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One of the survivors in Spain of the free distribution press is the specialized publication Diario Médico, which has been disseminating health issues among professionals of the National Health System for 25 years. We did an exploratory-descriptive study about its origins and current situation, paying attention to its labour in paper, through the printed product, and in Red, through diariomedico.com. The techniques are the interview with its deputy director and the analysis of its products. The mixed format defines Diario Médico: it maintains its commitment to offer information on paper, despite having reduced the periodicity from daily to weekly; leads its paper readers to Orbyt, the digital press kiosk of the promoter group, Unidad Editorial, where it offers seven pages a day in pdf format with information for subscribers, and on the Web, with an edition that opens to the participation of the user. The informative tone of its contents and its usefulness for society, together with the growing interest of the non-specialized public in medicine and health, lead to Diario Médico, in our opinion, to have a double objective public: society in general and professionals of the System in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Public media are essential to offer a service of general interest to the population to have equitable access to information, culture, democratic participation and equal opportunities. However, they continue to transmit biases and gender stereotypes that can have a great social scope, also in its digital editions, where a large part of the imbalances presents in traditional media have been transferred and adapted. Methodology: This paper analyzes the representation of gender on the Twitter profile of the regional channel Canal Sur Noticias. For this, a content analysis of a total of N=754 tweets published in September and October 2022 is carried out to find out if there is an underrepresentation of women in news coverage and if gender biases and stereotypes are perceived in the sections, spheres of action, authorship, external sources and in the audiovisual content. Results: The findings reveal that women are clearly underrepresented in this social network, not only as protagonist, also as authors and external sources, and a relegation to the background, in sections and areas of lesser weight, in addition biases persist and stereotypes such as gender markings, traditional roles, or sexist language in text and images. Discussion and Conclusions: This paper show an imbalance in the representation of gender in the Twitter of the public channel, which adapts the same biases present in its traditional format, hindering the social advancement of women in the digital space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fact checking is becoming an essential journalistic task because of the proliferation of misinformative content disseminated massively through social media and other channels. Based on this observation, the fundamental objective of the research that serves as the basis for this paper was to learn about the Spanish journalists' professional routines and training in fact-checking. The authors developed a 29-item questionnaire distributed via email to journalists nationwide between May and June 2023 to collect the information. We obtained 326 responses, resulting in several findings: a) the implementation of data verification is not uniform, being more frequent in some types of media --newspapers and verification platforms-- and in large corporations; b) workload is an obstacle that prevents most journalists from devoting as much time to verification as it would require; c) some areas generate more problems when it comes to cross-checking data --such as politics and economics--; d) the preferred sources for verification are academic and official sources --governments, state security forces-; e) the digital tools that are known or used by professionals still have low penetration rates, with only some exceptions; f) although the perception of the respondents is that they are sufficiently trained for verification work, only a minority have received specific training in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's gradual integration into the European Union through the development of institutions and economic and structural changes is intrinsic to the construction of a pro-European public opinion in which the media have actively participated. Objectives: This research aims to analyse the topics disseminated by the leading Spanish media to detect how the EU is represented in these themes, determine the main, adjacent and counter-discourses and find out the degree of North/South polarisation. Methodology: By content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this paper studies 543 units from the Spanish media El País, El Confidencial, ABC, El Diario.es, RTVE and Antena 3 from July 2021 to March 2022. Discussion and conclusion: Following the methodological application, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the construction of Europeanisation in the Spanish media is constructed about specific issues, and after an in-depth analysis of the energy issue, we can affirm that media coverage is neutral in general terms. Europeanisation is presented from a role with the greater weight of Spain in the common project than in previous historical stages presented in the introduction to this paper. Likewise, there is a certain unanimity in the Spanish media, both in the thematic selection and in the actors who are given a voice in the information, as well as in the pre-European construction of public opinion, regardless of their editorial line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of Spain abroad is of the utmost importance for its politics in general and for establishing its hallmarks outside its borders. This paper analyzes the crisis it had in the global economic crisis of 2008 and following years through two Anglo-Saxon media and determines the importance of communication in public diplomacy and the need it had to achieve true country brand strategies to overcome the crisis. image bump that, to a greater or lesser extent caused by third parties, had at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the impact of the contents about Banksy in the four main Spanish newspapers. The aim is to detect the treatment that the press makes about this figure and determine if these newspapers publish content in the same proportion, which