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This paper evaluates economically build a new cogeneration plant with clean energy from forest biomass company Norske Skog Bio Bio (NSBB). This is to show that this plant-based forest biomass for electricity generation is a viable option in Chile from the economic and environmental perspective. For this evaluation, we propose an approach that uses “real options theory" based on the application of log-transformed binomial method with six steps. Also, comparing the results obtained with this approach, the results using traditional methods. It is found that for all cases studied, the value yielded by the real options method was higher than estimated by traditional methods. It is concluded that this alternative profitable investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of the nineteenth century and the initial of the twentieth, art writing was exercised in Chile by theorists that acted provided of a certain authority adding a roughly traditional and European-rooted model. They marked a certain hegemony over the space of local culturea situation that will be modified later with the emergence of critical actors from the literary field. This paper reviews the work of some traditional critics, analyzing the keys and the context of their theoretical discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study inquiries into the evolution of the concept of Security in the Chilean Defense White Papers published in 1997, 2002 and 2010. This work consists of a conceptual critical analysis of the texts in a comparative perspective. It focuses on five variables: definition of Security; definition of Defense; referent object; sectors of Security; definition of Threat. The results bring into light a process to narrow the reach of the military instrument; an increasing political interest to separate Security from Defense; an inorganic intend to incorporate Human security; and the displacement of Threat as an articulating axis of Defense planning. As a main conclusion, the concept of security evolves significantly according to the Chilean Defense White Papers. The relevance of this issue rests upon the fact that the conceptualization of security delineates the employment of the instruments of defense. The contribution of the study consists of disaggregating the evolution of the concept of Security to further understand the political modifications to the parameters of action of the military instrument in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of Pitrufquén (located in the Araucanía Region, Chile, and founded in 1897) from a historical, territorial, urban, and architectural point of view. It is proposed that the city’s development is framed in a new moment, where the Chilean State abandons military criteria and assumes economic-territorial factors where the railroad’s presence is a determining factor. The choice of the site, its particular layout, and the development of its architecture are evidence of this change. From the historical point of view, it is analyzed how, in Pitrufquén, the Mapuche society had cattle raising as the main economic activity, as it had pastures to feed the cattle, the land was suitable for crops, and there was a vital ford to cross the Toltén River. This strategic location was maintained and accentuated by the city’s founding and the railroad’s arrival in 1898, turning the town into a railhead for progress towards the south of the country. In the case of the urban layout, its peculiarity was addressed since, together with Lonquimay, these are the only sections in the La Araucanía region organized based on an ellipse, which, in the case of Pitrufquén, also coexists with a checkerboard layout. The study analyzed its squares, diagonal avenues, and the perimeter ring road. At an architectural level, the article explores the three layers or aspects of the city: The first one studies the wooden architecture with works from the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the second refers to public architecture, represented by buildings such as the municipality, public services, the post office, and others; and a third layer addresses the modern architecture, such as housing and stores from the period between 1940 and 1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By Royal Decree of Philip II, on January 25, 1569, the Inquisition tribunals of Lima and Mexico were created. The purpose was to protect the Catholic faith and combat heresy. Later on February 7 of the same year, the Inquisition began to operate in Chile. This paper addresses case studies of Inquisition processes in Chile, their forms of control and exercise of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the thirties many right-wing nationalist groups appeared in Chile. Most of them declared to be against Liberalism, Democracy and Communism. In some cases these groups also embraced the Fascism and the Antisemitism coming from Europe, developing anti-Semitic campaigns, unprecedented in the Chilean History. This article enquires in the responses of the weekly paper Mundo Judío, main press publication of the Chilean Jewish community during the thirties, to the Antisemitism of the Jorge González von Marées' Movimiento Nacional Socialista, the most important Chilean fascist group of the period, distinguishing two main reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper studies the first Chilean school newspapers led by women and the role of high school students as mediators of scientific knowledge at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The analysis is part of the expansion and modernization of the press and publishing industry, as well as the in$uence of positivism and the educational reforms that were implemented in Chile during that period, a context in which the ruling class considered scientific knowledge, both its development and access to it by the population, as a priority. Methodology: The article is based on the studies of historians of science who have understood audiences as active agents in generating new knowledge, problematizing categories such as expert, amateur and layman, and examining the types of relationships they sustained. This theoretical perspective is applied to analyzing the magazines of four women's high schools that took