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The current development model is structured around the intensive exploitation of natural resources, which implies the expansion of extractive activities as a source of capital accumulation. In this sense, and given the centrality of the environment-development binomial, the objective of this paper is to analyze the multiple dimensions (narrative, symbolic, cultural, political, economic, territorial, etc.) involved in the extractivist model. The proposed methodology consists of compiling bibliographic sources and carrying out a referential sampling in order to give a schematic account of the main approaches, points in common and the different ways of approaching the problem from the social sciences, as well as their contributions and limitations. The main findings show the importance of respecting the peculiarities of the case studies and the relevance of researching alternative literatures that allow a better understanding of the phenomena under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the importance of the melting of the Arctic ice for Mexico. The research examines the impacts of this process, the Mexican government’s environmental policies, citizen’s perception and the media’s approach to climate change and the melting of the Arctic ice. To obtain the results, an exploratory analysis was carried out, from which it was concluded that, despite the importance of the Arctic melting in the current climate crisis affecting all countries, and specifically Mexico, within the political agendas of the nation, the citizenry and the mass media, both climate change and the Arctic melting are secondary issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental strategies in tourism reduce the negative impact of this sector while seeking to achieve positive effects on its competitiveness and differentiation. However, there is still a research gap in the academic literature on the connection between eco-certifications and the prices that clients are willing to pay for this type of service. This paper analyzes guests' willingness to pay for rooms in environmentally friendly hotels in Mexico. The study focuses on three of the states with the largest number of hotel establishments in the country: Quintana Roo, Veracruz, and Jalisco. The differences among the states regarding the willingness of the guests to pay for hotels with eco-certification were evaluated by taking into account the category of the establishment. Hedonic price models were used to evaluate the effect of both eco-certification and different hotel attributes on the price of a room. Information regarding prices was obtained from the Trivago database, and the equations were estimated by taking into account data panel techniques. The results show a significant effect on the willingness to pay for hotels with eco-certifications, with differences among states and categories. The limitation of this research is the time of data collection and the place of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chaco, one of the provinces with higher deforestation rate in Argentina, the trajectory of this indicator was not homogenous. Besides, the decision-making of provincial state had different paths to respond to this problem. Thus, this paper tries to answer what the causes that influence in the state fluctuations in the implementation of environmental policies are. Throughout a case study in which I compare four different moments between 2008 and 2019, I argue that the state fluctuations depend on the resolution of the conflict between two coalition (protectionist vs. productivist). State responds favorably to one or another when one of them deploys three strategies together: coordination, institutional and public pressure strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on participatory monitoring (PM) in Mexico in order to understand its dimensions and usefulness for decision-making and public environmental policies. For this, a conceptual scheme of the mp is proposed from the socioecosystemic perspective (SEPM) in accordance with interdisciplinary scientific approaches and citizen science, through eight structural dimensions. The qualitative method of analysis was based on the application of the Search, Assessment, Synthesis, Analysis (SALSA) protocol, and the use of Scopus and scielo databases. The results first describe general spatial and temporal trends for Latin America and, subsequently, focus on the analysis of 24 preselected and coded publications for Mexico, considering monitoring criteria related to eight structural dimensions of the conceptual scheme. It is observed that the SEPM in Mexico has increased since the year 2000, the scale has been local, the land tenure dominant of social property, the regional scope, and has been more applied to the forest, water and agroforestry socio-ecosystems. The sepm has great potential for decisionmaking at different organizational levels, especially when it is implemented in an integrated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of renewable energy consumption, electricity demand, sustainable economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on international trade in the countries of U.S. - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA). To do this, unit root, cointegration and causality tests are applied, and the long-term relationship between the variables is estimated. The results suggest that the variables are integrated of different order and that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between them. There is a positive relationship between the consumption of renewable energy, the demand for electrical energy and sustainable economic growth on international trade, while CO2 emissions reduce it. This implies that it is important to analyze energy policies that encourage increased consumption of renewable energy to boost international trade, in order to accelerate sustainable economic growth in the region. In addition, the feedback relationship between