty and inequality on the periphery. In Latin America, under the leadership of governments called progressive or post-neoliberal, significant advances were observed to this effect, with the Movement for Socialism (MAS) in Bolivia paradigmatic in terms of socioeconomic development and the political and cultural inclusion achieved. Beginning with a critique of US ODA to Latin America, and considering the case of Bolivia, this paper seeks to open up potential ways of underpinning a theoretical line in the political praxis of development that maintains a positive sense of this notion, and which is at the same time able to break with the neoliberal perspective and dispute the scepticism of post-structuralist radicalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a cultural institution, the press plays a fundamental role in documenting and forging the public image of migrants. This paper analyzes two thematic axes in the post 9/11 narrative of the New York Times on migration. The image that was created during the year following the terrorist attacks presents on the one hand the Mexican migrant as a potential terrorist and on the other hand migration as a global problem. It is fundamental to problematize the rhetoric about contemporary migration by inserting it in the ideological roots that defined that moment and in the historical framework of the Mexico-United States relationship. The media rhetoric post 9/11 contributed to the emergence of a new international agenda by globalizing this representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an empirical analysis of how US unconventional monetary policy has affected Latin American countries. First, we estimate the effects of US monetary policy announcements on sovereign bond interest rates, exchange rates, and stock market indices for a set of emerging countries, including five Latin American economies. We found that QE announcements in 2008/2009 and the tapering talk in 2013 generated sizable sovereign yield and exchange rate fluctuations. We further find, just in a few cases, some excessive response of asset prices in Latin American countries. In the second part of the paper, we estimate a simple model that measures the influence of country-specific macroeconomic fundamentals on the transmission of US financial disturbances. An estimated model including the inflation rate, the CDS spread, the ratio of official reserves and market capitalization explains some of the observed cross-country heterogeneity of spillovers from US monetary policy announcements. Under this model, a greater impact from the normalization of US monetary policy can be expected in Latin America relative to other emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to construct an analytical framework to indentify the real contribution of financial system (FS) to argentine economic development. This construction is performed on four dimensions: i) «Quantitative»; Is it reasonable amount borrowed by banks? ii) «sectorial»: SF favors activities than can promote diversification, integration and modernization of the productive structure iii) «territorial»: FS lending helps break the divergent growth pattern of our territory? iv) an «actor» dimension: FS helps break the logic of concentrating wealth accumulation. The paper is organized in three parts. First introduce basic concept that will be used in the rest of the paper, second assess the performance of FS under the four dimension considerer. We conclude that despite the huge potential of FS for development, its configuration in our country has been very poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death penalty has been accepted through the years by the United States as a useful way to deal with criminals. Th is practice was in accordance to a system which required swift justice. The appearance and development of the rule of law in which individual rights were recognized increased the opposition to this measure. Capital punishment has been abolished in almost all Western countries, but in the case of the United States many local legislatures include death penalty statutes. Th is paper has the purpose of approaching the ever-changing debate surrounding this practice in the United States, in order to review diff erent sceneries that have modified both how the executions take place, replacing public executions in favor of private ones, and the public perception regarding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the migration processes and labor incorporation of two professional groups of Mexicans in the United States: engineers and nurses. Certification standards, the ability of migrants to act as agents, and the involvement of various actors in the migratory process are analyzed in order to understand how differentiated labor paths are built within and between each occupational group in the US labor market Other structural factors that helped to understand the processes studied were the motivations to migrate, family and professions networks, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we obtain expressions for both the tax benefit of debt and the return on equity, when the company and the debt grow, under the non-integrated tax system prevailing in the USA. Then we develop the equivalent expressions under a totally integrated tax system. The main contribution of this paper is the extension and generalization of the company valuation and cost of equity formulas to a tax system different to the one used in the USA, but prevailing in many other countries in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the research of the seedbed group, examining the imaginary concept students have in relation with the undergraduate training program at the university. Initially, the semantic universe on research seedbeds group is recognized through the technique of free association; after, these ones were evaluated through a structured interview in order to know the reasons why they can be assigned for seedbeds groups. Finally, based on students' consideration; emotional skills, social and scientific competences were investigated, which every researcher must open in their field of exercise. In this research paper, 72 students from seedbeds group of Colombian public university participated. The results are presented under a descriptive - exploratory model and they include the approach of the complementarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of labor income prior to migration on the income obtained by migrants in the destination economy, in the case of temporary Mexican migrants in the United States. The data used comes from the Emif Norte survey conducted between 1999 and 2009. High relative and absolute mobility is observed. Hourly income is multiplied by a factor of four in the destination economy, while the effect of a 10 % increase in labor income in Mexico results in less than a 1 % increase in labor income in the United States. The results show that labor income in Mexico has little predictive power for the job performance of Mexican migrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a