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This paper describes and explains the emergence and development of the concept of educational justice in Iberoamerica. From the comparison of the production among three countries, it suggests various reasons to explain the emergence of this concept and the convergence in its recent development. On the one hand, due to the growing inequalities in society and education; on the other hand, because the conceptualization of educational justice has emerged to change actions and shape future expectations, which, generally, alludes to the equitable distribution of learning or knowledge relevant to contemporary society. Finally, it draws up the internationalization of national discourses, which have led to particular hybrids around the conception and the implementation of educational justice. It is concluded pointing out some convergent trend in speeches, but variation in practices derived from each national tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the literary letters written by a man who was a part of intellectual networks that created the Latin American intellectual scene in the first 25 years of the twentieth century. It is true that Federico García Godoy may well be considered a minor character, nevertheless, in his time, he was one of the best known and credited writers from República Dominicana. A major part of his literary prestige was built due to his prolific epistolary exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the concept of green tax reforms ("reforma fiscal ambiental") and examines its pertinence for the region, based on the analysis of the opportunities and difficulties for implementing those reforms in two essential public services: the provision of electric power and urban public transportation. Those services are analyzed in their specificities but are considered illustrative of more general situations. After a conventional analysis of objectives and instruments, it is shown that the markets are interdependent and that environmental goals are cross-cutting. From those methodological principles, the shortcomings of the public policies conceived like parallel and autonomous channels become more obvious. Although there seem to be spaces for fiscal innovations with environmental objectives, the paper analyzes the distribution and the competitiveness challenges, and the political economy and institutionalist issues; the results make possible to situate the energy and public transportation agendas in a more general and productive context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a theoretical and practical framework, the Territorial Activation with Localized Agro-industry System approach (AT-SIAL, in Spanish), developed from experiences in Latin-American territories where activation processes for specific resources where promoted, through articulation, reinforcement and synergy strengthening for local stakeholders. The AT-SIAL allowed diverse economic sectors participation, supporting an innovative way for revaluation of territorial resources and traditional knowledge. The methodology was focused on rural agro-industries concentrations, but activities related to territorial environmental component where included: tourism and handicrafts. This proposal for territorial management was constructed based on: collective action with local stakeholder empowerment, territory anchoring and territorial governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Latin American Constitutionalism (NLAC) is one of the most interesting phenomena of the present compared constitutional Law. One of its features is the incorporation to the Constitutions of a wide carte of participatory tools that contain the last news of participatory democracy converting those texts in some of the most developed ones in this area. The question is if this incorporation of participatory tools improves democracy or worsens it, if achieves its participatory objectives or if participatory democracy ends or diluted in the representative model or becoming a tool in the hands of rulers that want to strengthen their power weakening the other powers of the State. Does the participatory democracy of the NLAC make a democratic improvement or worsening? This paper, by the analytic- synthetic method and through the compared study of the most relevant doctrine and legislation, tries to give an answer concluding that, although the participatory tools themselves are neutral and it will depend of the will of the actor that active them that they will be positive or negative, participatory democracy means the introduction of a direct participation wedge in a essentially representative model and can be source of imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I focus on societal movements against destructive expansion now in progress in Latinamerican countries. On the one hand, I point out some characteristic aspects of the logic which promotes this expansion, stressing in mechanisms to expropriate people and communities. On the other hand, I deal with some characteristic traits of societal movements, emphasizing on territorial and sacred rights alleged by communities to defend their territories. Taking in count that these process are confrontations about the alleged universality of the modern conception of nature, I ask what contribution may offer these particular movements to renew our imagination facing to challenges by global environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most decisive ways in which the global economy and power relations were transformed at dawn of the twenty-first century was the rise of China as a major power, as well as the consequent influence the country has been able to exercise over peripheral nations. Although the majority of administrations in Latin America have rejected the policies once hailed by the Washington Consensus, it is striking that they have largely accepted a new system of asymmetrical relations with another major world power, which is fostering the reprimarization of the productive