CO2 emissions and the demand for electrical energy could have important implications within the energy and environmental policy for the panel of countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at examining, albeit briefly, the method, content and application of the mandatory financial guarantees imposed on operators by Law 26/2007, of October 23, on Environmental Responsibility (hereinafter LRM). We propose the need to subscribe in one of its modalities to every operator included in Annex III of the Law, highlighting three of its fundamental aspects: its requirement, its application and its purpose. Taking into account the principle of “whoever pollutes pays”, it is necessary for any operator that starts an activity with a significant risk to the environment, to subscribe to one of the modalities of the guarantees established in sections a), b) and c) of art. 26 of the LRM, to meet the obligations and responsibilities that the Law imposes on it as an operator. What is sought with these guarantee modalities is to ensure that the operator whose activity presents a greater potential of risk for the environment, can have the economic resources necessary to face environmental responsibilities and the high costs that adoption entails. of such measures to maintain a healthy and sustainable environment. Reference should be made to the environmental insurance policy, as the most common form of financial guarantees. Due to its characteristics and unique nature, it requires specific treatment. Therefore, we consider that, if these guarantees are not made mandatory, the environmental protection system established in the LRM would be significantly damaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article explains how the Sierra de La Macarena Biological Reserve, which marked the beginning of the new state responsibility of caring for nature in Colombia, was conceived and then created by law in 1948. Additionally, this paper reconstructs the first decade of its existence. Methodology: This research is based on archival documents, historic publications and secondary sources, which allow us to understand the ideas about nature that guided such history and the concrete processes that characterized it. Originality: This article studies the process of State formation from a territorial and environmental perspective, bringing together political and environmental history, and pointing at new avenues of inquiry in both fields. Conclusions: The beginnings of a new state responsibility of caring for nature depended on previous developments of the state itself, particularly on the efforts to deal with tropical diseases. Therefore, an area of state activity devoted to insure the well-being of the population served as the basis for the inceptive development of another. This issue was, however, not entirely national. Global scientific networks, including medical doctors, entomologists and geologists, together with an innovative technology, aviation, also played a crucial role. The research station that was conceived along with the reserve to support long-term research was partly impaired by La Violencia of the 1950s. Instead, scientists carried out several expeditions that contributed to turn La Macarena into national patrimony, at least in the minds of some Colombians. Given that aspirations well exceeded the achievements, the definitive emergence of this area of state performance had to wait a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an empirical study that systematized environmental judicial opinions handed down by Colombia's highest administrative Court --Consejo de Estado-- over a 17-year period (1998-2015). Thanks to a research grant, the authors and a team of coders systematized, using state-of-the art content analysis methodologies, more than 250 opinions handed down by Colombia's highest administrative Court. The results presented in this paper show the most important trends of collective environmental litigation in Colombia: types of plaintiffs and defendants; type of environmental resources involved in the case; plaintiffs' success rates; most litigious regions and cities; overall effects of economic incentives on the type of litigation, among several other subjects. This paper concludes that collective environmental litigation has been instrumental to protect environmental resources in Colombia, one the most biodiverse countries in the world. Finally, the paper concludes that the elimination in 2011 of the economic incentive in favor of litigants did not favor public interest litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergovernmental coordination is a key factor to achieve a homogeneous implementation in national policies. However, the bibliography of coordination argues that the horizontal coordination (among jurisdictions of the same level of government) does not occur. On the contrary, this paper asks: Which factors produces that the subnational jurisdictions decide to act together to enforce a national environmental policy? Based on comparative analysis of the formulation process of the adequation laws to the National Forest Law in Argentina, I argue that the provinces act together when there are a regularized and legitim institutional frame available and a structures of incentives that produce that the locals politicians decide formulate and enforce an environmental policy in theirs jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the concept of environmental policy integration, qualitative expert interview and participative mapping, this paper focuses on the causes and consequences of environmental impacts on mangroves triggered by ill-coordinated public policies at México's southern Pacific coast. In this context, we identified not only the specific measures applied by governmental institutions and their impacts, but also other crucial political, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, which determined the scale and spatial extension of ecosystem degradation. As a result, public policies lacking environmental