advantage of the valid study plans to access the university in the period and is complemented with other sources, such as prospectuses and relevant administrative documents. Originality: The study makes visible the role of women in science and, specifically, Chilean schoolgirls in this context, which have not been studied from the perspective presented here. Conclusions: Despite the lack of attention given to this population group in terms of scientific contribution, it is shown that high school students were active readers, disseminators and producers of knowledge, managing magazines, generating networks and circulating the knowledge beyond the walls of their educational establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation about functioning of tag questions in oral corpus of Chilean Spanish from a systemic-functional language perspective. The categories of interpersonal analysis are derived from the semantic-discursive and lexicalgrammatical strata. In the meaning stratum, the speech function and the semiotic commodity have been considered, while in the coding stratum, the clause modes and the location of the tag question in the clause have been considered. It is concluded that the tag question is a productive resource for the expression of interpersonal meanings in all speech functions. It is mostly integrated in moves that fulfill the role of 'give', while the main subject of negotiation is 'information'. Within the MOOD system, they are mostly integrated in final position of declarative clauses and to a lesser extent in imperative and interrogative clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of the social processes -inherent to the drive to modernise the state undertaken under the first government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo- that surrounded the gestation of works of institutional architecture as an expression of political aestheticisation. Primary and secondary sources were used to uncover a series of works of institutional architecture that laid the foundations for the modernisation and standardisation of school buildings in Chile at the beginning of the twentieth century. The results revealed the significant role played by The Foundation Company, the American company responsible for the Standard Schools, which were expressions of political aestheticisation that set the guidelines for educational architecture in Chile for the following five decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration among peers is recognized as a practice that strengthens teacher training. Hence it is necessary to move towards systematic collaboration that addresses issues around the practice of teaching, and that makes the work done in the classroom more open, in order to develop a professional learning community. This paper uses a mixed study of multiple cases to analyse the possibilities for establishing educational collaboration among working teachers. The cases come from three schools in Chile: teachers were asked to complete a questionnaire (PLCA-R) and two discussion groups with teachers and administrative staff were held. The findings indicate that these cases offer limited opportunities for classroom observation, feedback or peer mentoring practices. However, the study found a positive view of informal dialogue between teachers for sharing ideas aimed at improving student learning. It concludes that collaboration requires sufficient distribution of material resources and methodological resources to encourage cooperation between peers, as well as a strengthening of leadership that encourages the development of workplace training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the history of education in Chile in the 19th century, focusing on its institutions and fundamental actors. For the analysis, we analyse legal and educational texts, which structure the gestation and evolution of the education throughout this century More specifically, we pay attention to the aspects concerning grammar. The externalist and epihistoriographical approach adopted in this research allows us to draw essential conclusions for further general and particular research in this period, which emanate from the interdependence between education and the historical, social and cultural context. The results demonstrate both the importance given to Spanish grammar at all levels of teacher training, which would subsequently be transmitted to the students, as well as the preponderance of the figure of Bello in its theoretical bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consideration of the service life of reinforced concrete in the different stages of the life cycle assessment LCA of a structure, as a differentiating element, when proceeding with the performance design associated with the in-place aggressive conditions of the environment, has generated new construction challenges. In addition with the development of new regulations that include innovative engineering materials, the incorporation of performance tests and modeling processes to estimate the development of concrete deterioration over time, and construction processes that ensure adequate Quality Assurance and Quality Control QAQC. This has led to infrastructure that could even exceed their period of use, maintenance serviceability levels for more than 100 years. Such is the case, for example, of the Chacao Bridge project, currently underway, in southern Chile. In this paper, the different stages of a project are reviewed considering a holistic approach, concentrating on those aspects that should be inherent to all planning, including complementary to the design and construction process. The stage of control of the deterioration levels through diagnostics, with a defined frequency, and monitoring if relevant, to support at any moment the Structural Health Management SHM. Some cases of service life design of real cases made with own created models are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using numerical modelling it is possible to anticipate unfavorable wave conditions for port activity. In particular, using coupled numerical models it is possible to include a larger number of variables, parameters, processes and interactions with focus on improving the representation and precision of processes that occur in the environment. This