is the main theme, what are the graphic resources they use, if there are evaluative connotations, etc. Methodology: Some of the hypotheses suggest that Banksy manages to put the media focus on the cause that his actions vindicate and that the more conservative newspapers are more critical and limit the space dedicated to him. All the publications that contain the word Banksy have been analyzed with a sheet elaborated ad hoc for this study. A total of 2248 items have been recorded, out of 221 pieces analyzed. Results: The ABC newspaper is where the negative evaluative connotations emerges to a greater extent, but also the one that offers the most space to Banksy or his work, followed by El País. The case claimed by Banksy is barely covered by all the newspapers, being null in the case of El Mundo. Conclusions: It is verified that a conservative newspaper such as ABC does not necessarily limit its space to this type of content. In general, the figure of Banksy and his actions, highly adjectived in all the newspapers, take center stage against the cause that he vindicates. The iconic nature of the Banksy concept, used often by newspapers as a brand, can be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: media use different interpretive frames when covering political scandals. This paper studies two of them –attack and defense frame. These ones clearly reflect the political positioning of the media and their attitude towards cases of political corruption. Methodology: this work carries out a quantitative content analysis of the coverage given by the traditional and digital Spanish press to the corruption scandals linked to the figure of the Spanish King Emeritus, Juan Carlos I. The complete theoretical framework pointed out by Robert Entman, which was empirically developed by Jürgen Maier et al., is followed for its analysis. Results: the main results show that the Spanish press generally framed the scandal associated with the King Emeritus, Juan Carlos I, especially presenting the facts from the attack approach, although significant differences were found depending on the headline analyzed. Discussion: the analyzed data corroborate other international research on political scandals, although the Spanish press seems to offer fragmented approaches more often than the German press studied by Maier et al. Conclusions: we finally found out that in the case of the alleged scandal concerning Juan Carlos I the Spanish media, more traditional than digital press, does offer an interpretive bias and is polarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an up-to-date overview of how students in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) in Spanish public schools, aged between 11 and 16, approach the media, how they inform themselves, the degree of journalistic discrimination they have, and how they deal with the news in times of an infodemic and disinformation. In addition, it explores the opinion of teachers on the media deficits they perceive in their students. The main research technique used in this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 1,651 ESO students from all over Spain with a confidence level of <95% and a ±3% sampling error. In order to delve deeper into some of the main aspects pointed out by students, 77 in-depth interviews were conducted with teachers from all over Spain. The main results highlight that high school students are mainly informed through social networks, television, and their family or friendship groups; that they have difficulties in discriminating between information and opinion; and that, although they consider themselves capable of differentiating between news and hoaxes, more than half are unable to distinguish between fake and real news. According to the teachers in some of these schools, media consumption among students is non-critical, fuelled by the compulsive consumption of audiovisual and digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential purpose of the paper is to analyze the tendency of personalization of politics in electoral campaigns as a result of the change within party organizations, understood as institutional arrangements and adjustments that political parties have had to assume to remain present in the electoral system. Mexican parties, by maximizing the media visibility of the candidates and their personal qualities, delegating political experience to the background (Rahat, 2015) and, on the other hand, due to the personal political leadership they have developed. The case studies presented are two. The first is the 2012 presidential election, marking the return to power of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) with its candidate Enrique Peña Nieto, under a campaign scheme based on the party's structural support, but also due to high media exposure of life personality of a politician with personal charismatic qualities. The second case that is analyzed is the victory of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, it supposes the rise of a recently created political party; National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) who saw in the figure of his candidate the means to be a protagonist of national political life. Both cases represented government alternations and show two contrasting types of political leadership from their origin and in the way they developed their political careers to reach the presidency of the Republic. It is also important to note that there are exogenous factors that drive partisan change and the emergence of personal political leadership. Among them is the decrease in partisan identities (Moreno, 2009), the volatility of the vote (Díaz and Vivero, 2015) and the increase in the use of digital communication media. All this contributes to the fact that electoral campaigns are in the postmodern stage (Díaz, 2016) characterized by prioritizing the exposure of the personal image of the candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the governmental measures implemented by Chile and El Salvador during the pandemic to manage the repatriation of their nationals and resident citizens who were stranded abroad due to the closing of borders, a decision imposed by governments worldwide as a measure to contain the health crisis generated by COVID-19 in their territories. The restriction to the freedom of movement of people across borders caused in several countries of the region an additional humanitarian drama to the devastating effects of the global health crisis, so this paper examines this problem