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This paper addresses the convergences and divergences between bioethics and biolaw. Bioethics and biolaw are normative discourses that give reasons for action, whose particularity consists in necessarily interacting with other disciplines and social practices at the time of their elaboration and application, and especially with life sciences and related technologies. Both terms are constructed with the prefix bio, which points to the common field of application of each of these normative disciplines. With bio, life sciences are included in these terms, as well as biomedical and clinical research, their technological applications, and the practice of medicine through these new technologies. It will be shown that the relationship between bioethics and biolaw is still an area to explore, due to the complexities of their scope of application, which invites us to rethink the traditional discussion about the relationship between ethics and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assisted human reproduction (AHR) is the starting point of this reflection. This paper drafts an overview to sustain AHR as "a paradigm of perfection" or "reasons for achieving a desire." having bioethics as background evidence. Hence, this reflection relies on three ideas and how the bioethics principles may affect them. These proposals have to do with assisted reproduction techniques to seek the perfect human being, the use of these techniques to fulfill personal desires, and the commercial nature of desiring to buy a child. Different positions of monotheistic religions on these reproductive techniques are highlighted. Since the assisted reproduction techniques are developed in an area where many different emotional reactions and social stereotypes coexist, they may be misused whether at the setting up of "legal" or when their services are announced, and egg donors are considered altruistic. It is also worth mentioning the role multinationals play when they trade people's hopes when they embark on this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four principles of biomedical ethics are widely used in the world for bioethical deliberation. Therefore, it is understood that these theoretical guides are useful for the analysis and resolution of particularly complex ethical controversies arising in clinical and biomedical fields. This paper unfolds an analysis of the basic universal principles, the common universal morality, and some features of each principle. Then it discusses some problems posed by critics of European biolaw who have provided alternative frameworks of principles that are nonuniversal to culture. Finally, it shows how universal moral principles are connected to human rights, how rules and rights are specified to become detailed and practical for certain moralities, and how these ideas are connected with problems of justification in bioethics and biolaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the limitations in the current view of bioethics to face the challenges posed by the techno-scientific risk society to life. We conducted an exploratory study whose approach to the research problem is supported by complexity and whose methodology is a narrative review of such topics. For this purpose, an overview of the concepts related to global bioethics and complexity is made in light of the texts analyzed, the restrictions of the current perspective are shown, and the essential criteria to develop a complex perspective of phenomena are determined. Under these conditions, we propose to treat complexity as a central element to substantiate global bioethics. The article presents several reflections on the relevance of this view of global bioethics to tackle the phenomenon of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical and political problems that we face when we think of transgenic art. The paper is articulated in three parts that seek, in the first place, to give readers the conceptual tools necessary to think of the transgenic art inserted within the panorama of contemporary aesthetics. In order to fulfill this purpose the paper presents two works by Eduardo Kac, leading exponent of the movement: Genesis and GFP Bunny. Later, visiting some ideas of Jacques Rancière, an ethical political reading of transgenic art is proposed and a path of discussion is opened to think the role of bioethics in a world where genetic manipulation and the upgrade of bodies is a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the need to examine the graduate and postgraduate studies of the surgeon-dentist in Peru. The presence of an ethic normative in scientific investigation generated by the University is analysed from the training of the professor's point of view. The paper also focuses on the knowledge and attitudes entailed with ethics and bioethics in the odontologist's shaping. The paper deduces that a change of paradigm is an engagement that has to be encouraged through a massive movement that should involve family and academic contours aiming at integrating ethical refection in our daily proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term bioethics has been highly spread in the scientific society since its appearance in the middle of the 20th century. It is being assumed by scientists and intellectuals of different knowledge branches who have worked to clarify its heterogeneous approaches which lead the themes, proposals and concerns of different academic circles. The present paper has as objective to make an analysis of the features of the development of bioethics in Latin America, as well as the problems it is facing today, for which theoretical methods as the analysissynthesis and inductive-deductive were used. In addition, empirical methods such as content analysis, documental bibliographic research were reviewed to get a closed approach to the principal criteria that on this topic are debated today in our context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research and interventions that are made from the community-based health require criteria and guidelines to address the peculiarities of this work in contrast to disciplines that have developed codes of ethics for their development. Some principles provide key aspects to be taken into consideration, such as dignity and respect, protection, autonomy, distributive justice, equity, interculturality, intersectorality and interdisciplinarity. With these initial considerations, some organizations and institutions have developed guidelines, codes and principles that shape this body of knowledge ideally