paper presents a numerical simulation system applied to the coast of central Chile using a coupled tool, which includes the wave model Wavewatch III (WW3), the hydrodynamic model Coastal and Regional Ocean Community (CROCO) and the atmospheric model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). The coupled modeling system accounts a oneway coupling from the WRF variables that CROCO and WW3 use as input, and a two-way coupling between the CROCO and WW3 models. The latter is developed through the implementation of the coupler software Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil (OASIS-MCT3) and the use of coupling tools provided by CROCO. Model results are contrasted with wave instrumental observations made by the National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Data Center of Chile (CENDHOC) using statistics error parameters such as bias, mean square error, and correlation. The hydrodynamic coupled simulations present a better adjustment to the measurements compared to those without coupling revealing a lower bias for significant wave height and mean directions. Likewise, higher values of the correlation coefficients are found in significant wave height with the hydrodynamic coupled tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of geoethics and its application in the professional practice of geosciences. Geoethics involves research and reflection on the values and principles that underpin appropriate behaviours wherever human actions interact with the earth system. It advocates for solutions to the problems of human-Earth interaction and contributes to protecting humanity and citizens in the professional field and everyday life. After evaluating the common geoethical problem in Latin America, provide examples from three South American countries: Peru, Chile and Brazil. The synergistic action of the geoscientific community in promoting a geoethical framework is discussed. The need for transparent, quantitative, rational and repeatable analyses is highlighted to ensure high professionalism in conducting studies. The importance of providing role models for young and beginning geoscientists and correctly disseminating geoscientific information to the public is further emphasized. The ability to communicate effectively is a fundamental requirement to train engineers, geologists and geoscientists capable of addressing global issues such as environmental management, geological hazards, and energy transition. Additionally, the implementation of geoethics in geological engineering and geoscience careers is proposed to promote social and environmental responsibility among young graduates and scientists starting their careers to prevent unethical professional practices and improve the visibility of geosciences and its benefits to society. The article concludes by calling for the involvement of geoscientists in public policies for the protection of geological heritage and the promotion of geoethical values, as well as the creation of a professional group to develop and promote geoscience didactics to improve educational quality in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent global trends show high levels of households' indebtedness in developed and emerging economies. This paper proposes a method applicable in those economies where a household financial survey and interest rate caps exist. The method applies to the country with the most indebted households in Latin America, Chile. The results state that: (i) the same debt threshold does not apply to all households as variables such as income affect it; (ii) the debt threshold increases with households' income level; (iii) the presence of mortgage debt increases the debt thresholds; (iv) Chilean households overindebted are more than a quarter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The paper examines the contribution of think tanks (TTs) to debating ideas and their relationship with the environment. Specifically, it analyzes the variations introduced by the electoral campaign in the political positions of TTs and the role of ideology and party affiliation as possible determinants. Methodology: The content of the web pages of ten TTs is monitored before and during the electoral campaign for the 2021 presidential elections in Chile, where numerous TTs have become protagonists. For each TT, attention to socio-political issues is analyzed, and the trend of their positions is recorded. Conclusions: The analysis shows that TTs adapt their communicative agenda to the electoral campaign and that their ideology is a principal variable in this strategy. Originality: Evidence is provided on the entry of TTs in electoral campaigns with differences between conservatives and progressives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the backgrounds of LGBT+ migrants living in Chile, and considers the various types of violence they experience at the intersection of vectors of differentiation: national origin, sexual orientation-gender identity and socioeconomic position, as well as markers of ethnicity and racialisation. The results show that many LGBT+ migrants leave their place of origin not only because of social and economic factors, but also due to the discrimination and violence they experience due to their sexual or gender identity, which is known as sexile. These forms of violence occur throughout their migrant experience in ways that vary but are nevertheless constant. In the context of migrant reception in Chile, the presence of these people poses a double threat to the State's hetero(cis)patriarchal order, on the one hand, and the national order, on the other, straining the conventional idea of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing shift in research on sexual orientation. This focus has moved from centering on negative experiences, related to psychopathology and stigmatization, to examining subjective wellbeing factors in individuals belonging to these populations. In Latin American countries such as Chile, a scarcely explored link in this regard is satisfaction with life –the cognitive component of subjective well-being– and associated variables. The minority stress model indicates that individuals who belong to minority groups are exposed to additional stressors to which the general population is not