integration, particularly stream straightening and incentives to promote the production of biofuel made form African oil palms, were the decisive triggers, but not the sole agents of mangroves' degradation. The scale and spatial extension of observed impacts rather depend on multiply factors, not necessarily related to public policies. Moreover, an explicitly spatial dimension to the qualitative results is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to make a contribution to the environmental arrangement of the livestock potential in the municipality of Jimaguayú, Camagüey, Cuba. The indicators restrictions, categories, and conflicts of the livestock potential in the region were identified and located on a map. Additionally, the policies, guidelines, regulations and standards for proper environmental management in each livestock area were determined. The study concluded that the potential of livestock activity consists in environmentally recommended use in the main eight of the seventeen secondary environmental areas that make up the region. One of them was considered for secondary use. In terms of categories, the municipality comprises 126.9 km2 with inexistent livestock potential, including several settlements and water reservoirs; 115.7 km2 were identified as poor potential; 316.3 km2 had a mid-potential; and 225.4 km2 was high. The previous contributed to the environmental arrangement of the livestock potential in the municipality of Jimaguayú, Camagüey. Accordingly, the restrictions, indicators, categories, and conflicts observed in the sector were determined, to be used as recommendations for development in the secondary environmental areas with some potential, as well as to set up policies, and general and specific guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia has increasingly been specializing in the extraction of mineral and energy resources such as gold, coal, oil and ferronickel. These activities, in the context of state weakness, have engendered conflžicts of different dimensions. This paper proposes an indicator of conflžict related to mineral exploitation that classifies five dimensions of conžflict: social, economic, cultural, political and environmental. The aggregate indicator shows that murders, displacement of Afrodescendent populations, žflooding, pollution, fires, infant mortality, coca crops and sexual offenses are highly and positively correlated with the number of conflžicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three conventions emerged from the Earth Summit of 1992 in order to counteract the world environmental crisis: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This paper focuses on this latter, with the purpose of building links between desertification and gender. Firstly, both terms are defined in order to establish conceptual links between them. Various documents on gender equality of the United Nations are also discussed in order to analyze the efforts to mainstream gender into the Convention to Combat Desertification. It is concluded that this is the most advanced of the three, although a transition from lip service to concrete actions remains to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender mainstreaming has become the major tool for governments to promote gender equality since 1995 Beijing Conference. This paper reviews the achievements of GM in Mexican environmental policy through the analysis of two programs operated by SEMARNAT, Equidad de Género, Medio Ambiente y Sustentabilidad program (2002-2006), Hacia la Igualdad de Género y la Sustentabilidad Ambiental program (2007-2012), and Programa Nacional Hídrico (2007-2012). Drawing on this analysis, the paper makes some recommendations to mainstream gender in the design and implementation of the country's water policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six years after its sinking, images of the Prestige remain etched in our memory: an overturned, leaking oil tanker losing part of its load and being towed out to high sea over the course of six days, during which time the tanker split in two and sank to a depth of 3,500 meters. The fuel reached the coast in several waves, affecting Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country, and to a lesser extent, France and Portugal. Fishermen, shellfish gatherers, and thousands of volunteers took it upon themselves to prevent the worst consequences of the slick. Demonstrators gathered en masse in Santiago de Compostela… Never before in Spain had a disaster of this nature had such media, social, and political impact. What implications did this have for policies designed to prevent and combat environmental disasters? Did these public policies change as a result of this event? In this paper, frame analysis applied to public policy analysis is used to answer these questions. In other words, the paper analyzes the prevailing discourse regarding these public policies, how the problem is defined, what is identified as its cause, how the problem is situated geographically, to whom the problem and liability for it is attributed, what the proposed solutions are, what or who the targets of the policies are, the places at which these policies are aimed, and who should act to solve the problem. This analysis enables us both to conclude that the Prestige disaster did not bring about an essential change in Spanish public policies designed to prevent and combat marine oil pollution, and to draw lessons for improving the effectiveness of the public policies analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender, environment, and development approach proposes the study of women's fights and obligations toward natural resources, as well as institutions and property relations that govern the access to such resources within specific socio-environmental contexts. From this viewpoint, this paper studies the fishing activities of native women and men from Veracruz, Mexico, focusing on two processes: the gender construction of the fishing arts and the gender socialization