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Introduction: The paper "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the 'Instituto Físico- Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica' (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct use of Spanish when writing biological papers. We present a list of the most frequent errors in biological manuscripts written in Spanish, and we explain which are the recommended options. Our article is based on the International Codes of Nomenclature, and the guidelines of the Real Academia de la Lengua and the Council of Science Editors. We group the indications in four categories: lexical errors (e.g. English cognates); spelling (graphic accents, punctuation, font), morphology (use of prepositions) and style (linguistic economy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science as an object of knowledge has been a central concern of the social sciences since the first decades of the 20th century. However, the object itself is neither static nor unchanging, and has been transformed over time. In recent decades, the innovative approach of gender studies has gained considerable ground in the social studies of science. While some of them have paid attention to the relations of the professional field with the family sphere and have investigated the ways in which structural factors of the life course play an important role in research careers, there are still few theoretical and empirical contributions that think of science as productive work highly articulated with social reproduction. Although this axis of enquiry is still incipient in social studies of science, it is consolidated within the social sciences hand in hand with labour studies and feminist economics. Within the framework of the important contributions made, this paper seeks to review the existing literature and a conceptual approach to the understanding of scientific work and its articulations with reproductive work, taking gender as a category of analysis. The paper is organised in four parts: in the first section we will review the critiques of the concept of work inherited from modernity and we will focus on thinking of science as work with specificities; in the second section we will address the processes of social reproduction in terms of the articulation of spheres; in the third section we will consider the study of gender and science; in the fourth section, we will describe the way in which this conceptual proposal operates in the empirical study carried out; finally, we will present a systematisation of the concepts developed throughout the paper and a conceptual approach to their approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on psychotherapeutic theory and practice and its relationship with epistemology. An attempt will be made to establish the scientific status of psychotherapy as a producer of knowledge in the field of health and for this, the contributions of epistemology will be used as a science that provides the tools to analyze the ways of constructing scientific knowledge. To respond to these questions, a review of psychotherapy as a scientific practice will be carried out, establishing its definition, its scope of application, object of study, methodological aspects, and the most important problems. Finally, a reflection will be made on the relationship between neurobiology and psychotherapy and how this relationship influences contemporary psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate how Buddhism is related to science as a mechanism for legitimizing its meditative practices and worldview. The first part takes a historical review of the different moments that mark the dialogue between Buddhism and the scientific worldview in the Western sociocultural context. Then, the paper explores the narratives of various contemporary Buddhist leaders and personalities from the scientific field to identify the different argumentative modalities that support the compatibility between Buddhism and science. From this conceptual scheme, the last section of the article analyzes the stories of committed practitioners of Buddhist centers formed in Argentina in recent decades to investigate the modalities of reception and appropriation of this discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present the position of two philosophers associated with the hermeneutic tradition, Gianni Vattimo and Charles Taylor, about the status of scientific knowledge in our contemporary world. Through a brief exposition of the fundamental features of their respective ontologies and epistemologies, I seek to offer a critical comparison. In the conclusion, I defend the superiority of Taylor's formulation, inasmuch it allows to put in question the primacy of the natural science model without abandoning a realist conception of the world and of the category of truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper aims to conduct a longitudinal quasi-experimental study, taking as a sample the students of 3rd and 4th Grade of Primary Education Teacher of the year 2016 and 2022, all with the aim of analyzing their vision of the inclusion of women scientists. From this comparison, a correlation is established that interconnects with the progression of the current legislative framework during two periods, giving as results the clear importance of legislative evolution for the promotion of a more inclusive vision towards women in relation to their ability to access STEM areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of scientific and technological developments in the well-being of current societies is fundamental at a political, economic and social level (Albornoz, 2012). However, not all governments perceive science and technology policies as a priority. Indeed, many neoliberal governments, mainly in developing Latin American countries, tend not to recognize this role, developing public policies that undermine the desirable development of scientific and technological research and its application. Such is the case of government management for the 2015-2019 period, which, as will be seen in the next few pages, defunded and dismantled the National Science and Technology System (Filmus, 2019). This paper will reflect on the public policies of said management regarding satellite technological development, in contrast to the policies promoted by the previous government. In the first place, the social value of scientific and technological development and