exposed. These specific stressors are related to the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion suffered by the minority group of belonging. Researchers have shown that these stressors and their consequences may result in lower life satisfaction in non-heterosexual people compared to their heterosexual peers. Furthermore, different non-heterosexual orientations face specific forms of prejudice and, therefore, could experience a different impact on their life satisfaction. In this paper, the distinction is made between individuals with a monosexual orientation (towards one gender) and those with a plurisexual orientation, (towards more than one gender or independently of gender); namely, lesbians and gay men (LG) on the one hand, and bisexuals and pansexuals (BP) on the other. Research indicates that BP people experience lower levels of well-being than LG individuals. Compared to the latter, BP individuals tend to disclose their sexual orientation to a lesser extent, perceive less social support, and experience greater exclusion from community spaces destined to the general community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and other queer identities (LGBTIQ+). Moreover, these differences between non-heterosexual orientations in terms of life satisfaction have been little explored in Latin American university students. To fill this gap in the literature, the general objective of this study was to compare the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived social support, connectedness with the LGBTIQ+ community, and life satisfaction among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and pansexual university students. Four hypotheses were proposed that addressed the comparisons between LG and BP participants for these variables. A non-probability sample of 82 LGBP university students was recruited to answer an online questionnaire. Of the sample, 32.9 % were lesbian or gay, and 67.1 % were bisexual or pansexual. Most participants were women (67.1 %), compared to 29.3 % men and 3.7 % of another gender. The questionnaire consisted of a section of sociodemographic data, a sexual orientation disclosure scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the LGBTIQ + Community Connectedness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Analyses included comparisons of means between groups. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the Connectedness Scale to test its validity. Results showed that LG and BP students reported similar levels of perceived social support, community connectedness, and life satisfaction, while LG students tended to disclose their sexual orientation to more people than BP students. A positive association was also found between perceived social support and life satisfaction, and between connectedness and disclosure of sexual orientation. The CFA showed that the Connectedness Scale is valid for its use in university samples in Chile and other Latin American populations. Limitations regarding sample size and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to the knowledge about variables associated with life satisfaction in non-heterosexual university students, highlighting the differential needs for support of those with a monosexual orientation (lesbians and gays) and those with a plurisexual orientation (bisexual and pansexual). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the scientific productivity of researchers in Chile during 2019, based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific articles published during that year. For this purpose, we worked with the SciVal and Dataciencia databases from which we obtained data on publications per researcher, number of publications, their h-index, and number of citations. The results show a gender difference in the number of publications and consequently in the h-index. Thus, women publish less than their male counterparts, which in turn has an impact on their lower average h-index, establishing a gender gap in the scientific publications of that year. The results show that men predominate in the group of the most productive researchers. Similarly, there is an underrepresentation of female authors in the scientific productivity of greater impact; on the contrary, their male counterparts stand out for a higher average number of publications and a higher h-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a set of profiles of women written by Marta Brunet for the Chilean magazine Ecran between 1935 and 1936, published in her column "Alrededor de una mujer" (Around a Woman). This column was an important space for the divulgation and appraisal of artistic and intellectual activities of Latin American women of the period. The profiles are analyzed considering the medium in which they circulated. In this sense, I maintain that, unlike the female models that Ecran publicized on its pages, in Brunet s column the qualities of modern women were highlighted, with trajectories where work, travel and self-training were decisive for carrying out a personal and original project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of the EIS-COVID project on the access and use of information during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, the objective of this paper was to ascertain how people's informational environment was constructed during the first stage of the pandemic. It discusses the results of a qualitative study of people belonging to risk groups for COVID-19: people over 18 and under 65 with chronic diseases (hypertension and diabetes) and people 65 and over. Ninety semi-structured interviews were conducted in the Metropolitan and Valparaíso regions between September 2020 and January 2021. The results reveal the problematic nature of the information overload encountered by these groups and the strategies they used to navigate it: a) information avoidance; b) content corroboration and active search for reliable sources; and c) differentiated media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to justice is one of the main problems faced by consumers in the 21st century. In this sense, this paper analyzes the consumer's position in the face of new technologies and their access to justice. In addition, through a comparative approach, it studies the one-stop shop model existing