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Electromobility is perceived worldwide as an ideal means of coping with the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions, which is why several countries are implementing measures to accelerate its development. In this context, Latin American countries are lagging behind other countries, mainly Asian and European, yet they are making great efforts to catch up, some faster than others. In this forum we focus specifically on the progress and next steps of the countries that make up the Pacific Alliance: Peru, Colombia, Mexico and Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This text addresses the renewed sense of landscape based on various contemporary disciplinary traditions that was adopted by the Landscape Convention, an international treaty enacted by the Council of Europe in 2000. The first part deals with the concept adopted by said Convention, which understands landscape to be: the character of each territory, socially perceived, and the result of the Interaction of events and natural and/or human processes. The second part addresses the methodological basis of the characterization and assessment of landscape and highlights the approach of the British Landscape Character Assessment method and some empirical results of this methodology. The third part deals with landscape policies and focuses on the potential of urban and territorial planning instruments to Incorporate objectives, guidelines and actions aimed at the protection, management, and requalification of, and public access to the landscape. Finally, the text describes an experience with a territorial landscape project, the Plan Insular de Menorca or Insular Plan of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), which was passed in 2003. The text synthesizes the plan's decisions on the protection of certain lands due to their high landscape value, its guidelines for the Incorporation of landscape criteria In sectorial policies (tourism, agriculture, infrastructure, etc.), and Its Initiatives for landscape management and improvement and the promotion of public access for contemplation and enjoyment of the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays public policies are insufficiently ambitious in order to reverse the environmental damage generated by man. Most of the literature that analyses policy changes tends to explain the incentives but do not give clear explanations about the limitation factors. We develop in this paper a reflection on policy change from the notion of transaction costs. Following a review of the three main approaches --sustainable development, ecological modernization and democratization-- we expose ten theses on the role of transaction costs in the policy change from the case of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Observatorio Medioambiental is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author says that for decades, economists have been extolling virtues of market-based or economic-incentive approaches to environmental protection. Both environmental taxes and marketable permits are coming of age in the policy arena. Examples include the introduction of marketable permits in the United States to control acid rain, the use of charges in Europe to limit air and water pollution, and the employment of deposit-refund schemes for products ranging from beverage containers to batteries. Although some policymakers would likely claim that the singular objective of environmental regulation is to protect environmental quality, the decision problem actually faced by policymakers is far more complex, involving trade-offs among multiple objectives. Comparisons between conventional command-and-control regulation, including technology standards and performance standards, and market-based approaches, including taxes and markets in pollution rights, have repeatedly noted that conventional regulations fail to achieve environmental objectives in the least costly manner.