public science and technology policies will be made explicit. Then, an overview will be given of the way in which these policies have been developed in the period 2003-2019. Finally, the ARSAT case will be analyzed and contextualized in said panorama, by virtue of accounting for the importance of the implementation of state public policies linked to technological development, in this particular case to the construction of geostationary satellites for telecommunications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the development of a critical thought that recognizes interculturality and social complexity, for the promotion of heterogeneity as an alternative to a homogenizing education in hegemonic capitalism. In this, the reflection on the instrumentalization of scientific knowledge for economic purposes is prioritized and the question is formulated about the opening of the school towards other knowledge, that propitiation a critical position on the prevailing model, exposing the school as the place in which the possibility of collective construction of a future society that promotes human well-being begins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the fundamental axes that currently converge for the needs of nature and humanity. The philosophical statements contained in this reflection become valid when it comes to articulating ethical codes with the advancement of science and, at the same time, educating through an axiological system that leads to sustainable human development. In this order of ideas, it is pointed out how Western progress has led to catastrophic events for life on the planet, coupled with the excessive use of science, without any ethical criteria to regulate their actions. However, as a result of the moral reflection of recent times, of the voices of various social groups, scientific improvements have been questioned and directed towards the production of knowledge that allows human activity to be deployed positively on nature and on society, taking into account that, to make this possible, it is necessary to combine ethics, science and education, to walk towards progress in terms of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No one disputes the need for science to be evaluated, but the evaluation is a source of continued controversy. The characteristics of major evaluations that have been carried out in the scientific research environment are presented in this article, including evaluations of articles under peer review, and evaluations of personal trajectories. The main problems and challenges along with possible solutions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper aims to conduct a longitudinal quasi-experimental study, taking as a sample the students of 3rd and 4th Grade of Primary Education Teacher of the year 2016 and 2022, all with the aim of analyzing their vision of the inclusion of women scientists. From this comparison, a correlation is established that interconnects with the progression of the current legislative framework during two periods, giving as results the clear importance of legislative evolution for the promotion of a more inclusive vision towards women in relation to their ability to access STEM areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes of social confinement caused by the global health crisis (COVID-19), have forced professors to assume new research competencies that allow them to improve science indicators and contribute to the research culture in the digital era for the Latin American region. This article analyzes the research culture of Latin American professors in 20 countries in the digital era, and their relationship with the production of scientific papers indexed in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) between 1996 and 2019. A questionnaire (with validity and reliability criteria) with a Likerttype scale was applied to 2,215 professors selected from five international scientific events. The main results show that 78% of the professors have less than 15 years of teaching experience, with ages under 44 years of age and 38.9% of them with an undergraduate academic level, 62.5% of whom responded that they have never published in indexed journals, and that they do not know the proper application of paradigms and research designs. On the other hand, 23.86% of the total citations are self-citations. Therefore, the results reflect a significant relationship between the research culture of professors and Latin American scientific production. Finally, Latin American professors have found themselves in economic, political and social circumstances that affect good research and scientific publication practices, leaving a training gap in research competencies in the new digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the main projects supported by Conacyt during the government of Luis Echeverria Álvarez (1970-196), both with its own resources and with those of international cooperation. On the other hand, it also reviews the scientific articles published during the same period that were considered relevant in the indexes of the site Web of Science. Today, those indexes are taken into account as a relevant indicator of scientific work in Mexico. Finally the information about the projects and the articles are crossed to test the hypothesis of our research: the institutionalization process of the science system in Mexico started in 1970 allowed us to organize, support and promote scientific research in the country. allowing the rise of relevant papers published. The objective is to show the impact that the new institution had on the dynamics of scientific work at national and international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different approaches remark the importance of the relationship between economic growth and the implementation of science, technology, and innovation programs within the design and evaluation of public policies. Therefore, this paper addresses said relationship from the concept, methodology, regulations, and implementation process of Colombian policy regarding science, technology, and innovation, highlighting the contribution made by the National Apprenticeship Service (SENA) to the development of related programs. The contributions made by the SENNOVA strategy, created by SENA, as an institutional response to national regulations on science and technology and the allocation of resources are also reported in this work. We concluded that SENNOVA is a