in Europe and its possible implementation in Chile. Finally, an analysis is offered on the use of new technologies in the legal process and how they can improve access to justice for the consumer. In this way, it identifies the existing progress in Chile in this area, as well as the need to improve the consumer's position in relation to new technologies and how they can reduce barriers to access to justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together some of the results of the first phase of the study Plataforma LMS LIDERESASCHILE.CL: Tecnología para promover el liderazgo de nuevas juventudes femeninas [LMS LIDERESASCHILE.CL platform: Technology to promote the leadership of new female youth], whose main objective is to create a platform that promotes leadership in girls and adolescent women in Chile. To understand the content that would be hosted on the platform, a series of surveys and interviews were developed for girls and young women in the Los Lagos region, to find out their views, and to research their needs for empowerment in relation to the following: participation; role models; roles and stereotypes; self-image and self-esteem; and interests. The results demonstrated the importance of valuing and validating female role models from early childhood and throughout all stages of their education; and of strengthening role models that play a key role in the social, cultural and political history of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the type of civil liability that is generated, be it contractual or non-contractual, the active subjects to whom it could be attributed, whether they are the authors themselves, their parents or the school itself, and the applicable sanctions in the if said responsibility becomes effective in contexts of school violence within the various educational establishments in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ne consequence of Chile's socalled "estallido social" (social outburst) of October 2019 was the erosion of the hegemonic ideological canon, in other words, of neoliberalism as a paradigm of modernity. That several currents of opinion have since (re)emerged within conservative Chilean intellectual thought reflects not only this loss of ideological hegemony, but also shows an ability to react and adapt to a setting in which this belief system is under threat. This paper analyses some of these currents, taking four authors as paradigmatic examples: Axel Kaiser (liberalism), Pablo Ortúzar (corporatism), Hugo Herrera (social Christianity) and Alexis López Tapia (nationalism). Of particular interest are their readings of the nature of the outburst, the political displacements provoked, the ideological and conceptual tensions that emerged, as well as the continuities and departures in terms of social imaginaries, traditions, practices and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the governmental measures implemented by Chile and El Salvador during the pandemic to manage the repatriation of their nationals and resident citizens who were stranded abroad due to the closing of borders, a decision imposed by governments worldwide as a measure to contain the health crisis generated by COVID-19 in their territories. The restriction to the freedom of movement of people across borders caused in several countries of the region an additional humanitarian drama to the devastating effects of the global health crisis, so this paper examines this problem from the coverage given by the Latin American media to the repatriation processes of Chileans and Salvadorans as case studies, through a qualitative documentary analysis of the news about the main difficulties and consequences generated by this humanitarian drama. An important conclusion of the study recognizes the relevance of the administrative, logistic, and communicational capacity that the diplomatic missions of Latin American countries should develop, as well as the preeminence of human rights in international relations in order to face more responsibly the migratory crisis caused by the closing of borders for sanitary reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to describe the semantic strategies, or cognitive repr, Chilean newspapers, create about mapuche culture, in relation to the press coverage given to the hunger strike organised by prisoners of this ethnic group. For this, the discursive strategies used by the newspapers mentioned before, and the representation of their interrelationship with the macrostructures in journalism, which finally aim to analyze the lexicalization in the configuration of the mapuche otherness, were studied. The methodology consists of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) --in relation to the ideological square (Van Dijk, 1999) and lexicalization-- and the Velazquez' model (2011) for the study of the journalist discourse related to the superstructure and macrostructure of news. As a conclusion, the newspapers analysed use semantic and cognitive strategies to discriminate based on ethnocentrism, giving it a specific ideological square and polarisation between Others and Us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the perceptions about university access, sense of effort, meritocracy, and social inequalities of students from 8 elite Chilean higher education institutions. Using 1773 responses to a questionnaire that was applied to a stratified sample of students from these universities, regression models that control for differences between socioeconomic groups, types of university and time of stay are estimated. The results show that the type of university is the main axis of differentiation in these perceptions, with traditional university students being more skeptical of meritocracy and individualistic explanations than their peers from emerging private universities. Furthermore, there is a relative homogeneity within each type of university, except in those items related to university entrance. It is concluded that the different types of elite institutions are a relevant distinction for understanding the diversity of perceptions that exist among those who transit through these highly influence spaces at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous localized solar radiation monitoring in different broadband spectral ranges has