in fishing activities. This paper shows that both processes make women specialize in certain water resources, which are important to securing feeding to their communities. An environmental policy with a gender perspective will be able to visualize woman roles in food provisioning, and to strengthen their control over the resources they currently manage, based on the environmental knowledge women have about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to make an analysis of the main issues of environmental or ecosystem services regulations in Argentina, and a brief reference of a selection of Latin American countries laws (Peru and Costa Rica). We implemented the documental observation and normative comparative methods. One of the main results is that during last year many bills of laws were presented at the National Congress, which guidelines might be useful as precedents. Notwithstanding, in parallel an integral evaluation must be made in order to state if some valid environmental laws should be or not abolished, in order to avoid new contradictions. One of the main limitations for the argentine case, is that there is not a specific regulation about environmental services. We can conclude that in the case of other countries of the region which already have regulated the ecosystem services payment, there are some relevant issues which might be taken into account for future laws and/or public policies in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze how despite the economic and political structural differences of the Latin American countries, the common denominator of these economies is its dependence with the global economy as producers of primary goods. This exploitation of raw materials, called neoextractivista model, carries from its own origin hoarding of land, deportation or displacement of rural communities, establishing then, for natural consequences, a spiral of criminalization and repression of resistance by territorial disputes and divergent values around them, in a context of great power asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is a body created within the United Nations system in charge of the elaboration of reports in support of the different governments on matters related to Climate Change, its impacts and the adaptation and mitigation strategies. The paper analyses the background and reasons that lead to the creation of the IPCC, the main milestones in its lifetime and describes how it works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three conventions emerged from the Earth Summit of 1992 in order to counteract the world environmental crisis: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This paper focuses on this latter, with the purpose of building links between desertification and gender. Firstly, both terms are defined in order to establish conceptual links between them. Various documents on gender equality of the United Nations are also discussed in order to analyze the efforts to mainstream gender into the Convention to Combat Desertification. It is concluded that this is the most advanced of the three, although a transition from lip service to concrete actions remains to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since environmental topic was included in the international agenda, expectations were created about the role of Law as a discipline and tool to mitigate, prevent and compensate anthropogenic ecosystem damages. In this paper there will be an approach to an issue which was little addressed in social, legal and environmental sciences: legal-institutional fragmentation as an obstacle to achieve sustainable development goals, especially in water management. It was implemented as a documental-bibliographical, descriptive and diachronic design. The methodology used is qualitative, mainly legal hermeneutics. Preliminary, we concluded that regulatory chaos which was applied to the Matanza-Riachuelo basin, allowed failed institutional settlements creating an adverse scenery for the environmental paradigm application in different dimensions: to favour corrupted actions, to difficult information access and authorities petitions right, because they both represent an obstacle to achieve citizen's participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the concept of green tax reforms ("reforma fiscal ambiental") and examines its pertinence for the region, based on the analysis of the opportunities and difficulties for implementing those reforms in two essential public services: the provision of electric power and urban public transportation. Those services are analyzed in their specificities but are considered illustrative of more general situations. After a conventional analysis of objectives and instruments, it is shown that the markets are interdependent and that environmental goals are cross-cutting. From those methodological principles, the shortcomings of the public policies conceived like parallel and autonomous channels become more obvious. Although there seem to be spaces for fiscal innovations with environmental objectives, the paper analyzes the distribution and the competitiveness challenges, and the political economy and institutionalist issues; the results make possible to situate the energy and public transportation agendas in a more general and productive context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper develops the fields of social market economy regarding the constitutional protection of the healthy and balanced environment. It also raises the challenges of public and private investment in relation to extractive industries located in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I focus on societal movements against destructive expansion now in progress in Latinamerican countries. On the one hand, I point out some characteristic aspects of the logic which promotes this expansion, stressing in mechanisms to expropriate people and communities. On the other hand, I deal with some characteristic traits of societal movements, emphasizing on territorial