multiplying agent of technological, social, and collective appropriation given its role in transferring the knowledge generated in the projects from different programmatic lines of science, technology, and innovation to professional training and the productive sector, thus contributing to the reduction of technological gaps in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze the risks of transhumanism from a legal-philosophical perspective, a development that proposes to transform human beings through the direct application of advanced technologies. I highlight the weak points of transhumanism, calling into question its goals, its moral principles and its conception of the human being. Instead, I defend a humanism that preserves personal autonomy and human dignity. Moreover, I point to the need for an adequate ethical education to recognize the enormous danger involved in blindly following science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of law to science and technology's conflicts is not an easy task. Its answers to the problem have often been to assume the emerging social relations, to regulate normatively or to recognize judicially those relations as well as to introduce new axiological principles through their own normative (ie, legal or judicial, in terms of the structure of the various legal systems). This phenomenon has been more exceptional and usually comes from a bioethical reflection. Much has been written about the concept of bioethics and its incardination within applied ethics. However, very little progress has been made in shaping biolaw as a legal discipline. At most, it has been assumed as a mere terminological update of the classic term "medical law" or "sanitary law", even without distinguishing well both concepts from each other. However, biolaw is more than that, and so it must be understood. It does not correspond solely and exclusively to the set of norms dealing with issues related to the life sciences, but it goes further. Thus, this paper is a proposal for the foundation of biolaw as an autonomous juridical discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the argumentative discourse of postgraduate students of six different cohorts of the Faculty of Psychology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, shows us a set of obstacles and systematic errors in the process of construction of a hypothesis (the latter being the hypothesis to defend in their thesis). In this paper, we argue that the nature of these errors and obstacles is ontogenetic, psychological, and epistemological. Ontogenetic obstacles are related to the primacy, reinforced through evolution, of natural logic over formal logic in problem solving. . The arbitrariness of language exacerbates difficulties in communicating a hypothesis. The psychological nature of errors has to do with a position of the individual towards evidence and scientific activity. The content of the evidence may be repressed or rejected because it constitutes a destabilization of the subject’s identity or of beliefs that have a function of ego support. We also perceive the subject's epistemic dependence on their thesis advisors that prevents them from affirming their own work. We observe there is a belief that academic work, rather than a process of knowledge building, is an evaluative activity of the self. Other errors and obstacles are related to questions specific to scientific activity. A hypothesis generally manifests causal relationships. The notion of cause and its nature, from the philosophy of science, is debatable. In the present article, we propose these explanations regarding the difficulties in the process of constructing a scientific hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and development of pathological study methods is closely related to the scientific-technical development achieved by society. The traditional methods used for the pathological study of diseases have been enriched with new technologies, which has favored their deepest knowledge, particularly that of neoplasms, one of the leading causes of death in Cuba and in the world. In this paper, an overview is made of the historical development of the different anatomopathological study methods and their impact on the processes of medical assistance and education. A reflection is made on the need to strengthen training for the proper use of the clinical method and for the justified indication and correct interpretation of the results of the examinations that, in a traditional way, have made possible the diagnosis and the assessment of the prognosis and the therapeutic, thus avoiding the irrational use of other technologies that make medical care more expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conacyt has an important relationship with Mexican Science, this organization signals the initiatives that encourage the scientific sector therefore its necessary to study this organization. In this paper is proposed to analyze since discourse-power from the theoretical framework of Foucault making a contrast between the government ended in 2018 and which started in december 2018. The focus will be the value of Conacyt in the Science to relate the theory and method and main discourses in both of them governments. Already with this information will be analyzed discourses and power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate -through qualitative strategy- the reasons professionals have for returning to Argentina, after having completed a doctorate and / or postdoctoral fellowship in hard sciences in the United States. The analysis highlights people's long-term projection, the weight of close ties and the possibility of obtaining a stable academic position including social security benefits and scientific independence. It also discloses emerging tensions and the importance of circulation and internationalization of careers. The final reflections systematize the findings, which are discussed according to the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will examine the literary representation of motherhood and the figure of the mother in the Italian context. In particular, we will analyse two works, Le difettose (2012), written by Eleonora Mazzoni, and Non mi vendere, mamma! (2016) by Barbara Alberti, due to the novel perspective they provide on the subject: from a matrifocal narrative, both writers describe the experience of becoming a mother while undergoing several treatments and medical procedures, with