from the coverage given by the Latin American media to the repatriation processes of Chileans and Salvadorans as case studies, through a qualitative documentary analysis of the news about the main difficulties and consequences generated by this humanitarian drama. An important conclusion of the study recognizes the relevance of the administrative, logistic, and communicational capacity that the diplomatic missions of Latin American countries should develop, as well as the preeminence of human rights in international relations in order to face more responsibly the migratory crisis caused by the closing of borders for sanitary reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's football has been becoming popular in recent years, unfortunately in Latin America, more specifically in Ecuador, it is still a little seen sport and of low interest. This research paper seeks to analyze what role national televised media play in the development, growth and professionalization of this category of the most popular sport in the country, and the interest that Ecuadorian viewers have in consuming national women's soccer. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, this research contains results of a survey conducted with the fans of the Ecuadorian club Liga Deportiva Universitaria, through the team's official mobile app; in addition to an interview with 4 Ecuadorian sports journalists about the current situation of the media with respect to women's football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media literacy training is an urgent need of our time. Educational institutions must stand as fundamental domains to collectively address reflection on digital and media environments and prepare school-age citizens to constructively deal with the impact of the media. To do so, a paradigm shift to approach the issue is required: a critical awareness of the new scenarios created by the media and a broad reflection on their characteristics. A new framework where the spotlight is on the media, the surrounding environment is an essential reference point and training proposals are based on results and evidence. This study is part of a Design-Based Research, aimed at the creation, implementation and evaluation of a Critical Media Literacy program for high school students at the Escuela Normal Superior del Putumayo (Colombia). In this paper we present the results obtained by applying the Alfamed media competence "pre" and "post" questionnaire to the students participating in the program. The results obtained show a significant improvement both in the overall level of students' media competence and in four of the six dimensions that make up the theoretical reference model ("Technology", "Language", "Ideology and Values" and "Production and Dissemination"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of a wider research, this article analyzes the first stage of Jesús Martín-Barbero's work, more precisely his writings in the 1970s, in order to recover his most significant contributions to the field of communication/education during that decade. The corpus of analysis is made up of Martín-Barbero's doctoral thesis entitled La palabra y la acción, finished in 1972, and two later books, Comunicación masiva: discurso y poder, written in 1978, and Comunicación educativa y didáctica audiovisual Elementos teóricos-metodológicos para la producción de ayudas audiovisuales didácticas, published a year later. The aim of this paper is to characterize these reflections, explain them, and systematize them in order to identify the points of continuity and rupture between those deliberations. This will in turn let us, on the one hand, establish the lines of research that will allow us to relate the other stages of the intellectual production of the author in this field and analyze the evolution of these first contribution, and, on the other hand, to evaluate to what extent these approaches and their subsequent developments and transformations can still be useful to investigate the phenomena related to communication/education in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the content generated by private, independent, and alternative media around the controversy over the construction of Mexico City’s New Airport in 2018, to identify the communicative ecology of #YoPrefieroElLago movement. This work was developed under a quantitative exploratory descriptive methodology. A content analysis was performed over 905 publications on web pages and 8 402 tweets. The results showed that the third sector takes part of the connecting actions of the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological transformations and, especially, the accelerated process of digitalization have changed the profiles and production routines of the media. At the same time, universities have had to adapt their journalism curricula to new training needs. This paper analyzes the evolution of the technical-digital training of the journalism degree in Spain over the last two decades through a comparative study of three stages: before, during, and after the adaptation to the EHEA (2000-2010-2020). The research brings together, as valuable reference material, the curricular offerings of 112 programs and 242 subjects that show the educational evolution of the digital environment over the last 20 years, with a longitudinal and epistemological approach. The trends identified by this diagnostic work confirm, among other aspects, how the design of journalism curricula has evolved at a slow and asynchronous pace in digital training until the last decade and with disparate speeds between universities. Added to this is the conformation of a highly varied epistemological heritage that, beyond the specific names of the subjects, denotes a progressive commitment to digital and multimedia teaching, combining generic hybrid knowledge with more specialized training in terms of languages and formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade there have been several debates about the relevance of online news comments. While some question the hate speech that is verified in these spaces, others highlight the possibility of exchanging opinions. This paper proposes a methodological tool to measure the quality of online news comments, using a sample of 300 comments on highly visible websites in Portugal (Público; Sapo), Spain (El País; 20 Minutos) and Brazil (UOL; Folha S. Paulo). The results determine that commentators tend to use a little personal argumentation (82.3%), although relevant to the