and sacred rights alleged by communities to defend their territories. Taking in count that these process are confrontations about the alleged universality of the modern conception of nature, I ask what contribution may offer these particular movements to renew our imagination facing to challenges by global environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following work seeks to review some of the criteria for interpretation of the Environmental Enforcement Tribunal of the OEFA- Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental, with respect to environmental responsibility, environmental damage, testing and others aspects that holders of mining titles face in the sanctioning administrative procedures for which this authority is responsible. The paper also considers that these criteria are not confined to the administrative authority, but are reviewed by the judicial system, and are used to determine legal actions and specialized hearings concerning environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization acceleration of growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the eighties, has increased the demand for natural resources and the volume of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) to be transported, treated and finally disposed. Environmental management in the administration of Domestic Solid Wastes (DSW) of Havana, short for MSW, has focused on the pollution control and the use of some environmental instruments, in isolated way. This paper propose a model with systems approach, linking the management of DSW environmental management through the environmental assessment of impacts generated by the strategies implemented in the province. Theoretical methods were used, statistical tools and life cycle analysis as well as the expert consultation and application of statistical tests to determine the degree of reliability of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the role of engineering and research in the environmental licensing process in the light of institutional changes made in Chile since 2010: the creation of the Ministry of Environment and the Environmental Assessment Service. To do this, we will show the challenges posed by these new institutions, the opportunities identified and the work undertaken to address those changes. Finally, the results will be presented taking the Punta Alcalde project as a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of indexes to value the water quality facilitates its communication and understanding by specialists and public in general. One of the mostusedis the index proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment(known as CCME_WQI) for its flexibility in the selection of the variables to be considered. In this paper the CCME_WQI was used to evaluate the water quality for irrigation of superficial and groundwater sources of Naranjoriver watershed, Las Tunas province, Cuba. FAO directives and recommendations of the Institute of Agricultural Engineering of Cuba were used to define the desirable values. The results show that the waters are classified as Poor for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes steps towards environmental policy integration (EPI) in Mexico, with special emphasis in agricultural policy. So far, the country has mostly used communicative instruments to reach this aim. Semi-structured interviews with high-ranking officials from the ministries of Agriculture and of the Environment show that even though these measures break ground for public servants with the will to implement the principle of EPI in policy towards the countryside, they fail to make environmentally friendly policies mandatory. Yet, recent efforts to achieve this have attained some success. It remains to be seen if they are preserved and further enhanced by the next administrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays public policies are insufficiently ambitious in order to reverse the environmental damage generated by man. Most of the literature that analyses policy changes tends to explain the incentives but do not give clear explanations about the limitation factors. We develop in this paper a reflection on policy change from the notion of transaction costs. Following a review of the three main approaches --sustainable development, ecological modernization and democratization-- we expose ten theses on the role of transaction costs in the policy change from the case of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon Kuznets Curve has been a widely explored and controversial topic in empiric environmental economics, mainly due to its straightforward implications to designing climate policy strategies. This paper is aimed to explore the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and product for a set of Latin American and Caribbean countries using a semiparametric approach. Our results confirm that Carbon Kuznets Curve hypothesis does not holds in the region and offer some evidence in favor of a reallocation process of carbon emissions, verifying the haven pollution hypothesis on lower income countries. In this context, "wait and grow" is a totally unfeasible solution for environmental problems on Latin America and the Caribbean. Instead of this, an active climate policy is urgently needed in order to adapt and mitigate climate change effects on the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to verify if there is any effect in the income distribution for the Mexican economy when applying a tax on fossil fuels in order to reduce CO2 emissions. In order to reach this goal a computable general equilibrium model was built following the Shoven and Whalley method. It is observed that the application of a tax achieves a reduction in fossil fuel demand, but it does not have any meaningful consequence on the income redistribution of the society. All the levels of the economy have a loss in welfare as a consequence of the application of this tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United Nations conference