different physical and emotional consequences for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss what specific traits distinguish sciences from other historical institutions. First I will review several philosophies conceiving sciences having in mind constitutive, but generic, features. This is the case when sciences are understood as explanation, as comprehension, as knowledge, as description, as representation, as construction, as cultural institution, as experimentation and elaboration of hypotheses, as theory, and as instrument of domination and intervention on reality. I put forward certain specific traits of theorems and scientific fields that allow us to distinguish sciences from other historical formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article explains how the Sierra de La Macarena Biological Reserve, which marked the beginning of the new state responsibility of caring for nature in Colombia, was conceived and then created by law in 1948. Additionally, this paper reconstructs the first decade of its existence. Methodology: This research is based on archival documents, historic publications and secondary sources, which allow us to understand the ideas about nature that guided such history and the concrete processes that characterized it. Originality: This article studies the process of State formation from a territorial and environmental perspective, bringing together political and environmental history, and pointing at new avenues of inquiry in both fields. Conclusions: The beginnings of a new state responsibility of caring for nature depended on previous developments of the state itself, particularly on the efforts to deal with tropical diseases. Therefore, an area of state activity devoted to insure the well-being of the population served as the basis for the inceptive development of another. This issue was, however, not entirely national. Global scientific networks, including medical doctors, entomologists and geologists, together with an innovative technology, aviation, also played a crucial role. The research station that was conceived along with the reserve to support long-term research was partly impaired by La Violencia of the 1950s. Instead, scientists carried out several expeditions that contributed to turn La Macarena into national patrimony, at least in the minds of some Colombians. Given that aspirations well exceeded the achievements, the definitive emergence of this area of state performance had to wait a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the bonds that occur between the notion of academic freedom and religion, from the scope of the dogmatic core of the right, but in the line of their historical relations and the emergence of modern academic freedom as well. The examination is performed in the context of german research university, which strongly contrast with scholastic period, but also in the context of its further development in the American university. This process ends with the AAUP 1915 Declaration, which shapes the present status of relationships between denominational and public universities. The main proposal of the paper is that academic freedom and faith, despite they seem opposed to modern mentality, actually are inseparable at the essence of the right, either from a negative or a positive point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the first two attempts at the creation of science and technology policy in Ecuador from the role of various stakeholders: scientists, politicians, and industry. The institutionalization of this policy first emerged in 1973 as part of the "nationalist and revolutionary" military dictatorship of Rodriguez Lara, and as part of the proposed import substitution industrialization (ISI) in response to the oil boom. The second attempt took place during the return to democracy in 1979 and was based on the enactment of the Law on the National System of Science and Technology and on the creation of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. This paper discusses the narrative of the events rather than the cause. It examines social macro processes through the lens of various stakeholders (political and economic national conditions and international influences). Furthermore, the definition and implementation of policies is explained via political cultures; implicit and explicit scientific technology Policy; and technological scientific paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of unequal territorial integration in the Argentinean Patagonia has been widely studied. This article analyzes the interactions between national and scientific rhetorics in the understanding and design of the Patagonian territory, which allows for the interpellation of scientific technical knowledge from the perspective of its political significance. The paper seeks to broaden the academic register and further the critique of the scientific discourse that grounded the development model for the Argentinean Patagonia from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th. It discusses the historiographical background that linked knowledge to utilitarian logic, based on a cross-referenced analysis of writings by naturalists and emblematic figures of planning of the appropriation and Patagonian development during the analyzed period. It shows the strong impact of scientific production on the social and moral planning of a territory that was incorporated late and unequally into the organization of the State. In Patagonia, the national rhetoric describes its progress in terms of a future promise, defining everything that exists there, persons, plants, and animals, as obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relation between the singular and the universal in mythical thinking. The initial problem holds that, conventionally, due to its fantastic expressions, mythical thought is non-objective knowledge of the world; however, I will argue the opposite. Based on Cassirer's Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, I will present two results: firstly, an evaluation of how myth relates singular events with universal concepts, which allows the reassessment of myth as a valid epistemological form. Secondly, the main epistemological resource of myth is the idea of mutation, unlike science, which uses concepts to relate the singular with the universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to try to obtain a definition of the essay as a philosophical genre. In this paper