structure in Latin American economies. Thus, beginning with the case of Argentina, this paper explores the path to what is now known as the Beijing Consensus, with an emphasis on a characterization based on the analysis provided below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Ernesto Guevara's educational thought in the historical and intellectual context of mid-20th century in Latin America. Special attention will be paid to Guevara's concern with education and its role in emancipation and revolutionary processes. This analysis permits to ponder the relevance of central ideas which are barely considered today and, most importantly, to revise a key issue to consider the relationships between education and social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper work constitutes an attempt to make complex the analysis matrix about the implications of the extractive industry in Latin America; worning about differents extralegal mechanisms on wich is based the model itself. To achieve such content we appeal to some concepts and analysis axes made out by a french thinker, Michel Foucault, such as: governmentality, biopolitics, power networks, subject, and subjectivity. For the written preparation they were taking into account other literature sources, especially those books and scientific publications made by latinamerican intellectuals critical to the extractive model as they are among other the works of: Alberto Acosta, Maristella Svampa, Eduardo Gudynas, Edgardo Lander, Luis Tapia y Raúl Zibechi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some routes of analyses around the following question: How to incorporate ethically the problem in their daily actions, and similarly, how to avoid the successful strategies of oblivion and indifference? are addressed in this paper. Certain emphasis is made on the gained importance that the popular processes have specially those related to the youth, while, thanks to their narratives, they increase and succeed, on a daily basis, over the authoritarian rhetoric seeking to silence memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framed within the development policies for the region, educational agendas for Latin America represent specific commitments that transcend the improvement in the results of specific tests permeating both pedagogical practices and conceptual frameworks in which these ones acquire meaning. This paper covers some of the commitments made by these agendas and develops the general framework in which participation of philosophical community is expected and required as a guarantor and promoter of the construction of spaces for reflection and action on educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the hypothesis of regional convergence in Latin America through a non-linear growth model for the time period 1950-2010. The methodology combines three approaches: the threshold autoregressive model (tar), panel data unit root tests and calculating critical values with a bootstrapping simulation. The results of the tests applied to the per capita gross domestic product (gdp) of two groups of countries in Latin America (the wealthiest and then all nations in the region) suggest that the linear model is superior to the non-linear model and show no evidence of partial or absolute convergence. We did not identify a group of countries in the region with higher per capita income that would behave as a leading economy. Our results cast doubt on other studies conducted with linear tests that did find conditional convergence in some countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the issue of philosophical perspectives of social justice and its relationship with some of the implications for health systems in Latin America and the world. Three philosophical perspectives of social justice from the radical liberal approach, egalitarian and redistributive liberal, and Marxist egalitarianism or reviewed. Society, their conceptions of health and public health approach. From the theoretical support these approaches, the relationship State are identified. Based on these concepts identify some implications for health systems in each of its representative aspects. The paper concludes with some reflections about the need to discuss the fundamental right to health as a fundamental element of universal health systems and assume a perspective as input for the design and analysis of health systems from the right to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to contribute to a burgeoning comparative literature about nationalization of party competition (political parties and party systems), clarifying its terminology and evaluating three different indices of measurement of this phenomenon and used recently in Latin America. This paper argues that despite the confusion in the terminology, the term nationalization should be understood as homogeneity of electoral support across the territory and that a proper measure of nationalization should take into account four basic elements: party presence across the country, number of subnational units where it is measured, its magnitude and the size of the party. The revision of the literature dedicated to Latin American countries reveals that more case studies of longterm evolution of party systems and explanation of its changes and party-centred variables are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, institutions are either fragile or excessively strong. These are the main conclusions that can be inferred by looking at the institutionalist literature that focuses in the region. Although there are numerous studies about the effects of both traits, there are few analyses about the determinants that explain such results. Taking advantage of this theoretical vacuum, this paper introduces an analytical typology that build upon historical and rational choice institutionalism. We argue that to have better assessments of institutional stability and resilience it is critical to focus on the range and timing of the agreements reached by the agents involved in