discussion in question (60.3%), with few grammatical errors (14.7%) or aggressive interventions (31.7%). Following the Online Comment Policy Evaluation Model (Known in Spanish as MPONC), it is concluded that websites with quality comment moderation systems attract more relevant and timely interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of reputation, applied to different objects (companies, territories, institutions…) has gained relevance in the last years, as it can be seen from the increasing volume of scientific papers dealing with the subject. This paper analyzes the corporate reputation of media enterprises (press, radio and television), providing for the first time an empirical evidence about the canonical values on which the media reputation depends. Likewise, the variables in which the values are disaggregated and which qualitatively and quantitatively define this dependency are analyzed. Thanks to the multivariate analysis of the results of a survey conducted in Spain among more than a hundred professionals and managers who work for a sample of media, it has been possible to establish that the journalistic or professional values account for approximately three quarters of their reputation and that the rest corresponds to the second of the canonical values of the media reputation: the business values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important characteristic in regimes that at some point began political liberalization processes has to do with the increase in diversity and freedom of expression in the media. However, in those regimes that after initiating such processes have not been able to successfully transit towards consolidated forms of democracy, diversity and freedom of expression in the media do not translate into more effective surveillance functions against abuses of power (watchdog role), not only because the governments' commitment to accountability is more discursive than real, but also because the informational divergence in the coverage of these issues reduces their strength in public opinion. This paper compares the coverage of two alleged corruption scandals: the "White House" of president Peña Nieto and "The houses" of the director of the Federal Commission of Electricity, Manuel Bartlett. Despite being two different governments, the resulting impunity, although due to the lack of institutional commitment of the responsible agency, also responds to the inability of the media to construct an alternative and different narrative on the issue of corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines databases of female experts as tools to promote gender parity in the sources consulted and cited by journalists. To do this, we conducted a search of databases available online (n = 88) and carried out in-depth interviews with people in charge of these databases (n = 4) as well as a survey among female scientific researchers included in the database of the Association of Women Researchers and Technologists of Spain (AMIT) (n = 919). The main results reflect the great potential of these tools but indicate that, to be effective, they require fluid communication with the media and a design that allows their incorporation into the regular routines of journalists. In Spain, their impact is still low and, as in the rest of the world, there is great fragmentation of resources accompanied by very weak interaction among the different initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long ago, the scientific literature informed about the now well-known copycat effect, understood as a reproduction of the self-injurious act by susceptible individuals after being exposed to suicide-related information in the media (news, social networks, etc.). From observations in psychological and psychiatric care of patients, our group has detected that these manifestations are actually part of a much broader clinical spectrum, where other manifestations can also be found. It would seem plausible that if a spectrum is defined, the most severe end would be consummated suicide, which is the well-recognized component to date (copycat effect); but it is also possible that there is a series of more diverse expressions in other patients after having been exposed to this information, which could include cognitive distortions, obsessive and intrusive phenomena, passive and active ideation of death and unsuccessful suicide attempts. Our purpose with this paper is to explain our observations and present a clinical vignette as an example. We believe that correct recognition and approach to these phenomena is fundamental to establish treatments and preventive strategies that guarantee the safety of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies, one qualitative and the other quantitative, have been carried out, each using two samples differentiated by the degree of knowledge of the performance of media: informed population and communication professionals. A quantitative analysis of the reputation of the Spanish media is carried out, based on a qualitative analysis of the professional and business reality of the media with the best reputation. It is concluded that there is a broad consensus that there is no confidence in the media because the information that they disseminate is manipulated. The credibility of a medium shows a high correlation with its history, consistent with the theory of reputation, because consolidation of a stable reputation requires time. The reputation of each type of media (paper press, digital press, radio, and television) is evaluated, yielding two rankings of the 16 media with the best reputation in Spain, corresponding to the two samples analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a methodological exercise carried out as part of a research project on the new modes of construction of police news on television in Argentina. The topic of insecurity is part of a social, cultural and political process linked to the growth of violence and crime in contemporary societies, but also to the increase and transformation of its visibility. From the hypothesis that the media are central in the construction of public spaces, we investigate the production of content regarding "insecurity" in television news, focusing on the ways of accessing the sources, circulation of information, news presentation strategies and how audiences decode and interpret them. To reach this objective, we observe simultaneously three space-situations during a central TV news show broadcast by an over-the-air channel