on environment and development, signed the Convention on Biological Diversity, which obliges the signatory States to combat the extinction of species throughout the world. Its executive secretary said: "the services that nature offers us are free, but the man has a deep unconscious of what he represents their destruction [...] If humanity does not brake to the degradation of biodiversity, the legacy for future generations will be mortgaged [...] must have the courage to look our children in the eye and admit failure [...] admit that we continue losing biodiversity at an unprecedented pace, we are mortgaging their future". Words that initialed by premonitions future about the treatment of the extinction of a large part of the existing biodiversity, that if we do not a treatment, their destruction would speed up and we would be going against the new scheme of sustainable development. In this paper, I analyze and discuss from the perspective of social rights, environmental, and economic, compliance with subparagraphs (c) and (d) of article 10 of the said convention in the native communities of the Peruvian Amazon, an area of permanent armed con ict between the Peruvian State and the native communities. The work consists of six parts. The first explains the legal framework and jurisprudence; the second covers the methodology, and will draw attention to the method and the approach of hypotheses; the third the theoretical framework, the geographical framework and the gathering of information; The fourth on analysis and interpretation; in the fifth set out an analogy with some of the results of the European Union and countries of south America; in the sixth part formulates some conclusions and new perspectives for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of contrasting definitions of vulnerability to climate change poses a crucial challenge for the relationship between science and public policy in the context of adaptation to climate change. After reviewing the mainstream conceptualization of vulnerability to climate change, the article criticizes the use of the risk-hazard approach as a conceptual basis for measuring that vulnerability. Using concrete examples, the article illustrates how the resulting concept of vulnerability varies profoundly with respect to the type of knowledge generated and the epistemological approach depending on whether the concept of inherent vulnerability or that of outcome vulnerability is used. The paper concludes that the use of one or the other leads to public policies that are radically different in scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New policies on the patrimonialization of nature reorganize the space by introducing new concepts, practices, managers and recipients. The imposition of a neoliberal conservation model generates tensions and resistance in local communities. This process involves appropriations, real and discursive, and reinventions about identity and territory. In this paper, we present the tension derived from the declaration of a Natural Space in a small town located at the region of Valencia Camp de Turia (Spain). Briefly, the town has gone from an economy based on a traditional model of exploitation of forest and agricultural resources, to a process of patrimonializing the natural environment (The Sierra Calderona Nature Park, 2002) that has reshaped the territory. From our point of view, the law on natural wildernesses clearly tends towards reductionism. The regulation defines new practices, with prescriptions and prohibitions, and implements a management model where the participation of affected population is more symbolic than real. In this sense, we want to analyze how new conservationist policies, that are based on the governing principles of the modern constitution, imply a hierarchic practice in which scientific-technical knowledge legitimately displaces the local knowledge. This process involves physical, geographical or administrative changes as a means of transformation of the usage and perception of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and demographic growth that Seoul has experienced in recent decades has led to an increase in demand and energy consumption at the expense of the environment. In accordance with national green growth vision, Seoul is implementing a number of strategies that involve various actors for the transition to a low carbon era. The paper addresses Korea's vision for green growth, analyzes presidential leadership to articulate policies in the domestic and international level and the actions executed locally by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how environmental conditions have influenced the level of development in the local population of the State of Bahía, given the growing importance of environmental issues and the lack of information on these issues in the State. To this end, the Index of Socio-Environmental Development --IDSA-- is innovative in introducing the Index of Human Development --IDH--, variables representing the environmental quality of the State municipalities. The IDSA average was 0.26, a value 0.4 points below that of the idh. Thus the study concludes that environmental quality is a significant factor in reducing the level of human development in Bahía. This has occurred principally as a result of the poor quality and availability of sanitation services provided by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses a wide debate about Environmental Dirección de empresas in recent years: the connection of Environmental Protection and Performance. More specifically, it aims to contribute to this question from the stakeholders' focus. Adopting an moderating effects approach, we have found significant evidence about the positive moderated effect of stakeholders" integration on environmental protection-performance connection. The paper concludes with an analysis managers' perception about this relation and suggests that it is necessary to disseminate these results in order to influence on managers' perception