the institutional design. We claim that this focus will help understand institutional stability and instability as well as their degree of legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents the author's personal reflections on observed trends in Latin American architecture and urbanism, during the last two decades. It departs from a premise of unity in variety, observed across the continent as the primary factor which conditions its built environment and the two predominant types of architecture. Subsequently, it discusses the current situation of those Latin American cities which are the planet's most urbanized and violent, with a view to defining, classifying and reflecting upon the principal trends in contemporary Latin American architecture and urbanism, exemplified through selected works from various countries. The paper intends to organize, systematize and interpret the aforementioned architectural and urban phenomena in order to facilitate access to this disperse and at times unpublished information, especially for undergraduate students, but also for professionals and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the continued existence of the Colombian state despite widespread crime and violence. Contemporary theorists posit that the state must subscribe to the image of an entity that is relatively autonomous from civil society and able to monopolize violence. However, citizen culture (cultura ciudadana), the innovative crime reduction policy I study here, is based on the premise that the state is unable to provide security for its inhabitants given the existence of a culture of violence. The policy encourages citizens to assume responsibility for their own security provision by adopting a culture of citizenship. I argue that citizen culture functions to legitimize the state despite ongoing violence by transferring responsibility for security provision from the state to civil society. It does so by inundating public space with educational spectacles, symbols, and slogans that circumscribe public debate and instruct citizen's behavior. Citizen culture uses educational and symbolic programming to shift responsibility for security provision from the state to society, thereby altering the boundary between state and society and redefining the very essence of the modern state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes and critically analyzes the emergence of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs as the preferred strategy for combating poverty in Latin America. We understand that all public policies (especially social policies) are performative, to inquire to whom these programs are directed at the present, thus suggesting links between the constructions of subjectivities, the processes of social classification and the neoliberal policies of individuation. This concludes that the CCT Programs are one of the main vectors of individuation, as constructed subjects must take responsibility for their own life histories. The paper is organized as follows. First, we introduce social policies and its systemic role in relation to the "social issue". Then we outline the emergence of CCT Programs in Latin America and, in the next section, we make a study of the target population of these programs, based on a systematization of the existing programs in the region. Finally, in order to open new questions, we pose some final thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of new political and legal conditions, social actors in Latin America have recently developed new forms of collective action, including in particular legal mobilization. This paper intends to contribute to the study of this development, through the incorporation of elements of three scholarly traditions that have generally developed separately from each other: social movement theory, legal mobilization studies and constitutional theory. It points out in particular the contribution of democratic constitutionalism to the analysis of the role of social movements in legal change. It also proposes the use of the terms counter-movement and counter-legal mobilization for the study of collective action and legal strategies developed by conservative sectors that oppose the advancement of social movements in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately over the past ten years, the RAE and its associated Academies have published several works committed explicitly to a pluricentric vision of Hispanic language culture. This paper aims at examining the impact of pluricentrism -- a key concept in terms of current language policy -- on the conceptualization of linguistic variation and, consequently, the treatment of empirical data. In doing so, the focus will be on the Nueva gramática de la lengua española (from here "NGLE"), where this problematic interrelation is reflected in an especially complex way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an educational project aimed at promoting the development of critical thinking and promote interest in experimental sciences in High Schools and College students is presented. In this paper, we made a compilation of several activities, which ways of integrating information technology and communication (ICT) in various experiments of science, which together can be used to implement a low cost "classroom-laboratory". With ICT we refer to the convergence of computers, software, audiovisual systems, Internet, telephone, and other equipment that integrates with some of these devices. To this end, several projects were developed, that can be transferred to high schools and colleges settings, with limited financial resources, as is frequent in Latin America. The projects highlight the methodological aspects of science and seek to integrate areas such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer science, art, etc. They aim to answer the questions: how do we know this?, why do we believe in that? These questions illustrate the nature of scientific thought. With the advent of programs such as "One Laptop per Child" that