vision of economic cycle chief features, and the characteristics of current pattern of accumulation in the USA, established at the beginning of last century 90's, as of the analysis of the financial and economic crisis by the end of 2007. It assumes its most recent antecedents in economic relations and capitalist economy policies prevailing tendencies since the end of the 1970's, 1980's, and 1990's, which created the distinctive political, regulatory and institutional conditions of current North American imperialist economy, chiefly based on external financing through deregulated global capital markets. The paper also presents the chief functioning mechanisms of USA economy within this scope, as well as it goes briefly over the possibilities of its reconfiguration and establishment of a new international economic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to debate the new paradigms of international development aid, with a specific focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their implementation within the context of Latin America. The paper will start drawing both the conceptual framework and the international environment, and afterwards will provide readers with an analysis of a success story occurred in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). A further analytical approach will be proposed to appraise the potential of the North-South and South-South developmental co-operations. These may be linked one to each other with the first strengthening and widening up the second, thus creating innovative enabling environments for fruitful exchanges between local actors and organized civil societies of the North and the South of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents, based on a documentary research and content analysis, a chronological journey through the reality of Ibero-America regarding the topic of information literacy -INFOLIT. This journey begins in 1985, when the first work on the topic was published, until our days, when the papers are mainly related to the inclusion of information literacy into the curriculum and the use of e-learning platforms and Web 2.0 for teaching and learning information competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review the impact of globalization on the determinants of illness-health and well-being and provides a look at possible mitigation actions. This paper is based upon on a systematic review of the literature largely from Latin America focusing on economic, cultural, technological, environmental-climatic and demographic determinants of health and well-being. Different interrelated processes of globalization are described. The analyses using predictive models document the interaction of social, cultural and economic factors governing illness-health and well-being and point to the key determinant of equity. Overall indicators of health decrease with the increase of socio-economic differentials within a given country. The processes of globalization have substantially changed the social and economic dynamics and directly affect health status. The mobility of people is a key factor influencing social, environmental and biological risk patterns. We observe a deterioration of health and an increase in social precariousness. This situation combined with the current climatic and ecosystem changes that enhance the transmission of tropical diseases (malaria, dengue), aggravate the health of large populations. The most promising perspective for reaching the Millennium Development Goals is seen in countries where a coherent strengthening of health systems has taken place. Thus, it is not only urgent to develop new tools for disease control (drugs and/or vaccines), but to strengthen health and social systems, which also combines the public and ecosystem health approaches within a given social, political, cultural and economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Telecommunications Act, passed in 1996, establishes the necessity to look over, each two years, the rules and marks a new period of radio and broadcasting regulation in the USA. This paper tries to characterise the work of FCC in the USA radio and broadcasting industry, since that law, and specially, since the revision of 2002, which was stopped by the Courts, in the Prometheus case. This paper studies the definition of diversity underlying in the FCC intervention, and also in the work of the courts and the increasing influence of the civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses current dynamics of the relationship between Colombia and the United States. The Free Trade Agreement negotiations, the atoned conflict in Colombia and the Plan Colombia have been central issues in bilateral relations. Recent political changes in the region promise to affect not only Colombia's bilateral relations with its neighbors, but have an effect on US.-Colombian relations. The paper evaluates the particularities of president Uribe's Democratic Security policy, and the state of U.S.-Colombia relations during the Uribe administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses current dynamics of the relationship between Colombia and the United States. The Free Trade Agreement negotiations, the armed conflict in Colombia and the Plan Colombia have been central issues in bilateral relations. Recent political changes in the region promise to affect not only Colombia's bilateral relations with its neighbors, but have an effect on US. - Colombian relations. The paper evaluates the particularities of president Uribe's Democratic Security policy, and the state of U.S. - Colombia relations during the Uribe administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contradiction at the heart of Italian and Spanish immigration policies between the calls for integration on the one hand, and the marginalization associated with temporary and contingent immigration status on the other. I argue that this tension is structural and reflects an underlying contradiction in the political economy of these post-Fordist societies. In the second half of this paper, I examine this same tension in U.S. immigration policy, and explore the ways the current proposals for reform would bring U.S. immigration policy closer to that of Spain and Italy. I note that while the tension between immigrant marginalization and integration has always characterized U.S. policy, the contradiction has intensified as immigrants are an increasingly visible component of the U.S. workforce, complicating attempts at meaningful reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some statistical data on the Hispanic population in the United States and its growth, caused by a sustained immigrant influx. The paper develops the following points: 1) the importance and relevance of the Hispanic population in the United States; 2) the role of Mexican and Central American migration as the main sources of manual labor for the American economy; 3) the importance of migrants in the regional and national development in the countries of origin; 