we defend a dialectical idea of literary/artistic genre in which the text participates in the genre but does not belong to it. The essay as genre is open and free. Although it is an identity without limits and given the configuring power of literature, the essay has a minimal essence that we can define as critical-literary reflection with a will of truth installed in the world of life. The essay is also defined by its character of mediation between art and science, the particular and the universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, the number and variety of policy instruments implemented in the field of science, technology and innovation in Latin America and particularly in Argentina has increased significantly. In this context, although new initiatives to promote the participation of women in the area have been created, they have been poorly incorporated into inventories and diagnoses in the area. This paper analyzes a specific type of policy instrument: prizes for women in science, in this case the L'Oréal-unesco prize in Argentina. The approach focuses on three main aspects from the point of view of both the research and the formulation of policies: the motivations of the winners to participate, the effects they identify after being distinguished and their opinion about the participation of women in science and its relation to the objectives of the award. The study is based on qualitative evidence through the combination of the analysis of official documents of the sponsoring agencies and the conduction of in-depth interviews with the prize winners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Crónica (1883-1886), a morning paper from Buenos Aires, based its distance from party fights both on its title and on its editorial structure. It had three sections: a literary, a scientific and a journalistic one, so politics was out of the focus in the traditional way. It main genre was "alta crónica", which focused both in local characters and places. These "reportajes" allowed their chroniclers to find out and to experience several features of the genre which will endure for long time. Thereby, it offers a counterpoint to development of the chronicle genre and a different look both at literary and journalistic modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the epistemological tensions generated due to the search for legitimization of scientific knowledge. It stems from the discussion about science seen through "nomothetic" and "ideographic" standpoints, coming to the conclusion that there is a tendency to theorize from a vision that comes from an organizational order, putting on the back burner, to a large extent, the legitimizer tension that occurs in the socialization of scientific knowledge. The paper also values possibilities to analyze social sciences from Bourdieu's scientific field concept, who breaks up certain inertias about the official positions that theorize about science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the teaching abilities and the passion that Jiménez Salas felt for Geotechnical Engineering. The first part underlines the features which make so outstanding his lectures and presentations. Mention is also made to his search to isolate the fundamental and unique aspects of the geotechnics which he defined precisely as well as his research and academic devotion. The last part of the paper highlights the special occasion of the Honoris Causa Doctorate he received from the Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. At this occasion he delivered his last public speech: "Let us talk, once again, of Geotechnics". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fundamental goals of education is for people to learn to differentiate scientific knowledge from the one derived from common sense and pseudoscience. Learning to think scientifically is considered an easy task. It is not natural to humans; it requires changing certain structures of knowledge towards notions that need reflection, and an important transformation of some conceptual networks that are involved in the information processing mechanisms natural of all living organisms. In the case of psychology, the conceptual change from folk psychology (or common sense) and pseudoscience to psychological science is also difficult to teach, perhaps even more so than in physics or biology, as the latter are more developed, more remote from human problems and there are less epistemological controversies about their methodology. There is evidence of differences between students and graduates on their views about the scientific basis of psychology. In this paper, the perception of psychology's status was evaluated among psychology students and graduates from universities in Argentina using the Psychology as a Science Scale (Friedrich, 1996 PAS). It's comprised of 20 items with a 7 point Likert style response ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). It is divided into three factors. F1: psychology can be considered as a science similar to biology or physics (4 items, e.g. A degree in psychology should be a Bachelor of Science rather than one in Arts or Humanities); F2: research conducted in controlled laboratory environments is essential for the understanding of everyday behavior (5 items, e.g. Being able to do experiments is as important to psychology students as for chemistry, physics or biology students); and F3: behavior is predictable (6 items, e.g. Although each person is unique, it is possible for science to find general laws to explain human behavior). It also has 4 filler questions (FR) to hide the objectives of the survey and control social desirability (eg. An introductory course in psychology should encompass the widest range of possible topics). Friedrich (1996) reported that the scale has an internal consistency coefficient alpha of .71 for a sample of students and Holmes (2014), reported alpha of .74 for graduate / teachers. For the sample presented, Cronbach's alpha was .74 for all items. The Spanish translation was done by the authors of the study and evaluated by two experts in psychology and English proficiency. Then it was administered to a group of psychology students to confirm the understanding of the items. The survey was administered both through an online system and in person. The main results show that students have significantly lower score than graduates in the three factors of interest. However, graduates who identify with a cognitive-behavioral