are being implemented in several Latin American countries, it is appropriate to use these resources as a basis to generate low cost laboratories. This contribution may be a useful tool to improve the quality of science learning and to encourage vocations in science and engineering. Furthermore, the development of a critical thinking, along with acquisition of skills in the use of ICT, can be essential in many academic and professional fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the constitution of the area of studies on the history and development of political science in Latin America over the past ten years. Several studies have been proposed to account for this process showing the growth of the discipline in the region. In this paper we will highlight the main actors and their scientific and academic production, as well as the processes of institutionalization and professionalization of political science. This article aims to classify these studies from the early exploratory approaches up to the production of more sofisticated descriptive works, from a comparative perspective, in order to finally arrive at the new current trends that attempt to perform a “metatheoretical" approach with contributions from epistemology, sociology of knowledge and the history of the science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper ventures to understand some complex cultural relationsships that were arose by the editors of Mito (Bogotá 1955-1962); attempting to throw light on various affiliations and breaking points. The discussion examines the fact that standing in favor or against Ortega y Gasset and Alfonso Reyes, who are two of the most well known twentieth century intellectuals, was significant in that it showed a stance in favor of a particular notion of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a significant trend in Latin America of extending term limits for the presidency in order to allow reelection. There is also evidence that incumbency advantage matters of those presidents seeking reelection in different countries tipically win their electoral bids. Based on a dataset of 137 elections in 18 countries in Latina America, this paper describes the evolution of different reelection schemes since the transition to democracy, reports the success rates for presidential incumbents and estimates the impact of incumbency on electoral margins controlling for institutional and economic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the conditions under which presidents dominate the legislative agenda. To address this issue we analyze the governmental period of 30 Latin American Presidents, developing a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The analysis highlights that the combination of a favorable institutional design and a division of Congress in different ideological blocs favors the Executive branch. Two other conditions, reliance on a parliamentary majority and the absence of party fragmentation, are combined with the above elements to ensure the predominance of the Executive. The findings of this comparative study are confirmed by a supplementary statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the processes of historical social construction of "indigenous intellectuals", one of the most important and complex stages for ethnic movements in Latin America: redemocratization, the opening of markets and high participation of the grassroots mobilization processes. Thus, this proposition develops a two-point analysis: firstly, the definition and selfdefinition which is made by an indigenous intellectual and, on the other hand, the problems facing this etnointellectual in a scientific and Western semantic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze what personal traits define a good politician from the perspective of the Latin-American legislators. In addition to verifying whether these qualities are the same elected by citizens, in this work I compare them with the qualities that serve to win elections. Furthermore, different analyses remark the effect that political knowledge has on these preferences, making charisma more attractive among citizens with low levels of political sophistication. However, little is known about the impact of this variable for politicians. This article measures a)whether education and political knowledge also alter the perception of the deputies on what characteristics are more valued b) which of these characteristics serve better to gain elections, as well as c) the influence of constituents' political sophistication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the origin of modern scientific childcare as a practice of subjectivation. From this point of view, we analyse the parenting or childrearing technologies which are proposed in a sample of 23 Spanish and Latin American early childcare handbooks published between 1898 and 1939. These technologies of subjectivation should be understood as an important element of a process for the construction of subject as a responsible, adapted and self-governing citizen. These technologies should also be understood in the context defined by the biopolitics and the development of eugenics, which helped many authors –most of them doctors– to defend the need to ensure the physical and moral health of nation through a scientific rearing of little children, that is to say, the future citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the configuration of the state order. To do this, first discusses the Latin American political science tradition centered on studies of “transition" and “democratic consolidation" and in recent years in the explanations of the “captured states" and “failed states", second takes up the discussion theoretical of the state from a relational perspective, thirdly, to propose a state order analytical model that incorporates the dynamics of social conflict and contentious as fundamental aspects of its structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Latin America has become one of the most violent regions of the world (UNODC, 2014). Increasing crime is constant, and according to the United Nations Development Program (2013) public security policies to reverse this trend are urgent. This article examines the prevalence of crime during the period 2001-2013 in Bolivia, one of the continent's poorest countries and with the highest percentage of indigenous population. In the context of constitutional changes that recognize forms of community justice, this article also discusses the scope of the citizen security reforms proposed by the State in recent years and the responses of civil society to a growing sense of insecurity. At the same time this paper offers suggestions for public policies that incorporate broader structural changes than just police modernization and fighting against crime. Despite efforts to prevent crime and build more trust in the population, the state is overcome by informal dispute resolution practices that challenge its own power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide a way, not exhaustive, of articulation between the qualities of the so-called "consumer society" and social policies in the form of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTP) applied massively in Latin America and the Caribbean countries. This joint seeks connections between the accumulation mode in a neocolonial country from the global south as Argentina, the structure of sensibilities encouraged by the consumer society and social policies in recent decades. This article proposes a review of the three analytical phases of contemporary consumer society on the assumption that consumption has been intimately linked to the origins of the capitalist system. The last phase, where greater emphasis is placed, is characterized by the increasing commodification of lifestyles, as ways of being and being with others. Logic and qualities of this last phase penetrate even the forms taken by state interventions, configured as consumption incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper--part of a major research which has as objective the philosophy of legal colonialism in Latin America--is dedicated to examine the relationship between indigenism, revolutionary democracy, and counter-constitutional discourse, within the contemporary age in the Latin American context. Our main source is fictional literature, for it is an important constituent of the external legal culture. But it also takes account of the recent constitutional reforms in Bolivia and Ecuador. The methodology is exploratory and it has a critical point of view of the primary and secondary sources. For the reasons explained above, the results are partial, though they are essential to define the legal colonialism and to describe the challenges they expounded to Latin America legal culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on the controversial trip of José Juan Tablada to Japan in 1900. Most scholarship studying the book of chronicles En el país del sol (1919) refers to the lack of evidence of José Juan Tablada's trip to Yokohama. Until now there was no concrete evidence to prove his travel, beyond the book mentioned and some watercolors. As a result of a search at the National Archives in San Francisco among the documents that record the arrival of travelers, I found that passenger twenty-one was, indeed, Tablada, who traveled back from Yokohama on December 5, 1900 to arrive in San Francisco on December 22 aboard the ship “America Maru". This was a crucial trip for Tablada, which marked a watershed moment in his artistic creation and reaffirmed his intellectual passion for the land of the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current paper introduces the research results aiming at demonstrating and identifying, in the city of Medellin, the multiple effects to people by the lack of home utilities, still and the technical, operational, and financial capacities of the company providing services in the city: Public Companies of Medellin (EPM -ESP), which supposes an inadequate reading of the reality of the city, mainly on the outskirts and high-risk areas. This situation makes the citizens resort to the judicial routes or assault and battery in order for them to provide with the service, and in either of the two routes, a series of legal, social, and economic difficulties are derived, which becomes a problem to the Municipality, which according to the Law 142 as of 1994, is responsible for ensuring the people the right to home utilities, situations which could have a more adequate solution to the extent that it can be adjusted to the reality of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a theoretical reflection on the topic of aesthetic representations of modernity in Latin America. More specifically, it focuses on the Neocolonial style, which, in the author's view, was an architectural expression of modern times in the region. Calling this style "modernism" has important epistemological implications since this term has traditionally been reserved to describe European artwork that broke away from history and the past. A broader, more flexible use of the term "modern" architecture Is proposed, which takes into account the complex realities of Latin America. This redefinition promotes the decolonization of aesthetic theories in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As demonstrated by several assessment studies carried out during the first decade of the 21st-century, Mexico still holds a very significant biological wealth. However, this ecological richness is at risk of being lost due to an accelerated rate of natural resource use, a fast-growing rural and urban population, a weak legal protection provided by Mexican environmental legislation, and a still quite inaccurate knowledge of biodiversity from a spatial standpoint, a problem that is specifically addressed in this paper. It thus proposes a new methodology to reveal, from a cartographic perspective, the biological richness of San Luis Potosí State, based on a synthetic weighing of a set of biotic and abiotic variables. This