and therefore on their willingness to develop environmental protection practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the importance of an approach on local environmental management regarding the quality of air in the Mexicali and Imperial Valley region. The paper discusses that the absence of a strategic approach in the environmental local policy will enhance the air pollution in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper starts with a brief analysis of the environmental contamination in the country and its impact over land waters. The National Program Against Contamination for the period 2009-2015 is presented as an answer to the problem identified in the National Environmental Strategy 2007-2010 (EAN) and the working platform in which all national efforts are integrated in the struggle against this threat. Program objectives and targets are described as well as intended actions. It is concluded that the program is a strategic tool which, by considering conditions, needs and priorities of the country, is capable of successfully confronting the contamination problem of land waters and the other environmental components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various aspects of the current economic crisis. Firstly, we study the onset of the crisis as caused by multiple factors, emphasizing the fall of subprime securities, although the rising oil prices also had an influence in it. We then echo how this crisis questions some elements of existing economic theories and guidelines for interpreting and finding patterns in economic processes, especially those concerning the financial markets (efficient market theory). The role throughout this process, and thirdly, the speculative bubble seen as a new concept: Keynesianism stock exchange? or asset price Keynesianism? Finally, the paper addresses that this crisis also coexists and affects life-supporting ecosystems as well as the changes in environmental policies criteria that would have to be articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its goal to study the perception of the dwellers from Pimenteira community in relation to the conservative actions of the Private Reservation of the Natural Patrimony (PRNP) SESC Pantanal - Barão de Melgaço-MT. It is characterized as a research mostly qualitative done in two stages. The first, conducted through field research guide-book containing the main aspects of the community, and the second stage was done through semi-structured interviews for the obtainment of data on the perception of the community. The results revealed that the under-structure is poor which compromises the basic needs of the population. On the second stage of the work, it was diagnosed that the PRNP is a positive thing to the community because it brought jobs and income and the environmental conservation was left in a third plan. Most of the population do not know actions of handling and its importance to the environment. The few people who mentioned some actions pulled out the fight against the forest fires as a job opportunity. These results point to a reformation of the techniques of handling, searching for participative techniques to achieve integrated maintenance among all dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address the relationship between trade and endogenous pollution levels with a mechanism where trade policy provides the home government with a credible threat that influence firm's strategic behaviour to adopt cleaner technologies. The government has a greater incentive to protect a clean industry than to protect a very polluting one. In that sense a locally polluted open economy with an imperfectly competitive market structure is likely to reduce pollution emissions more than under an autarky regime. A commitment to free trade would be counter-productive: it would remove the government's ability to credibly threaten lower levels of protection. We show that any trade liberalisation could decrease the home country's welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of market social economy appears neatly when dealing with environmental conservation and the search for the wellbeing of the underprivileged. These concepts have been used in various countries and today it is possible to see countries that carefully watch over their environment and have achieved significant social balance. Peru has not been alien to environmental and social concepts and for more than four decades has establishes organizations, designed policies and enacted laws to look at these issues. However, the outcomes have been limited. Among the reasons that explain the ineffectiveness of such regulations and institutions perhaps among the most important are the lack of effective oversight and control over economic agents, and an inefficient design of the ways to attain goals through regulations and institutions. For that reason, this paper proposes policy options to correct market outcomes and a way to build institutions that will allow to accomplish the desired goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews and analyzes issues of the Illicit Crop Eradication Program with Glyphosate (ICEPG) and its Environmental Management Plan, with the aim to demonstrate that the environmental and social components have not been properly considered. From the public policy viewpoint, they are shown to fit more into a military antinarcotics strategy rather than a social and environmental strategy, as opposed to the aims contained in the instrument definition, which talks about impact compensation, prevention, and mitigation," and protection of natural resources, environment, and population's health within the direct influence areas. For this purpose, an initial review of the Program definition and component organizations is provided; the Environmental Management Plan is explained, its implementation is analyzed; the results from this verification are shown," and, finally, the respective conclusions are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]