several important advantages over isolated measurements for both basic and applied research. Its integration into a network under standardized protocols has, in turn, worthy benefits including the possibility to characterize geographically the solar radiation levels in large regions. Recently, an integrated UV-Total solar irradiance monitoring network has been deployed in Argentina in 8 stations with new instruments, measurement sites, and protocols into the frame of the Saver-Net project (Japan, Argentina, and Chile) carried out during the period 2013-2018. The network is managed by the Argentine Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) and Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF - UNIDEF). In this paper, the structure, capability and several initial achievements of the Argentine UV-Total solar irradiance monitoring network are described with the aim to make these databases available to the scientific community for their broad use in basic and applied research. In addition, the irradiance characterization at each monitoring node of the network is presented. Extreme values over 1000 Wm' 1 2 of Total solar irradiance, 60 Wm-2 of UVA solar irradiance and UV Index of 9 are registered even in the southernmost stations, with their consequent signification for the practical applications of the solar energy and health implications such as the risk to cause erythema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the protocol developed in Chile to evaluate interventions for adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence and follows CONSORT guidelines (Shulz et al., 2010). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of two group intervention models (Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Therapy) in stabilising the psychosocial functioning of adolescent participants. Methods/Design. It is a randomised controlled trial with three groups: two intervention groups (TF-CBT and IPT) and an active control group (art therapy). The participants will be eighty-four adolescents between 13 to 17 years old on the waiting list for treatment in specialist trauma services. Participants will be assigned to one of three groups and participate in 12 group therapy sessions. Participants' progress in post-traumatic stress and depression symptomatology, self-regulation and interpersonal problems will be assessed. Measures will be administered before the start of the intervention, in sessions six, seven, twelve and two months after the end of the intervention. Adherence to the intervention and its acceptability by the participants will also be evaluated. Discussion. This study seeks to contribute to developing scalable, evidence-based interventions in the Chilean context to improve access to specialist intervention. Trial Registration. 19/05/2021, code ISRCTN10290141. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2010 Maule earthquake with a magnitude Mw = 8.8 caused significant liquefaction-induced damage in a large area of Chile, showing the importance of properly evaluating the potential occurrence of this phenomenon in civil engineering projects. Usually, this assessment is based on the simplified procedure originally developed by Seed and Idriss (1971). However, alternative versions of this procedure currently exist, which can produce different results. This variability is added to other sources of uncertainty that are present in the evaluation, which are not quantified in practice. In this paper, we examine the variability in the evaluation of liquefaction potential that is introduced by the utilization of different in situ tests, versions of the simplified procedure, and input parameters. For this, we study three sites located in different regions of the country, where SPT and CPTu results are available. The main objective is to show the effects that this variability can have on the conclusions of this type of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, translation and interpretation education faces an uncertain future, reinforcing the idea of a discipline immersed in an interconnected world and aware of international context issues. On this basis, the article explores translation training and international context relation. In addition, it suggests mechanisms to adapt the educational approach to a post-pandemic scenario in which future professionals will develop their professional paths. From a methodological point of view, the article analyzes the relevance of thematic knowledge regarding international relations within translation competence training and the practical experience of Chilean institutions up to the outbreak of the pandemic. Subsequently, the article supports curricular redesign regarding this area, considering new national and international scenarios in which the post-pandemic translation practice will be developed. Finally, it presents a pedagogical proposal that considers the integration of international thematic contents related to theory, concepts, and international scenarios, and also the use of technology given current possibilities. This curricular proposal introduces pandemic context in translation and interpretation-related research in Chile. The paper concludes by calling attention to promoting initiatives in this area through virtualized education processes, reinforcing this aspect of translation competence for a changing global scenario, based on the collaborative work among national and international programs for translation and interpreting education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translator education in monolingual contexts presupposes that students should develop their translation and linguistic competence concurrently, which presents a series of pedagogical challenges. This evaluative descriptive study examines the use of data-driven learning in a task-based approach (DDL-TB) for teaching grammar in a Chilean translation programme. Such an approach implies the exploration of a corpus to find different patterns or linguistic phenomena. The paper presents the design and graduation of tasks and, later, examines the translation students' and lecturer's perspectives about the suitability of this approach for English grammar teaching. The students' comments suggest that the approach allowed them to 1) reflect on the way they