in Buenos Aires. On one hand, we analyze the production of news, from the broadcasting room and the main live reporting from the street. On the other hand, we also study news reception by visualizing the same TV show in a family environment. The experience involved the participation of four researchers in three different locations. The paper presents the potentiality and difficulties that emerged from this multi local and synchronic observation exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines databases of female experts as tools to promote gender parity in the sources consulted and cited by journalists. To do this, we conducted a search of databases available online (n = 88) and carried out in-depth interviews with people in charge of these databases (n = 4) as well as a survey among female scientific researchers included in the database of the Association of Women Researchers and Technologists of Spain (AMIT) (n = 919). The main results reflect the great potential of these tools but indicate that, to be effective, they require fluid communication with the media and a design that allows their incorporation into the regular routines of journalists. In Spain, their impact is still low and, as in the rest of the world, there is great fragmentation of resources accompanied by very weak interaction among the different initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the news on Covid-19 and 2019-nCoV in the Spanish media. This is done by using news retrieved from My news database. The analysis includes the total amount of news in Spanish media by type of media; the evolution of the publication in digital media considering various periods of time, and the volume of news in the most used Spanish digital media. The results show that digital media are the most used among other types to publish on the topic, with a significant increase since the beginning of the alarm state. In this sense, some arguments on the function and utility of this type of media during the confinement are exposed. Also, the essential role of digital media covering the population’s information needs is discussed. The digital media with the largest number publications are abc.es, 20minutos. es, and elconfidencial.com. The value of this work is that it can serve as starting point for others in order to carry out content analysis on the subject considering different channels and digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses the contents published in digital media during the 2014 presidential election in Colombia in order to identify the informative impartiality and factuality of the digital press. The paper is based on the Interpretive-Hermeneutic methodology and provides a case study and a content analysis of the web articles published between May 25 and June 15 of 2014 by El Tiempo and El Espectador newspapers. The findings show the use of one informative source alone and the limitation of testimonies to personal opinions of politicians, prioritization of content about politicians and campaign events rather than an analysis and a presentation of the government plan, and a strong presence of peacerelated topics and support for the presidential reelection. It is possible to conclude that the discursive resources of both newspapers reduced the written narrative and prioritized the use of images and videos establishing news that, even though broaden the format in terms of information, simplify and modify the informative elements related to the fact-event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the applicability of the north american lawfare theory, which understands Law as a weapon of war, to solve disputes between political groups within the sovereign states. The problem faced was whether the criminal justice system is being used as a policy instrument in Brazil and whether the media agenda affects legal actions. The methodology used was the bibliographical analysis on lawfare and concrete cases, so the criteria for measuring the political lawfare and its instruments were established. It was concluded that the criminal system has been used as political lawfare in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media seek to survive in a scenario of constant and dramatic changes. News organizations introduce flexible workflows in their newsrooms to reduce uncertainty and to adapt to the environment. In this paper, we propose a conceptual model that identifies two groups of practices: 1) methods for designing and creating products, which allow to launch assets that continually evolve to meet the changing needs of users; and 2), agile methodologies to manage the daily work, which allow a more fluid and transversal organizational communication and, consequently, a better coordination between professionals and teams. In addition, we provide a specific set of examples of each type of workflow, and we also explore the relationship between both. Finally, we collect a varied range of technological tools that facilitate flexibility and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper studies opera films of centuries XX and XXI, in order to identify whether the language used is closer to the theater standards of the performing arts typical of live or those of audiovisual media. Methodology: We have performed an exhaustive contents analysis of the end of the first act from 29 filmed versions of Mozart's Don Giovanni, according to three categories: type of film, type of camera shots used and type of editing. From these, we evaluated 41 variables. Results: We conclude that, with the purpose to expand a performance such as the operatic outside theaters, even in the XXI century, live still limits the form of films. Our paper highlights that it is not enough to transfer operatic contents to mediatic platforms, but making the most of the audiovisual language to generate narrative sense is also needed. We suggest several ways to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to determine the images of the young people that are shown in the articles published in La Nación. For this purpose newspaper articles concerning four different situations were collected. The situations chosen for this study were: the marches of May 1st (2009-2014), Movement for "Photocopying Act" (2012), the implementation of sex education in public high schools (2013) and the national election process (2013-2014). The analysis of the articles led to the visualization of differences in La Nación's discourse regarding the participation of young people. Different discourses found