4) the situation and perspectives of the second generation; 5) the long-term integration of the Latin American immigrant population in the United States. The supporting arguments of recent essays criticizing the presence of the Hispanic population in the United States are examined as being a threat to English dominance and a factor for cultural disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boards of directors are subject to strong political and contextual pressures that on one side, make difficult the practice of an instructional leadership and, on the other, head for a bureaucratic, managerial and perpetualizing development of its function. The situation is revised by means of resources and significant experts from so disparate locations as the United States of America, Finland, Russia or South Africa. The paper also makes evident the role the main international journals about that field are playing, being one of them directed by one of this paper's author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Como es sabido, no todos los documentos del Archivo General de Simancas referidos a América fueron trasladados al de Archivo de Indias de Sevilla cuando se creó éste. Unos pocos escaparon a la selección realizada en siglos anteriores y por ello son poco conocidos o han permanecido en el olvido. En este trabajo rescatamos en extracto un grupo de documentos referidos a personajes de Indias que se encuentran en la Sección de Consejo Real del archivo simanquino que son de gran interés para completar datos sobre la colonización de América en el siglo XVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different ethnohistorical studies have approached the colonization process of the indigenous groups living in the north of Baja California. However, the readers of these texts have not always had access to the primary sources, through which ethnohistorians document their work. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to document by means of original citations, some aspects of this colonization process. Central goal of this article is to bring the readers into contact with (1) the ideological arguments of those who defended the missionary system, (2) the dramatic descriptions of the panic and scarceness experienced by those who living within the missions, were expecting the imminent attacks of the Indians, (3) the later territorial disputes over the Indian territories, and (4) the influence of the new U.S.--Mexico borderline over the Indian lifestyle. Summing up, this paper shows a series of original testimonies expressed by the actors of widely known historical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the Production Code was not an imposition of the Catholic Church. The forces that implanted the code were more numerous and powerful, and its main objective was to maintain its hegemony over society at a time when it was weakening. One of the main keys to the defense of economic and ideological status quo was the creation of primary frameworks that would serve to interpret social problems in a univocal way. In this paper I treat the establishment of the code from the perspective of the analysis of these frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the conditional dependence of stock market in Mexico and the United States is studied. Symmetric Joe-Clayton copula is used and conditional probabilities of increases (decreases) in Mexico stock index when there are increases (decreases) in the U.S. stock index are estimated. For the marginal distributions, AR-TGARCH and AR-EGARCH models with a standardized Student's t distribution for innovations are proposed. Empirical results suggest that there is a high degree of conditional dependence in the tails, presenting higher volatility on the upper (right) tail throughout the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of highly qualified Mexican migration has received little attention, and even less has been given to migrants with post-graduate studies. This is principally due to the scarcity of information sources to directly examine the number of qualified migrants worldwide and their characteristics. This paper offers an indirect estimate of the number of qualified Mexicans residing abroad, a figure estimated at 2.22 million in 2013. Drawing on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this research analyzes the trends of highly qualified Mexican immigrants in the United States in 1990-2013. It also presents a descriptive analysis with ACS 2011-2013 data for migrants with postgraduate studies in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (stem). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the Production Code was not an imposition of the Catholic Church. The forces that implanted the code were more numerous and powerful, and its main objective was to maintain its hegemony over society at a time when it was weakening. One of the main keys to the defense of economic and ideological status quo was the creation of primary frameworks that would serve to interpret social problems in a univocal way. In this paper I treat the establishment of the code from the perspective of the analysis of these frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes process of Mexican inmigrants associations in different cities of California. The study is based on data collected from twelve first level associations or “clubes de oriundos". Using qualitative techniques, we document the complexity of the internal organization of these associations, as well as the variety of individual and social efforts to keep them working The research highlights the importance of the role played by the localities of destination in our understanding of the organization process of Mexican immigrants, as well as the possibilities of their collective actions. In this way, we discuss and complement the studies focused on Hometown Associations from the Mexican ;localities of origin. Our findings show that the “clubes de oriundos" are complex associations that impose a high organizational cost on its members, as well as spheres of sociability that members use to satisfy a set of social needs related to their position as immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes migration from Mexico to the United States over the past decades and seeks to explain why it began to fall starting in 2008. After providing some background on the historical trends of labor migration to the United States, the article focuses on the place of Mexicans and other Latin Americans in the United States labor market as the context that frames Mexican migration. This work then analyzes the impact of the 2008-2009 recession on Latin American laborers, especially Mexicans, and how migration flows from Mexico have evolved in recent years. The conclusion derived from the analysis of the data and trends observed is that the decline in Mexican migration starting in 2008 can primarily be explained by the behavior of labor demand in the United States, largely determined by the recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]