framework or with an integrative-eclectic approach strongly agree or agree with the scientific status of psychology as measured in F1, F2 and F3, unlike students and psychoanalysts who scored significantly less in F1 and F3. Moreover, students of the first years of study have a significant minor score than students of the last years on F1 and F3 (p < .05). This work has as limit that the sample is not representative and the questionnaire was not validated in its version in Spanish. However, the results are similar to those of other countries, although it was the first that discriminated the opinion of the graduates in function of the theoretical orientation. Future research confirms these results. These results are discussed in relation to studies in other countries and to the teaching of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aristotle's Metaphysics E 2 and 3 are devoted to the discussion about accidental being and its causes, with the aim of assessing its credentials as a possible object of first philosophy. The result of this discussion is, in this sense, negative. However, first philosophy has something to say about accidental being, if only through a second order speech. The nature of the accidental is thus explored in these pages of Metaphysics, with the ultimate aim of confirming the impossibility of a scientific study (and a scientific discourse) about this way of being and its causes. The central part of this paper deals with E 2, 1026b27-1027a15, where Aristotle introduces the causes of accidental being. I endeavor to show that each of the three causes presented in these lines are compatible and relevant, as they can be understood, respectively, as the formal, efficient and material cause of what happens by accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary science in one of the key forces of social development but is more hampered by lack of qualified personnel than by technological resources. The professional scientists most domain certain skills parallels to their specific specialties that constitute a proper craft. Therefore, this additional learning should not be leaved to spontaneity. Universities produce specialists but there is not a scientist as a career. This paper analyzes some of the causes of this problem as well as suggest some alternatives to improve the communication between scientist and university professors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general when the phrase "man of science" is heard, One immediately thinks of a physicist, a mathematician, a chemist, an astronomer, a biologist, etc., but very few imagine a scientist in a humanist, a philologist, a musicologist, much less in a politician. In this paper reflections are presented to answer the following question: was Martí a scientist? And arguments are offered, from different conceptual points of view, to demarcate Marti's life and work as a man of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks for new innovative concepts and theories to improve in development's planning knowledge, it's sustained in the lecture and analysis of new innovative development fields papers to make order and interrelate them for building a new structural base to stand a contemporary economic and social development science that be able to introduce and embody spatial and regional analysis, it tries to point out the strategic place played today by world cities, the migration flows and science and technology in the development and integration of countries, particularly in the Asia Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the repressive strategy as it was described in the military doctrine that guided the actions of the armed forces, security forces and paramilitary organizations in El Salvador between 1962 and 1972. Attention will be given to the way this repressive strategy molded the state repressive treatment of the wave of trade union protest that took place in the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which is part of a research on the interactions and tensions between science and literature in Spain from the 19th to the 21st centuries, is focused on Agustín Fernández Mallo's poetry. Besides his famous narrative trilogy Proyecto Nocilla, his poetry expand and blur the limits of the poetic textuality by the incorporation of science and multimedia technology not just in a referencial fashion but as both constructive and theoretical principles from which is possible a critical consideration of the poetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common interpretation of Descartes argues that the new science is a result of Cartesian replacement, in scientific explanations, of the final and formal causes by the efficient causes. While this statement is broadly correct, it has tended to assume that efficient causes do not imply any problem. This paper wishes to question this assumption, showing a number of problems concerning the knowability of efficient causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is presented how to establish a working system for the achievement of scientific results that characterize a university. These results must be evaluated by international standards, but also they have to be relevant for the impact that they have on the country where the university. The fundamental objective of the present work is the cycle management application for the administration of science identifying at each stage the elements that must be considered. Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría is used as a case study, CUJAE, located in Havana, Cuba. The results obtained in the last four years show progress in most measured indicators, demonstrating that this process has been developed efficiently and effectively, through rational use of resources, especially teachers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of the alienation of youth for environmental, in a District Educational Institution, from the perspective of approaches Science, Technology, Society and Environment CTSA, Questions social scientific CSC, as well as the impact of School Projects Environmental. This analysis was conducted from a sample of data obtained through non-participant observation grids, applied to students. The research is part of a broader Group Project Teaching and Learning of Physics of the University Francisco José de Caldas, and is emerging as a qualitative research due to the characteristics of the variables to be analyzed (demonstrations, attitudes) without