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Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 19th century, at least, the biblical exegesis experienced a dramatical change. In this context, the johannine group, viewed through the own text of John, becomes a subject of common study. In this paper, we analize some important authors who contributed their personal vision to the life and situation of the group of believers that appear in the johaninne writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the notion of female readers in various medical treatises published in Spain throughout the 19th century. This analysis sheds light on many of the aspects concerning the study of the figure of the female reader that was so common during this historical period. In this journey, we will discover science's attempt to pathologize the activity of reading when it is carried out by women, revealing the fear that underlies the possibilities of gender reconfiguration that may be provided through reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the press control practices used by the provincial political powers of Entre Ríos between 1862 and 1870. This period was characterized by an increasing political dispute and the deepening of public debate. An indication of this process is the increase in the number of newspapers and the diversity of their political positions. Most of the newspapers were Federalists and supporters of Urquiza, but they maintained a space of discursive autonomy and what was published did not always go along the lines of the caudillo's interest. Also, there were Unitary and dissident Federal newspapers which were very critical of the provincial government and the figure of Urquiza. Respect for press freedom as a legitimating principle of the exercise of power prevented the development of legislation restricting that freedom and discouraged the practice of filing law suits for libel against publishers or journalist among provincial officials. Hence, the way in which political power managed to limit opinion was dominated by informal practices of political control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the arguments regarding the regulation of freedom of the press in Corrientes during the second half of 19th century. In the first section I describe the main features of Corrientes' newspapers and the political context in which these discussions were held. Later, I analyze the participation of Agustín Justo, Miguel Morel and Santiago Baibiene in newspapers from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires. The links between the debates about the freedom of press and the performance of the journalists in exile shows that these controversies revolved around three issues: the moral duties attributed to the press for the consolidation of a republican system; the limitations regarding the legitimacy of political dissent, and the role of the press in the trajectories of political elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the conflictive implementation of freedom of the press in Buenos Aires, after the fall of Rosas' regime. It examines norms and the initiatives to reform them, some trials, government actions, and the debates within the legislature and the press. The study discusses the traditional interpretation according to which, in the province of Buenos Aires, those years were characterized by a wide freedom of expression. It also argues that the difficulties to implement freedom of the press in the 19th century are explained by the tension between the consideration of the press as a pillar of civilized, republican societies and, at the same time, as a corrosive agent of the social and political order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the situation of the mathematical lexicon in the nineteenth century. Undoubtedly, one of the possible approach for the diachronic analysis of the language is to use the historical dictionaries. Another path is access the sources which served as a vehicle for the scientific expression, for example, the lexicological and lexicographic works of Felipe Picatoste. With both, this mathematician noticed that mathematical terms were being subjected to an abandonment. Ultimately, the study is progressing in the historical study of Spanish language from its scientific perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican intellectual Francisco Bulnes is one of the most outstanding members of the so-called group of scientists during the Porfiriato. He forms part of the Mexican Astronomical Commission to Japan in 1874 as an official writer. In addition, Bulnes published in 1875 a personal and well-documented account of the scientific expedition in Japan and the vicissitudes of the journey through the East: On the Northern Hemisphere, Eleven Thousand Leagues. Travel impressions to Cuba, United States, japan, China, Cochinchina, Egypt and Europe. This paper studies the details of this exceptional chronicle of a renowned Hispanic American intellectual, chronicle that with a rich cultural baggage expresses his own vision of the world, his country and East Asia. The positivist liberalism of Bulnes's contrasts with his skeptical worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of XIX century and the beginning of XX century the nation building process passed through two adverse paths: the radical period (a liberal perspective), and the Regeneration period (a mostly conservative one). Based on this historical and social context, this paper analyzes the representation of woman during this turn of century, and aims at showing that the gender imaginary constructed in this period was primarily influenced by the metaphor of false inclusion. In each of these historical periods: we find a configured notion of power that includes woman in order to, paradoxically, exclude her. Based on the above mentioned metaphor, this paper ends with a short approach to Tomás Carrasquilla's position and the character Barbara Caballero in La marquesa de Yolombó, showing how this author presents the diatribe woman was confronted with: tradition versus independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies narratives strategies used by a fair part of Latin-American intellectuals in order to defy the rapid changes taking place in urban society in the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, the paper explores the rhetoric models men of letters used to qualify the limits of the notion of democracy, with the hope that these discursive interventions would limit the access to places of influence where new social actors struggled to enter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a territorial view of the Araucanía region in Chile when it was formed in the second half of the nineteenth century. In this period, the area transformed from a territory dominated and constructed by the different Mapuche groups to one dominated and constructed by the Chilean State. Based on accounts given by historical sources and the cartography produced by Nicanor Boloña in 1916 and 1917, the main constructions that dominated the process of occupying and colonizing the territory, which lasted several years, are described. These constructions include: the series of military forts, the division of rural land, and the railroad line. The sum of these constructions came to give a new physiognomy and order to the entire region. Thus, the objective of this paper is to begin to understand the Araucanía from the point of view of the construction of the territory's form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the analytical record of the process of formation of the