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Objective: To analyze the state and community efforts to face both environmental problems and health effects in the country through two different strategies: 1) the Environmental Emergency Regions (REA) and 2) the Tayolchikawalis strategy (ET) of the Regional Agricultural Cooperative Society "Tosepan Titataniske" (Tosepan Titataniske Society (STT)). Methodology: A case analysis was carried out based on the physical review of the social and environmental situation in the territory, as well as the verification of the collective efforts to face the environmental problems that affected them. Results: It was observed that community processes are oriented towards solidarity development with collective participation, while REAs are projects focused on environmental recovery objectives with more limited social participation. Limitations: The main and most important difficulty in carrying out this work were the risks due to the health crisis that hindered some of the visits, interviews, and consultations. Conclusion: Both social efforts and the interest of the State manifest positive effects for territorial environmental recovery, but the social fabric can only be reestablished when the importance of collective participation in the planning and development of these projects is recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to establish recommendations for public policy to enhance the National Marine Waste Plan 2021-2030 in Costa Rica. The methodology employed in this research was a combination of expert consultation and discussion, as well as the analysis of secondary information. The findings of the research identified advances, omissions and challenges facing marine solid waste management mentioned, as well as providing possible options for public policy. The research concludes that it is necessary to create the necessary conditions to enhance its implementation considering aspects of measurement, articulation, circular and innovative models, directionality, and opportunities for marine waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the respective effects of majority and proportional representation electoral systems on tax policies designed to reduce pollution. The following findings were obtained: in a majority electoral system, environmental regulation is extreme with very low or high taxes compared to a socially optimal policy; in a proportional representation system, environmental policy is moderate (taxes are moderate compared to taxes implemented in a majority system); and environmental policy in proportional representation systems more closely resembles a socially optimal policy. Electoral institutions account for these findings, which are due to the number of effective parties and legislative negotiation in Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]