methodological proposal and the results depicted here show how this cartographic tool can be fruitfully used to design strategies for natural resource conservation and local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address the urban regularization policies implemented in Latin America in recent decades, comparing the experience in three countries in the region: Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. To this end, a brief review of the development of informal habitat and of the housing situation in the selected countries a carried out. Subsequently, we analyze the current urban regulations and the regularization policies implemented at the federal level. Finally, we contrast the different managerial and interjurisdictional coordination models existing in each of the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reflect on the idea of epistemology from the South by Boaventura de Sousa Santos in order to elucidate its main contributions and limitations. In the general context of discussions about the epistemological and political status of other knowledge in Latin America, a critical approach is proposed to the rhetorical fanfare of the coloniality of knowledge, the ecologies of knowing and the sociologies of absences. In this sense, the idea of academic-scientific colonialism is proposed to problematize and enhance the political-institutional dimension of postcolonial debates and coloniality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we aim to address some issues of equity in higher education, from the particular perspective of Latin American reality. Our interest is highlight the fact of the theoretical and methodological positions through which equity policies are defined in the field of higher education and how social meanings and ways are established around them. In the first part, a brief description of the scenarios of higher education in Latin America is done, both in regard to the socio-political structural processes and the dynamics of higher education systems. In the second part, a conceptual reconstruction is approached to allow us to show the movements operating in university policies in recent decades which have resulted in the implementation of the so called policies of equity. In the third part of the paper, different levels of specification of the concept of equity in university dynamics are analyzed, which account for their productive potential practices. Finally, we describe some of the most important initiatives displayed in recent years by some countries of the region framed in equity policies, focusing on their effects and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines foreign exchange intervention practices and their effectiveness in containing currency appreciation, using a new qualitative and quantitative database for a panel of 15 economies covering 2004-2010, with special focus on Latin America. Qualitatively, it examines institutional aspects such as declared motives, instruments employed, the use of rules versus discretion, and the degree of transparency. Quantitatively, it assesses the effectiveness of sterilized interventions in influencing the exchange rate using a two-stage IV-panel data approach, which helps overcome endogeneity bias. Results suggest that interventions slow the pace of appreciation, but the effects decrease rapidly with the degree of capital account openness. At the same time, interventions are more effective in the context of already overvalued exchange rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the essay explores the changes based on market mechanisms introduced in the reforms of the last quarter century. Methodology: market conditions are taken as an analytical axis determining the configurations and results of health systems seen today in the majority of countries. The analysis is complemented by the presence or absence of regulatory mechanisms which reduce the negative impact of market imperfections on health. Discussion: this paper aims to characterize various health care market types while taking into account the function of the State, and its articulation within the public-private sector after analyzing some of the types of health system that are related to the market models. Conclusion: the market mechanisms introduced in the health reforms in the last quarter century in most Latin American countries have transformed health services in favor of the transnational financial market, thus generating inequity, inefficiency, corruption and financial imbalance in the health system, which in turn has a negative effect in the health conditions of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance of education as the core of the integration processes in Latin America. Vindicates the principles of Simon Bolivar and his teacher Simon Rodriguez, who considered our identity expressed in the strengths that unite Latin as the common language, culture and religion, which are fundamental to any integration process to strengthen our country's subjugation of major powers covered in their technological capacity could impose its conditions. It states that any process of social development is linked to education. This is the essence of the human capacity to foster innovation inventiveness and creativity. Predisposes education energies that contribute to human development. This article attempts to demystify other criteria, in the sense of believing that some factors, such as trade and institutionalization alone contribute to development. They are multi-causal factors associated, where education is the main enabling this development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon Kuznets Curve has been a widely explored and controversial topic in empiric environmental economics, mainly due to its straightforward implications to designing climate policy strategies. This paper is aimed to explore the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and product for a set of Latin American and Caribbean countries using a semiparametric approach. Our results confirm that