analyzing the data statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant genetic improvement has a double scientific nature: it is both an empirical science of nature and an applied science of design. In this context, this paper provides an investigation of scientific prediction as an essential feature of plant genetic improvement as an applied science of design with special emphasis in the improvement of stone fruits (Prunus genus). In considering plant genetic improvement, we can speak of three levels of knowledge. These levels are associated with molecular biology (micro level); the genetic constitution of an individual (meso level); and the phenotype and overall appearance of the new release (macro level). These levels of reality affect both the type of prediction and the methodology applied. The prediction is the main objective of the plant genetic improvement as science of design. It is very important to have a knowledge of possible future to make a new design that will be complete within a few years, more than 12 years in the case of stone fruit that is the subject of this work. Finally, in developing a scientific prediction applied to Prunus breeding it is necessary to consider different internal (the genetic nature of the starting plant material, the available methodologies, etc.) and external (social acceptation, environmental factors, biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.) variables. The degree of knowledge of these variables determines the quality of the prediction in the design of the new Prunus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes that occurred on digitization have produced profound variations in the world of work in general, and academic one in particular. Considering the transformations in terms of production, use and appropriation of knowledge, mainly taking this situation as a kind of social relationship described as "cognitive exploitation of scientific knowledge". From this characterization, I shall discuss in this paper the impact over the work of the social scientist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study on socio-educational research logic, focusing on the essential elements of research designs, but especially on the relations between those elements, which denote the most important requirements for the research design in the inquiry about educational phenomena. In the first part we discuss the formal levels of socio-educational research, with special emphasis on the philosophical, scientific and technical elements of research logic. Subsequently, we propose the concept of relationality as a coordinating approach to address the logic of research, and establish an integrated approach of the different levels that make up the research process and also a research framework based on the relational conception of educational phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a female conception of knowledge and attempts to reveal the need to incorporate the gender perspective into the educational world with the purpose of removing the effects of inequity discrimination in the training of women. Its main focus lies in the theory of gender that has sustained extensive criticism of the Western way of thinking and of the construction style of scientific knowledge from an androcentric viewpoint. It argues that gender epistemology differs from the classical epistemology - adopted by most of the scientific and philosophical literature- which tries to negate its ideological content to project an image of scientific universality and neutrality. he paper attempts to relate the nature-culture and male-female dualism that falls within the framework of the traditional epistemological approach with gender pedagogy and the exclusion and invisibilization of women in scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the newspaper's coverage on the subject of renewable energy and renewable energy technologies and how that information has been exhibited in the Costa Rican case by the newspapers La Nacion and El Financiero between January 2006 and December 2011 (considered the period of emergence and establishment of the most important public discussions on the issue). It's presented a general analysis of the form of presentation of information and content through the representations analysis on the subject, taking as a starting point some works that have emerged in recent years in Latin America and the rest of the world, concerning to the communication of science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer rates have been increasing. There are several ongoing studies on this subject that specifically focus on the risk factors for this type of cancer. Addressing this problem holistically will allow analyzing this phenomenon using various approaches. For such reasons, we conducted a review of research papers published in electronic journals in SciELO and PubMed databases in order to demonstrate the contribution of the Oral Cancer Screening Program to Cuban public health and its interrelation with science, technology, and society. The assumed starting point allows stating that the science, technology and society approach is not only a field of study concerned with the complex interrelationships between science, technology, and the societies in which they develop. In addition, this approach is related to all social areas. Therefore, it is not just a matter of thought or study; it is, above all, a practical-existential problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science, technology and innovation are fundamental to economic and social development of the country, requiring, each time more, to give significant resources in order to prepare the personnel and make them more competitive, where the information exchange, knowledge and learning generated by this process, will contribute to achieve a better performance in the organization. The purpose of this paper is the development of a organizational learning model and its phases, based on information and knowledge of scientific and innovation project team members, which will allow to evaluate the capacity of organizational learning and also contribute to a better organization performance. In this model is highlighted the integration of the main trends in the study of organizational learning, providing technical tools to develop learning ability and performance evaluation of the organization from indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]