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Introduction: coughing is a physiological response to protect the airway, it produces aerosols that are identified by imaging reaching a speed of up to 8 meters per second. Extubation produces cough, hypertension, tachycardia, apnea and laryngospasm, there are methods to minimize its occurrence. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, intravenous lidocaine and superior laryngeal nerve block have been used as cough reflex prophylaxis. The aim was to compare them in cough inhibition. Material and methods: patients aged 18-60 years, elective surgery with balanced general anesthesia, ASA 1-3, with intubation less than 3 hours, were selected. A total of 90 patients were randomized, 45 in each group. A total of 10 patients were eliminated because they presented hemodynamic instability at the end of surgery, and because the intravenous dose of lidocaine was not administered within the established time. Results: there was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who presented cough in both groups (13 vs 10, p = 0.4684), of these there was a statistically significant difference in the number of decibels in favor of the block group (75.6 vs 67, p < 0.001). Conclusions: block presents less aerolization than intravenous lidocaine in extubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the respiratory symptoms in women from Paipa, Colombia, who have been exposed to wood smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational study, single cohort with analytical phase. Women over 18 years of age exposed to wood smoke, who resided in the area of direct influence of the thermal plant, were included in the study. Data was collected from January 23 to November 22, 2019; they consisted of a consultation with two doctors belonging to the research, in which they were inquired about the research variables by applying a data collection sheet and later spirometry was performed. RESULTS: One hundred seven women exposed to wood smoke were included; all participants had respiratory symptoms. The average age was 53.14 years, 68.3% had some degree of overweight; 48.6% had dyspnea, 38.3% cough, 21.5% expectoration and on auscultation 7.5% had rhonchi, 4.7% had wheezing and 1.9% rales. CONCLUSIONS: Women in rural areas are at high risk of exposure to wood smoke and all patients presented respiratory symptoms, which is associated with these exposure factors. In addition, people who stop smoking are likely to reduce respiratory symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Brick kiln workers exposed to smoke and dust have an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify respiratory symptoms and their characteristics in brick workers of Tunja Boyacá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done applying a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, which met the reliability and validity criteria of brick kiln workers in the city of Tunja, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria previously established, in 2017. RESULTS: There were included 82 workers. There was evidence of respiratory symptoms, particularly waking up due to cough, whistling and problems with breathing. There is an important relationship between the sociodemographic variable position in the brickyard and the lack of air after exercise (p = 0.003); years of work in the brickyard with expectoration day and night in winter (p = 0.004) and the age of the brick maker with expectoration day and night in winter (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory symptoms are present in brickworkers; An important relationship is found between the respiratory symptoms referred by the population and certain sociodemographic variables [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the respiratory symptomatic status and sleep disturbance in Peru's inhabitants over 15 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) 2015. A person with respiratory symptomatic status was one who reported having cough and phlegm for more than 14 days. A person with sleep disturbance was one who reported sleep disorders, fatigue and lack of concentration for more than 11 days in the last 14 days. The proposed association was evaluated using a generalized linear model. RESULTS: Data from 34,583 individuals were analyzed, evidencing a frequency of sleep disturbance and respiratory symptomatic status of 1.8% (590/33,478) and 2.8% (921/33,298), respectively. It was observed that participants with respiratory symptomatic status had sleep disturbances at a frequency of 1.54 times compared to those who did not have this characteristic, after adjusting for variables of interest. There was no significant difference in the frequency of sleep disturbances in relation to the duration of the respiratory symptomatic status (p = 0.992). CONCLUSIONS: There is enough evidence to suggest the possible relationship between the variables of interest, establishing that some or all the diseases associated with the respiratory symptomatic status are related to sleep disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cough reflex is a protective mechanism of the airway; it avoids bronchoaspiration and its complications and, when it is altered, it can appear as a hypersensitivity syndrome; cough per se is the most common symptom for which medical consultation is sought. Chronic cough represents a public health problem with a high degree of morbidity; It represents a syndrome by itself, regardless of the underlying condition. Recent evidence suggests an abnormal and altered neurophysiologic process. Recent literature and new therapeutic mechanisms were reviewed. We are in the process of understanding the cough syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with Pertussis like Syndrome at the Hospital General Liborio Panchana Sotomayor. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study in infant patients diagnosed with Pertussis like Syndrome of the mentioned hospital during the period from June 2015 to May 2017, the clinical data of the medical histories found in the medical records department. Results: Out of the 45 patients evaluated, 57.8% were male, the most frequent age group was 2-6 months (68.9%), in-hospital management was performed in 53.1% of them, the presence of leukocytosis with lymphocytosis was the most frequent laboratory finding (37.8%), the majority received treatment with macrolides (82.2%) and only 39.1% had complications (n=9) of the admitted patients. Conclusion: there is a high frequency of Pertussis like Syndrome in our children population with a predominance in male sex, with ages between 2-6 months, leukocytosis with lymphocytosis as the most frequent laboratory finding and use of macrolides as the main antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinal space, originated in bronchi, alveoli or esophageal rupture, which runs through the vascular tissue pods and towards the mediastinal space. Pneumomediastinum is classified as spontaneous or traumatic. Secondary pneumomediastinum is considered an unusual entity in children, with very variable incidence. It is associated with acute asthma airway infections, trauma, vomiting, intense efforts, anxiety with hyperventilation and drug use. This is a case report of a previously healthy, 4 year old female toddler with secondary pneumomediastinum, without trauma or thoracic procedures or instrumentation in child's pathophysiology associated with cough, with communityacquired pneumonia. It was confirmed by chest and neck radiographs. The pathology was of short duration and required treatment during a short time in the hospital. According to the chest CT scan performed at admission, air was observed migrating from the perivascular bronchial sheaths to the mediastinum ("Macklin effect"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cough at the time of extubation may trigger anaesthesia-related adverse events. A technique that has been found to limit cough during this stage of the anaesthesia procedure is the use of remifentanil. Objective: To compare cough frequency and intensity at the time of extubation with two different plasma concentrations of remifentanil, 3-4 ng/ml and 2-3 ng/ml, using target controlled anaesthesia. Materials and methods: Randomised controlled clinical trial carried out at the Institute for Blind and Deaf Children in Valle del Cauca, in patients taken to elective ear surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group (T) received an infusion of remifentanil at a plasma concentration of 3-4 ng/ml (n = 50). The second group (U) received an infusion of remifentanil at a plasma concentration of 2-3 ng/ml (n = 51). Data were analysed using the Student t test and the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test; the Chi square test was used for determining associations. Results: Cough intensity and frequency were less in group T compared to group U (OR: 3.73; 95% CI: 1.3-10.7), and there was no difference between the two groups regarding emergence from anaesthesia. Conclusions: The presence of at least one cough episode during extubation is less with plasma concentrations of remifentanil of 3-4 ng/ml than 2-3 ng/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of symptomatic respiratory (SR) cases in the Peruvian population aged 15 years and over between 2013 and 2015. A secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) was carried out. The subjects of the study were people aged 15 years and over who answered these interview questions: Do you currently have a cough with phlegm? How long have you had a cough with phlegm? People who had had a cough and phlegm for 15 days or more were defined as having SR. The prevalence of SR was 3.3% in 2013 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.8-3.9%), 3.8% in 2014 (95% CI: 3.5-4.1%), and 3.3% in 2015 (95% CI: 3.0-3.6%). The prevalence of SR was greater than 5% in people aged 60 years and over, in people in the poorest quintile, and in residents of rural areas. We conclude that 3-4% of Peruvian people aged 15 years and over report cough with phlegm for =15 days. The proportion with SR varies according to the region of the country. It is recommended that the expected number of symptomatic SR cases be assessed and that Peruvian healthcare be adjusted as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It describe the clinical case of a possible resistance to fenbendazole in a Jersey calf infested by Dictyocaulus viviparous described. In the municipality of Entrerrios (Antioquia, Colombia) a female Jersey breed of 6 months of age, presented serious sings of bronchopneumonia. which did not improve with the application of fenbendazole and enrofloxacin as maintenance therapy. At the necropsy, a large number of live parasites compatible with Dictyocaulus viviparus were observed, determining a verminous bronchitis. This nematode, which is routinely treated with fenbendazole in Colombian dairy farms, has been proved resistance when is trated with some benzimidazoles. This specific case shows the possible causes of the Dictyocaulus viviparus resistance in Jersey calf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize children under 5 years diagnosed with acute respiratory infections who were admitted to the Regional Hospital of Coronel Oviedo for the period 2012-2013. Materials and Methods: observational, descriptive cross-sectional study with non probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases of patients under 5 years old with acute respiratory infections admitted to the Regional Hospital of Coronel Oviedo - Paraguay from January 2012 to December 2013. Results: 150 medical records of children under 5 who are aged between 0 and 60 months were included, of which 60% were men and 55.3% were from urban areas. The most common symptoms were cough (75%) and fever (70%). The most common diagnosis was pneumonia in 33% of cases and 56% of cases have the condition at discharge with outpatient treatment. Conclusion: The most common disease was pneumonia, over 50% came from the urban area. In most patients, the presented symptoms were fever and cough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cough and laryngotracheal pain are caused when tracheal pain receptors are activated. The purpose of applying continuously a local anesthetic to block these nociceptive block these nociceptive receptors would be a logic attempt to reduce its incidence. Objective: The aim of this body of work (study) is to determine whether or not the flush of the endotracheal tube cuff with alkalized lidocaine reduces the postoperative cough and laryngotracheal pain. Material and methods: Two groups, of thirty four (34) patients each, were studied. Within the first group, the endotracheal tube cuff was flushed using alkalinized lidocaine; while in the second group, the endotracheal tube cuff was flushed using a saline solution. Using a time frame: starting at the 0 hour, then 1 hour, 6 hours and 12 hours after the procedure, the cough incidence and laryngotracheal pain were evaluated. Results: There was a direct association between the presence of cough, laryngotracheal pain and the use of a saline solution, which demonstrated a protective effect when using lidocaine. Conclusion: The use of alkalized lidocaine into the endotracheal tube cuff has a protective effect/result, which diminishes cough and laryngotracheal in the interim between the extubation and twelve hours after surgery in patients under general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. From long time back it has been tried by several methods to mitigate the haemodynamic changes and the cough during intubation like in the tracheal extubation, being this it completes the one of but interest by the complexity that represents the drug combination to suppress to the haemodynamic changes and the cough, having the described schemes from calcium channel bloc-ker, local anesthetics to the extubation still anesthetized, with the purpose of to maintain without haemodynamic changes to the patient during the tracheal extubation. Material and methods. One hundred five patients divided in three groups of the following way: an experimental group (Group 1, n = 35) handled with 0.5 mg/kg of endotracheal lidocaine 15 minutes previous to the extubation and 0.5 mg/kg intravenous route 3-7 minutes previous to the extubation, an experimental group (Group 2, n = 34) handled with 0.5 mg/kg of endotracheal lidocaine 15 minutes previous to the extubation and 1.0 mg/kg of previous intravenous lidocaina 3-7 minutes to the extubation, and the group control (n = 36) to which minister saline solution by both routes, to simulate the placebo effect. Results. Was a suitable suppression of the cough in both experimental groups (p < 0.001), the control of the tachycardia and hypertension were mitigated following the dose (p < 0.05), and I am not observed delay in waking up in any of the groups (p = 0.364). Conclusions. We concluded that the lidocaine in low doses, combining the routes intravenous and endotracheal reduces to the cough and haemodynamic changes during the tracheal extubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review and to analyze the existing literature regarding chronic cough in children. Material and methods: We searched published articles in PubMed using the key words: cough, chronic cough, chronic cough in children, persistent cough, gastroesophageal reflux in children. Results: Cough in children is common; the majority of cases reflect respiratory infections. Cough is rarely associated to a serious disorder. All children with cough persisting for more than 8 weeks should be evaluated. A careful history, physical examination, chest x-ray, and spirometry (in an able child) are recommended for all children with chronic cough. If a diagnosis is no evident (nonspecific cough), then an approach based on characterizing the cough as “wet” or “dry” is helpful. In each case, specific etiology-based treatment is recommended when possible; otherwise, a therapeutic trial is indicated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for children with dry cough (for possible asthma) and antibiotics for wet cough (for possible protracted bacterial bronchitis [PPB] or sinusitis). The treatment should be reviewed within the specified time frame for normal response. If no effect is obvious, the treatment should be stopped and alternative diagnosis considered. Multiple etiologies may need to be treated concomitantly. Every effort should be made to identify the underlying cause. Data suggests potential harmful effects of medications used for symptomatic relief of acute or chronic cough in children. Conclusions: Medical history and physical examination, together with appropriate investigations allow the correct diagnosis of chronic cough. The diagnostic approach is summarized in Figures 1 and 2. Most cases can be managed with this algorithm. For the difficult, complex and rare cases referral to a Pediatric specialist in Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Respiratory Diseases is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]