suited for working in the community health area, although a further elaboration and consolidation of these aspects still needs to be taken more into consideration and included in the initiatives being undertaken in the collectives. This paper does an initial review of the concept of community health and its key elements, to then expose the ethical principles that should guide the work within the community health area and examine some of those that have been proposed by organizations and institutions which, one way or another, work in the field to finally propose some thoughts that contribute to consolidating a bioethics orientation of the research and involvement from the community health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advance directives (also called "living wills") are documents signed by a competent individual providing directives as to the permission to apply or to reject medical treatments in the event that the individual who wrote it may not be in a position to declare his or her will. Despite the good reception from the global bioethics community, their validity has been seriously questioned. In this paper, I intend to analyze in depth the faults mentioned by its detractors and I will try to offer an alternative that is superior to the classic version of these documents and manage to escape the criticism which, for decades, they have been subject to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology to solve cases under the ontological personalist bioethics model based on virtue is proposed in this paper, aiming to clarify the procedure at the moment of the ethical judgment and allow the provision of recommendations and the final choice for every situation. This methodology should be taken into account by the committees that deliberate in experiments with animals, in order to have clear judgments within the bioethical model proposed. Scientists who perform experiments with animals must be aware of the fact that the acts performed in such experiments must be mediated by virtuous actions which, one way or another, will extoll thir work and practices for the good of the planet, including mankind's wellbeing. Animals must be treated carefully and personalistic bioethics based on virtue must advance along with excellent deeds, thus extolling the behavior of men to an actually human position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the "Science", "philosophy" and "morality" depends to some extent for the understanding of the rationality, then is clear that the fundamental prob-lem is: what are the fundamentals that have several "philosophies" to provide what the rational is? This paper exposed a philosophic perspective of the problem of rationality in bioethics and this exposition we divide into three sections: first, describe a brief history of bioethics and the scope of this discipline. Secondly, we develop the issue of rationality under Nicolas Rescher, and the end, we exposed two ethics alternatives for the bioethics: 1) the Aristotelian phronesis and 2) the Kantian categorical imperative, which the rationality plays a different role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to come back to the concept of human dignity, in order to understand the significant role it has played in the context of various bioethical approaches. From a critical perspective, the notion of dignity will be shown not to end on the human dimension, not to be exhausted in it, and not to belong exclusively to it. This text is made up of two sections and an epilogue: the first section points to the place the concept of human dignity occupies in the national and international legislation concerning bioethics, while the second one discusses a general characterization of the concept of human dignity from two sources and its relation to the notion of individual. As a conclusion, the epilogue presents several insights and quests on the concept of human dignity in the context of bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reflects about the new bioethics teaching modality that employs a platform of virtual teaching. It points out this model's advantages and difficulties and the challenges it faces in order to reach an effective result of its pedagogical aims. It recommends to employ semipresential learning models or the combination of a mixed bioethics' virtual teaching: presential and non presential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the third generation of human rights, the appeal for a diachronic solidarity between the human community and the extra-human natural world, and for a synchronstic one between the community of living human beings and hypothetical members of future human generations, has a significant place. This paper analyzes from a critical perspective the reasons for and against this proposal of duties and inter-generational ethical obligations in the context of a techno-scientific civilization, with the aim of grounding the current generation's responsibility regarding the elaboration of a global ethics that could face the demands of future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues about the ethical implications of using animals as models for human medicine development. This reflection adopts an intermediate stand between the extreme positions of condemning all research with animals, considering it irrelevant, and that of exaggerating and promoting research with animals as models for human diseases. Our stand considers that in the current scientific state, research with animals is necessary for adjusting to the moral imperative of curing and preventing human diseases, but methods for replacing and reducing the number of animals as well as diminishing their suffering must be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an ethical perspective, the paper analyses the categorial evolution of the Helsinki Declaration, taking into account all of its versions, from 1964 to 2002. The goal is to show and assess its ethical-categorial evolution and establish some of its possible consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the historical context of the Helsinki Declaration's (HD) formulation. Reference is made to the criminal research for which the Nazis stood trial at Nuremberg, as well as other postwar research abuses. Other documents are considered apart from the HD, for instance the Nuremberg Code, the Geneva Declaration and the International Code of Medical Ethics. This serves as an introduction to an analysis and assessment of the HD's evolution, developed in the following articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]