political system of the Argentine “Confederation” in the 1850s, from the specificities of San Juan province. We considered variations of San Juan political and economic integration in the national and “transcordillerano” stage. We reveal that the attempts of San Juan authorities to (re)articulated in a long-standing activity as overland trade with Chile, though not always successful, were important both to define provincial political tensions and the gravitation of the province in the political and institutional frame of the “Confederation”. So, we analyzed provincial, regional and international aspects of this process, taking into account the multiplicity of actors, resources, ideas and practices that were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railroad's outstanding role in the social and economic activities in Cuba during the XIX century produced the establishment of administrative structures for developing, planning and regulating the railway topic inside the island's government. This research is targeted to analyze the labor of the military engineers in the introduction and development of railroads in Cuba during the period 1837-1898. Therefore, this paper explains the competences of those professionals in engineering and architecture works, their tasks in public and private occupations related to railway's activities, and finally, it establishes a characterization of the buildings as a result of the expansion of this mean of transportation in Cuba. The approach to this topic, through an historical and architectonical point of view, emphasizes the exceptionality of the Cuban example due to its role as pioneer in Hispanic America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1833 in the city of Veracruz, from a sociodemographic approach, using information from the burial records of the Parish between 1832 and 1834, as well as the statistics and reports prepared by the Governors of Veracruz from 1827 to 1834, with which it has been possible to develope mortality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1890 several women's magazines from Buenos Aires assiduously began to publish texts from Peruvian writers, influenced largely by the arrival of Juana Manuela Gorriti to that city. These magazines became a platform to promote transnational dialogues among their female contributors, legitimizing the figure of the female American writer in this process. This paper aims to study this circuit of publication, which would extend until the late nineteenth century, when writers like Clorinda Matto de Turner and Carolina Freyre de Jaimes settled in Argentina and developed their own journalistic projects there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the complex relationship between mid-19th century Hispanic American culture and Europe by looking at one of the salient sentiments in Domingo F. Sarmiento's Viajes (1845-1847): his antihispanism. Specifically, it focuses on the sections on France and Spain, where Sarmiento's work significantly eschews the style of “travel impressions". In those sections, Romantic orientalism allows Sarmiento to both inscribe the minority status of Río de la Plata's culture and language politically, and to position himself in the larger context of European culture. This rhetorical maneuver enables Sarmiento to revisit and reconfigure notions of local color, exotism and orientalism he had explored in Facundo (1845). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 19th century, in the context of setting up the new republican order, the humanization of physical punishments was promoted. As part of a cultural climate affected by the individualization of the body, modern educational trends questioned the excessive punishment of children. This paper discusses the reviews of such disciplinary practices in Buenos Aires elementary schools and its countryside, with the aim of reflecting on how this "civilized awareness" process struggled for a punishment economy to design--at the end of the century--a new ethical code of honor and virtue based on self-discipline as the kind of behavior that should be adopted by future citizens of the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of exploitable nature in the International Exhibition held in Chile in 1875. Based on documentation from the organization and development of the even such as letters, catalogs, newspapers and visitor reports the article examines first, the ways in which the countries' exploitable nature related to agriculture and mining was represented in this event. This paper looks to examine the base upon which objectives and models were exhibited, and at the same time examines how the representation of this nature could imply its denaturalization, by strictly presenting it as rational and almost artificial. Second the article analyzes how some parts of nature represented in the exhibition could have been appropriated, at least provisionally, within national criteria in the Chilean case. In relation to the aforementioned, the article focuses on problems such as the agricultural dimension of the country, the centralization of knowledge about nature and the construction and contrast of "national nature" during the Exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the vision of socialism in the thought of Manuel Dagnino, a prominent conservative intellectual of the latter half of the nineteenth century in Venezuela. The research was guided by operations of analysis and synthesis belonging to the historical method. Conclusions were that for Manuel Dagnino, socialism is a disordered and anarchic practice of freedom whose origin is linked to western culture's contempt for the authority of the Church. His discourse did not come from his own criteria, because it reflected the position against socialism defined by Pope Leo XIII in his encyclicals Incrustabili Dei Consilio and Quod Apostolici Muneris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach the administration and functioning of justice of first instance in the Parish district of Manizales between 1855 and 1865. Through the analysis of the judicial processes for sluggishness, games and forbidden dances, we want to show the capacity scope of the Neogranadinian State to establish an order in a peripheral society, and the roles that prosecuted social actors played in the social and legal fabric of that time. Our hypothesis is that prosecuted individuals were not mere spectators but that they participated, altered and used the processes of normalization of their practices to negotiate punishments, accuse their enemies, defend themselves from justice and flee when there was nothing else to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the disputes that took place in rural towns during the Buenos Aires Campaign for the control of military commands. We seek to identify the opportunities that arose during the revolutionary process to transform the local government in a context of deep contradictions between the will of the upper government to control the campaign, and the aspirations of self-government of the towns. Through this, we identify some of the components of the political cultures that were a product of a singular combination and selective appropriation of colonial traditions and revolutionary discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuant to the Royal Order of July 25, 1946, issued by the Ministry of Government, the Council Architect of Alicante Emilio Jover Pierron made the General Plan of the city of Alicante. His work, which started immediately in 1846, led to a document which contained the alignment of the buildings existing at the time, and