depend on the space -institutionalized or not institutionalized -in which young people participation occurs. The paper also tries to identify adult-centered elements present in the discourse of this newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the significance of the expression "argentino neutro" [neutral Argentinian], used from 2009 to 2015 in official documents on the education portal Educ.ar and on the Ministry of Education's various TV channels ("Encuentro," "Pakapaka" and "DeporTV"). By examining style manuals in detail from Encuentro and Pakapaka, corresponding to the years 2012-2015, we will attempt to show that these documents construct a linguistic model alternate to the various attempts at Spanish language unification, in particular "Panhispanism" or so-called "neutral Spanish." Moreover, this alternative linguistic model was consistently reflected in the Ministry of Education's television programming, which exhibited a much more diverse linguistic representation in Argentinian media than usual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalists specialized in health information have changed their work routines because of Internet and social networks. Generating health content allows researchers, physicians and patients to be connected and, in this respect, media play a prescriber role in the society. In this paper, the prevailing precariousness in the media is analyzed in order to see if it affects health information and the specialization of its professionals. This work is based on a qualitative research, using in-depth interviews with health information journalists belonging to 16 Spanish media. The research underscores the priority of certain resources, the need to enable verification processes and to face new professional challenges. This research is part of the Aula Nebrija-MSD Spain of Communication and Health Sciences funded project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how the theme policy of communication had treated by the Workers’ Party (PT) over the years in its government plans. The analysis comprises 25 years, between 1989 and 2014. During this period were held seven elections for the Brazilian president, and four terms were elected Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016). It is adopted as a methodology a documental research and content analysis of the proposals submitted by the PT candidates. The study reveals inconsistencies between party orientations in this field and government practices, as well as evidence that the PT’s commitment to regulate communication was fading with each disputed election. The party itself has recently recognized that one of the misconceptions committed during the four terms of office was not to have democratization of the media as one of the priority tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how users interact with news content published by Costa Rican online news sites on Facebook. Drawing on a mixed-method research design that combined social network analysis and content analysis, we examined the data published by six major Costa Rican news sites during four months of 2016. We identified a clear user preference for content about non-public affair issues, such as crimes, sports, and entertainment. In contrast, news about public affairs, such as politics, economy, and government, received relatively much less interaction. We also examined a structural difference in how users interacted with the content published by news sites. We conclude with a discussion of the analytical opportunities afforded by the circulation of news on Facebook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the elaboration of a typology of media consumers. This methodological tool seeks to account for the heterogeneity of media consumption without losing the ability to place them in clearly distinguishable categories according to theoretical criteria. This construction integrated three summation index in the resulting typology. The first part describes the preparation of newspaper consumption indexes (on paper), television and Internet. In the case of the first two, were taken into account the frequency of consumption and the number of sources used for each one. As regards the Internet, the operationalization included a greater number of indicators. A second stage established all the possible combinations (about 192) between the crossing of the categories of those three indexes and the self-definition of the respondents - respect of their media preferences at the time of information - for each of the four types of media ( adding the radio). The results of these combinations were defined, then, following the twelve types of typology that was intended to be achieved. Thus, the integration of typological logics and summative index allowed some balance between the need to account for a varied consumer scenario with the requirements of any typology to be an instrument for simple comparisons. The crossing with the self-definition of the respondents also made it possible to recover radio consumption. The methodological tool was applied in three surveys to residents of the city of Buenos Aires (2015, 2017 and 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the audience created by cyber media and compares it to the actual profile of reader 2.0. After comparing the data obtained through two research phases (content analysis and quasi-experimental design) in the digital versions of 20 Minutos, ABC, El Confidencial, El Mundo, El País, El Periódico, La Información, La Vanguardia, La Voz de Galicia, Libertad Digital, La Razón, Público and The Huffington Post, we examine the audience's profile and the communication flows between the media, the recipients and the community. Results show a discursive representation of the audience by the cyber media as participative, deliberative, and as clients and members of a fragmented community. However, in practice, the reader is commercialized. It also confirms the lack of communication between the media and its audience due to the absence of a common code, and a promising way of communication between the receiver and the community emerges, with the possible elaboration of counterhegemonic discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong penetration of information and communication technologies have redefined the interaction of human beings. Internet as a medium and social networks as disruptive elements in communication have forced all subjects and political structures to adapt to a digital environment with new