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Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the use of specific rules to correctly identify ingredients used in cosmetics was essential for their control. This paper analyses the complex process to adapt the INCI terminology between the 1960s and the 1990s. Method: analysis of the legislation published in Spain on the control of cosmetic products between the 1940s and the 1990s, focusing on cosmetic's registers and terminologies and nomenclatures used to identify their ingredients. Printed Primary sources, and periodical press have also been consulted. Primary sources have been discussed and contextualized with the help of more recent history of science publications. Results and Conclusions: The adoption of precise cosmetic nomenclature or terminology was required by health authorities registering these products, as well as for the labelling to inform consumer. The sanitary regulation of cosmetic products was very lax until the development of this industry and its market in Spain in the 1960s. The consolidation of the dermopharmaceutical sector occurred in the 1970s, in part due to the efforts of various pharmaceutical sectors. The gradual introduction of international cosmetic nomenclatures culminated in the 1990s with the official introduction of the INCI terminology in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the notion of female readers in various medical treatises published in Spain throughout the 19th century. This analysis sheds light on many of the aspects concerning the study of the figure of the female reader that was so common during this historical period. In this journey, we will discover science's attempt to pathologize the activity of reading when it is carried out by women, revealing the fear that underlies the possibilities of gender reconfiguration that may be provided through reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the press control practices used by the provincial political powers of Entre Ríos between 1862 and 1870. This period was characterized by an increasing political dispute and the deepening of public debate. An indication of this process is the increase in the number of newspapers and the diversity of their political positions. Most of the newspapers were Federalists and supporters of Urquiza, but they maintained a space of discursive autonomy and what was published did not always go along the lines of the caudillo's interest. Also, there were Unitary and dissident Federal newspapers which were very critical of the provincial government and the figure of Urquiza. Respect for press freedom as a legitimating principle of the exercise of power prevented the development of legislation restricting that freedom and discouraged the practice of filing law suits for libel against publishers or journalist among provincial officials. Hence, the way in which political power managed to limit opinion was dominated by informal practices of political control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the arguments regarding the regulation of freedom of the press in Corrientes during the second half of 19th century. In the first section I describe the main features of Corrientes' newspapers and the political context in which these discussions were held. Later, I analyze the participation of Agustín Justo, Miguel Morel and Santiago Baibiene in newspapers from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires. The links between the debates about the freedom of press and the performance of the journalists in exile shows that these controversies revolved around three issues: the moral duties attributed to the press for the consolidation of a republican system; the limitations regarding the legitimacy of political dissent, and the role of the press in the trajectories of political elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the year of 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen presented to the medical community his X-rays discovery. The first notice that came to the Mexico National School of Medicine arrived through a letter coming from the Office of Justice and Public Instruction written by the Secretary of Foreign Relations. Fulfilling the Porfirio Diaz Government instructions to update the medical knowledge. The aim of this paper is to present an historical review of primary sources to document how and who were the prominent figures who introduce this new knowledge at the Mexico National School of Medicine, and how it gets inside study plans, more specific into Physics and Natural History, and its application in the Hospitals. In Mexico City the outlined names are doctor Carmona y Valle, Tobías Núñez, Roberto Jofre, Secundino Sosa and Amador Zafra with the first thesis on X-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the situation of the mathematical lexicon in the nineteenth century. Undoubtedly, one of the possible approach for the diachronic analysis of the language is to use the historical dictionaries. Another path is access the sources which served as a vehicle for the scientific expression, for example, the lexicological and lexicographic works of Felipe Picatoste. With both, this mathematician noticed that mathematical terms were being subjected to an abandonment. Ultimately, the study is progressing in the historical study of Spanish language from its scientific perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how the office of the Bishop was managed and the Diocese of Montevideo created (1878) during the administration of coronel Lorenzo Latorre, considering how the government, the Church in Uruguay, and the Holy See in Rome contributed to its success. It analyzes the difficulties of installing the Ecclesiastical Council and the Conciliar Seminary, as disposed by the Papal Bull at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper shows how the sustained right of Patronage of the State conditioned the institutional development of the Montevideo Diocese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manuel Antonio Modesto Leal Catalá (1874-1932) was a doctor of Canarian origin, who was born, lived, and took part in the period of modernity and progress in Cienfuegos. This historical paper focuses on his work. As a descendant of Canary Islanders, he belonged to the regional associations of Canarians and served as a doctor in several institutions in the city. He was recognized and considered as one of the most reputable clinicians during the Republic with an outstanding contribution to the health services of that time. Manuel, who was exemplarily laborious and solicitous in the care of his patients, was known as the doctor of the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main features of modern State is the monopolization of law. And in the theoretical grounds for that, Legal Positivism has a special position. Usually positivists have been seen as authors who identify law with the will of the State. It is assumed that they are interested only in the observation of facts related with the origins of law, and consequently that they identify law with political power as a fact. The aim of this paper is to show the opinion of some early 19th century German lawyers, con- sidered positivists, about the state monopolization of law. And the sources show that political absorption was not admitted by all of those lawyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of the interest of Bolivian Spanish for Latin American dialectology, this variety is still one of the most unknown in the continent, specially from a diachronic point of view. This paper aims to be a contribution to the history of the Spanish language in the Andean part of the country. Thus, it describes the most important phonological features of this variety of Spanish at the beginning of 19th. century; the letters that María Guadalupe Cuenca de Moreno (high-level woman, born in Chuquisaca in 1790) writes to her husband from Buenos Aires in 1811 are the corpus used for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia there are few references related to the study on the production, circulation and consumption of Colonial wares and even scarcer are those that refer to industrial pottery. As such we are interested in opening the path for retrospective and interdisciplinary research on some aspects of the historical context in which these activities were immersed. The objective of this paper is to understand the purported effects that a factory for fine pottery established in Bogotá in the 19th century should have in this environment. A new socioeconomic order and the ending of traditions rooted in the Colonial regime were expected, based on the ideals of progress divulged by English industrialists. With this in mind the production technology, including its work regulation strategies and the pottery decorative styles, as a way of influencing daily consumption practices, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]