Carbon Kuznets Curve hypothesis does not holds in the region and offer some evidence in favor of a reallocation process of carbon emissions, verifying the haven pollution hypothesis on lower income countries. In this context, "wait and grow" is a totally unfeasible solution for environmental problems on Latin America and the Caribbean. Instead of this, an active climate policy is urgently needed in order to adapt and mitigate climate change effects on the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two theoretical approaches on the autonomy: the liberal multiculturalism and the Latin-American interculturalism. The main argument is that the intercultural approach is more suitable to base the autonomy that the multiculturalism because it has a major methodological scope and his normative horizons are more wide. First, the interculturalism's critiques to Kymlicka's liberal multiculturalism are examined. Afterwards, his conceptions of the autonomy are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins whit the evidence about the re-emergence, worldwide, of HIV infection in MSM. According to unaids, Latin America contributed the largest number of new HIV infections in MSM, after the United States of America. Also, 35 % of people living with HIV in Latin America are MSM. In addition, to reflect on the behaviours front the unprotected sex, built on beliefs or personal assumptions based on: intuition, trust and emotions. The unprotected sex in MSM could become, unconsciously, in a symbolic act of rebellion and transgression pleasurable. It concludes that nonsexual needs of MSM, that lead them to have unprotected sex, comprise several situations, sensations and feelings. The prevention programs must include and emphasize in the multiple processes involved in decision making, and accepting the vulnerabilities of MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout Latin America, from architecture to literature and the visual arts, the landscape has been a key expression of modernity-as-crisis, unsettling earlier traditions of deploying the landscape-form in order to forge an image of pristine American nature. Instead, twentieth-century landscape is both expression of and intervention into, the critical reconfigurations of space and place underpinning the urbanization of Latin American societies, until then predominantly rural in nature. Luis Barragán's and Roberto Burle Marx's garden designs offer two very different expressions of modernism in the landscape-form, as a way of emplacing the abstract space of modern architecture in American nature and culture. This paper tries to re-assess their work in the context of the landscape- form as a site and expression of the crisis of space/place constellations in twentieth-century Latin America. The biometric curve which Burle Marx's gardens introduced into the formal vocabulary of architectural modernity, will be read here as the formal inscription in the design itself of the tensions between space and place which the latter attempts to negotiate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, until the sixties and seventies, feminist theory focused on women in general, as an undifferentiated social category. From the eighties, "black women" o afro-descendent put on the agenda the need to understand how the intersection of social class, race and gender leads to common experiences but also differences in the fact of being women and, moreover, why gender, social class and race are constitutive of social inequality. In this paper we briefly review the historical construction of «the black» and propose a journey through the debates black women o afro-descendent installed within feminism. The purpose of reviewing these theoretical issues resides in a debate that has not yet been shut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today is well known the presence of civil society organizations in the public arena in particular their participation around public policies. However, this has not happened in parallel, or at the same level, of the analysis and reflection around the concrete implications of their intervention on promoting public policies, and, eventually, looking if they have offer something to the redefinition of public affairs. These are the main aspects this paper analysis related with the social policy field and more specifically, as an example, taking the recent experience of Mexico City and other Latin American experiences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far the study of the first Latin American lexicography after it's independence from Spain has neglected the close relationship between the first dictionaries, referred as "provincialism dictionaries", and the socio-historical context in which they were elaborated. The process of nation-building, especially in relation to the creation of a state policy and its impact in Latin American societies, is an element that makes clear the nature of the works in question, so that we can talk about a decisive political imprint on them. This paper proposes a renewed study of the foundational works of Spanish American lexicography from this perspective and exemplified with reading and comparison of the two most representative dictionaries, the Zorobabel Rodríguez's Diccionario de chilenismos (1875) and the Juan de Arona's Diccionario de peruanismos. Ensayo filológico (1883-1884), especially in relation to the notion of republicanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Bank is an important external funder of health aid to developing countries. However, many accounts of health sector change and reform do not account for the role that international financial institutions may play in these policy changes. In this paper, I review the World Bank's health policies since 1975, discussing its changing role and policies for developing countries' health policies. I then summarize the existing empirical evidence for the effect of the World Bank in developing countries' health sectors, focusing on Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]