rules for interaction and collective participation. This paper analyzes the structure of relationships among political parties in a local government election. Based on graph theory , relationships between players in political communication in the twitter sphere are analyzed. Using the social graph of each political party we found an asymmetric communication that reveals different ways of persuading the electorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper constitutes a critical approach to i) the definition of a study object regarding the relationships between disasters, media, types of knowledge, power, and society and ii) some perspectives for the analysis of this study object. For this purpose, we used an excerpt from Michel Foucault's work (and other works about this author), especially some texts published at the end of his life that revisit Immanuel Kant's question--raised two hundred years earlier--about what Enlightenment is. This process lead to a reflection that contributes to denaturalizing specific aspects of such study object and perspectives. The first section of the article is an introduction to the field of communication studies and their role in the relations between media, knowledge, and power, mainly in disaster situations. Second, emphasis is placed on the (sub)field of public communication of science and technology and its role in the relations between disasters, types of knowledge, power, and society. In sum, it is a question of identifying what Foucault's ideas can contribute to these standpoints and, if possible, to dialogue with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration and its regulation are key issues in society and, as such, are subject to political discourses that show the arguments of the different social actors, especially political parties. Press is one of the main mechanisms used by these social actors to show such discourses. Hence, this paper analyzes how six Spanish newspapers presented the political discourses on the Foreigners law, as the main legal-political instrument to manage immigration, from 2003 to 2016, as well as the position of the political parties that were the main sources of discourse. To achieve this, we worked with the Zapata-Barrero model, which categorizes political discourses on immigration into two types: pro-active discourses and re-active discourses, which shows their preference for managing multiculturalism as a challenge or a problem, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Audience fragmentation, accompanied by other factors, has caused viewing figures to drop across most television networks. In a new context where what is a good audience share needs to be reconsidered, sport content stands out as arguably the last antidote against audience fragmentation. Methodology: This paper examines the role of sport content in Spanish television by compiling the most watched television programs each year from 1989 to 2016. Sport content in television is further discussed through focused interviews with eight professionals from media agencies, networks, media right holders and sponsors. Results and conclusions: The results suggest that networks have systematically capitalized on premium sport content (fundamentally football) to ameliorate the effects of audience fragmentation, and that, given the uncertainty concerning television business models, will continue to do so in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present theoretical paper analyzes the way mediatic communication construct identifications. The thesis proposed is that the media configure ritually and dramatically identifications made by individuals and groups. First of all, we show the limitations of the concept of "identity" and we propose to use "identification" instead. Second, we explore the extent of social drama theory and role theory and we open it to new theoretical challenges and perspectives. Thirdly, it is shown that the concept of "ritual" is very useful to understand and interpret the identity construction through the media. All this leads us to conclude that both the theatricality and rituality are key to understanding the processes of identification that individuals and groups make in relation to the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to provide a critical analysis of the symbolic representations of women and men in the mass media, from the review of various basic concepts in the context of Social Sciences. The purpose is to deepen the understanding of phenomena such as symbolic inequality/discrimination, sexism in the media, or symbolic violence against women. To this end, we gather some examples of symbolic discrimination in language and in language use, and also in the images with which media and advertising represent gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the situation of the archive departments in 14 of the Andalusian local newspapers. The aim is to update a similar study entitled "Situation of archive services in the daily press of Andalusia" (Aquesolo-Vegas, 1996) in which an analysis of these departments was performed for seven newspapers. This work studies, adapts, and extends the methodology of the above cited study to know how the situation has evolved since 1996. To that end, this field study is based on questionnaires sent to 16 Andalusian newspapers, two per province; 14 of which were completed. Aspects such as tasks, staff, facilities, and equipment are analyzed. The results show a technological restructuring, and also a reduction, or even the disappearance, of these services, due to the economic downturn. Therefore, journalists must now search for documents by themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies 2.0 are changing the spaces dedicated to interaction and participation in cyber media. The goal of this research is to determine the adoption of cyber journalism features and web 2.0 in media in Latin America. To achieve this objective this paper analyses 19 digital media in the region, based on two studies held in 2010 and framed on the project «Cyber media in Colombia and Latin America», which is supported by the Universidad del Norte (Colombia) and recently by the Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela). The study uses the method proposed by Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina & Pedraza-Jiménez (2010), which has been tested in previous research by the authors of this paper. According to the results, a good part of digital media in Latin America are incorporating web 