also the future plans, consisting in the modification of some previous buildings and the creation of new ones. This plan was the first graphical instrument of this nature affecting the whole of the city; nevertheless, such an interesting item has been now missing since 1990. This paper summarizes the study of the only remains of the document and the work leading to its recovery through digital reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to approach the overseas trade and politics of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century the port complex rioplatense from the study of a particular case: Josep Ramón Mila de la Roca. To do this we first make an introduction on overseas trade for the period indicated, then the itinerary will address trade especially Mila de la Roca economic transformations that policy development and its implications for the early decades of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work tries to check some questions related to the characteristics of the Armed Forces in the context of the State-formation process. The crisis untied in the National Army during the military campaign in Entre Rios of 1870 offers a point of observation from where looking at the condition of the military organization, the relations of the chiefs and officials with the politics, of the military men with his profession, the paper of the hierarchic relations in the operations of war and some aspects related to the promotion and ascent of the military men inside the Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vigilantism appeared in the last decades of the nineteenth century in some Western territories of the United States in process of colonization. These movements were consequence of the way such territories were organized, as well as of the absence and/or ineffectiveness of a formal legislation or authorities enforcing the law. Thus, the purpose of vigilantism was to protect the life and property of the settlers, who actually took the law in their own hands with some degree of violence. This paper examines the characteristics of the vigilante movements in order to trace their impact in the process of territorial organization undergone by Western areas of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the electoral process in 1836 in Cartagena which meant the transition of the presidency of Francisco de Paula Santander to Jose Ignacio de Marquez, to show the role played by the provincial power to define them. Our hypothesis is that in the province of Cartagena, the network of local authorities had control of the parish elections and thus helped to define the election results in favor of the moderate faction of the Liberals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an empirical study of the presence of the address form su merced in the XIX century, particularly in Latin American literary texts representing the speech of Africans and their descendants, based on examples taken from Lipski (2005a, 2005b) and texts included in CORDE. Based on data found in other corpora, the discussion also includes uses of su merced in official written communication. It reviews earlier studies about su merced in Latin America and concludes that this address form appears in the context of asymmetrical social relations between groups and especially in the speech of Africans and their descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a reflection on the elements that concurred in the late nineteenth century in Bogotá to form the notion of aesthetic canon. For the analysis of documentary sources we will refer to two illustrated publications: El Papel Periódico Ilustrado (Illustrated Newspaper), managed by Alberto Urdaneta, and the Revista Ilustrada (Illustrated Magazine), managed by Pedro Carlos Manrique. Such publications define themselves as platforms for the formation of taste and, within a set of political, religious and cultural conditions, allow us to see new processes in the formalisation of specialised culture through institutions such as the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (National School of Fine Arts). The contribution of these illustrated publications becomes a reference to what will be the relation between art critique and the public, formulating notions of aesthetic appreciation and taste that we understand as programmatic in a project of civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the health discipline projects promulgated by the provincial government and its relationship with the funerary practices of Mendoza society in the late nineteenth century, and in turn of the transformations that occurred in these practices influence the process of secularization. It will be aproach in a cultural historical perspective and based on epochal sources such as municipal and notarial digests. While it can be inferred that much of the testators were adept at Catholicism can see certain indicators of that process, and also that the regulations were partly fulfilled by the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural and urban development of Havana during its early I centuries of existence was largely determined by the significance of its port in the intercontinental defensive tactics that the Spanish Crown undertook . in its American dominions. Since the late eighteenth century and mainly when Cuba and Puerto Rico remained as the only Spanish colonies in America, the work of military engineers turned to the interior, oriented to a different defense strategy designed to calm down the craving for independence. Their task then combined military objectives with civil actions that had a major urban significance. This paper focuses on the work of military engineers in the nineteenth century, related to the significant change in scale and image that transformed the Cuban capital over those years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, transformations of internal links within the indigenous political field are explored, focusing on the last decades of the frontier. This period, in which the state progresses towards its political unification and institutional consolidation, state policies regarding Indian people show a more unified profile and aim to create the conditions necessary for the frontiers advance. The peace treaties policy, extended to almost the whole indigenous map, will be one of the devices through the state will attempt to canalize and to order its relations with different chiefs and groups. Our interest attempts to identify the probable conditionings and influences of this policy on the indigenous population at the conformation, strengthening and weakening of their political alliances. We intend specifically to reconstruct-within this context-the process of the Calfucurá's leadership, to identify the impact of state interventions over the extent of his political summoning capacity during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assert that there was cross - breed between the African groups that arrived to Rio de Janeiro in the XIX century, that means, that the cross - breed is not just the result of the links between black and white people but also the product of the relation between people coming from the big regions of Africa. In order to explain this phenomena we appeal to the high forced mobility of African people to Rio de Janeiro that generated a pattern of exogamy filogenetic that was saw as a cultural endogamy, and the social demanding over the ethnic origin in order to participate in the work market implied that the slaves had to make different and various attributions of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]