2.0 tools, but there still exists notable quality differences in the ranking proposed between the best rated media (Colombia and Mexico) and the worst rated (Chile and Bolivia). This ranking allows, for example, to clearly identify how digital media in Latin America have important weaknesses in their general indicators, like accessibility mistakes, popularity and visibility levels; and in their specific indicators, in special those related to available resources for information deepening and interaction tools. As authors state in the article, showing these evidences of inequality can orientate future plans of Latin-American cyber media, especially if indicators related to users' active participation are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly the border between the United States and Mexico is a territorial space of the greatest relevance in geopolitics in America. This article takes a look at this frontier from the perspective of imaginaries, the media and art, which complements the one focused on geopolitics, which is the way it has traditionally been studied. It investigates the perception of border citizens, particularly those who live in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, with the aim of locating the imaginaries they have on this territory of separation and encounter simultaneously, and spatially on three objects that define this border: the wall, the Rio Grande and the desert. Likewise, various artistic and media productions are analyzed to broaden the perspective of configuration of border imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the research The invisible from media accounts of the pain in Colombia through the case study: Tragedy of Armero as the center of the event that marked the study of pain labeled by the disaster victims. The text is divided into two parts and a concluding section. The first part, initially, makes a description of the research project that presents a contextualization of the research problem, and the second one, addresses the research question. The second part of the article presents the methodological process that describes the method used. So in this way, the first section describes the research corpus which is studied: What is invisible pain in news accounts in the two most important newspapers. The criteria for the selection of the sample set are in the second section and the third section the design matrix analysis and the results of the analysis are presented. Finally, in the conclusions two out of the five categories worked in the research are presented, which allow for a scope of theoretical approaches to cultural pain. This will be based on the theoretical reflections that contribute to the theme from Le Breton, Madrid and Moscoso, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching is one of the core activities in the digital world and therefore, it is one of the key elements in the analysis of digital media since part of their audiences and revenues comes from the so called search engine result page (SERP). In this paper we present some of the most used analyzing tools in search engine optimization (SEO) in order to consider their application in online media research studies. We apply the nine most important indicators of these tools to the home page of four Spanish general online media in order to assess its viability as alternative indicators to PageRank and other Google indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New actors who link their activity to content distribution are leading the business of online media content. These actors adapt their operations to the demands of converging media context, and they propose business models oriented to user satisfaction. Among them, Netflix is notably highlighted for leadership in its home market, the United States, and in its international expansion. This paper presents in detail the Netflix business model with a case study that focuses on three key areas: the catalogue and monetization formula, policy relationships with key audiences (users, content providers and internet providers) and its internationalization strategy. Based on the results, the projection of this model in the Spanish media market can begin to be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the name of Community Radio, experiences of various kinds are getting together in order to understand the urban and rural contexts in Colombia that are inserted in urban and rural contexts from Colombia, which are characterized by high levels of marginalization and exclusion from social, economic, political and cultural dynamics of the country. It is hundreds of experiences that are much more than just a correlate of the violence, inequality and widespread crisis currently stars in this country. Think Community Radio as a historical and social process was the first step in a proposed research to answer the question of how the definition has changed and the sense of community in community radio in Colombia, from its beginnings to its current resurgence? In this paper we present the results of socio-historical analysis in the context of a larger work. Periodization proposal responds to the dynamics that marked the ruptures and continuities in the prevailing conceptions from the fifties, which arises Sutatenza Radio as the first historical reference of community radio in Colombia, until his "resurgence" in the first half of the nineties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, technological advances have enabled the news to go farther, faster and to more consumers. The spatial and temporal constraints that had always affected the information sector lost their importance, opening a window of opportunity thanks to digitization and the internet massification. However, the promised potential quickly faded: the lack of investment, excessive voluntarism and the distance between media companies and research led the media industry to successive failures, with thousands of media closed worldwide. Today, there is no doubt that journalism is experiencing one of the worst periods in its history. It may sound strange that technological evolution has converted an opportunity into a difficulty, but it happened. Nonetheless, how can the process be reversed, transforming the current difficulty into the previous opportunity? This paper delivers some proposals that seek to explore the potential of mobile devices and looks towards these as an escape from the crisis that affects the media companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]