learn languages and 2) develop an active role in their formative process. The lecturer highlights that the approach aligns with the learning objectives of the course unit, allowing the course to be effectively 'descriptive'. It is concluded that the narratives examined in this study indicate that an ABD-ET approach would be suitable for English grammar teaching in translation education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the results of the 2018 university admission process in Chile of students belonging to the 10% with the best performance in their graduation schools (Top 10% ranking). Through a descriptive-correlational analysis of PSU scores and enrollment processes, we explore the incidence of school trajectory and socioeconomic profile components in the university access of talented students. The findings highlight the role of parental socio-cultural capital, PSU results and the quality of the school of graduation as factors of segmentation among Top 10% ranking students. The conclusions highlight the difficulties of the educational institution to incorporate added value in vulnerable students, even in spite of the talent deployed, as well as the need to incorporate public policy measures that promote effective access to higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matters of care has been a relevant issue for several decades in feminist studies, particularly in relation to the power relations that have been built from their feminization, and the consequences they have had in all spheres of life. Despite their importance, the way care is spatialized has not been sufficiently treated based on the daily interrelations in which they are part of. Based on research taken place over the course of a decade by a collective group of researchers on the daily mobility practices as well as on care issues, we have been able to identify six categories that contribute to the spatialization of care from a relational spaces approach. Through mobile ethnographies of urban dwellers' daily lives, we were able to understand how care strategies and circulations take place, and their relation with subjects of care, practices, time spaces, places, affects, materialities and objects that support care in cities like Santiago, Concepción or Temuco. Understanding them from a perspective of relational space helps to visualize the complexity that care implies, and at the same time the intertwined implications of space that go beyond domestic space. This paper contributes to the existing work on the invisible aspects of care including the spatialization of care and to the discussion on the need to defamiliarize and collectivize care in Chile. This is particularly relevant today, as care became a major issue in Chile and globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was possible to identify the material reality of care in tangible ways, and also to question the ways we want to care for ourselves and our living space in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mendoza river basin, the occurrence of heavy rainfall events in the summer months causes severe erosion processes, debris flows, and flash floods that modify the turbidity of the Mendoza river. The excess of sediments dragged during the occurrence of these events affects the functioning of the water treatment plants, which causes cuts in the supply of drinking water in the Gran Mendoza area, the fourth most populated city in Argentina. Based on this issue, this paper presents a characterization of precipitation events that affect the distribution of drinking water over the region, considering 13 case studies over the period 2013-2020. High-resolution satellite estimates were used for the quantification of precipitation, which were validated with data from six meteorological stations throughout the basin. Based on a composite analysis considering a set of meteorological variables, two synoptic configurations that favor the occurrence of heavy precipitation were obtained: a mid-troposphere low pressure system off the coast of Chile and a thermal anomaly that generates isolated convection in the valleys of the basin. These results could be used to create early warning systems to improve water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of the scientific inquiry in rural science classrooms brings up important challenges for the teachers leading them. This current paper analyzes the importance of the teacher's role in a scientific inquiry activity. Therefore, an analysis was carried out in the case of the Mitigation of the whitefly in the ficus tree. This inquiring experience was applied with 22 sixth to eighth grade elementary students from a vulnerable rural school in Chile. The main results support that the students' learning through inquiry demands a guidance and an adequate support offered by the teacher. Besides, the case study shows how the inquiry-based science education can emerge from deprived rural contexts through inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper present is part of a research project that aims to understand the way in which the teacher identity is constructed in the education of music teacher at universities in Chile. It is present the case of a study program to illustrate how a critical and political based learning allows the construction of an activist identity. First the paper describes the identities that emerge in a context of structural control of the music teacher education, and then proceeds to present some of the conditions in which the activist identity can flourish. It is explained briefly the methodological approach, and further on proceed to present the evidence obtained from the case study through document analysis, interviews, discussion groups, and observations. These evidences lead to the conclusion that the learning approach in the study program, based on the curricular integration, pedagogical research, autonomic didactic, the reconstruction of the history of teachers, and the democratic, interdisciplinary, and open spaces, allows the flourishing of a politically-engaged identity, and it has an active purposeful approach, rather than a merely technical one for teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the design and validation of the Socio-Familial Questionnaire of Emerging Literacy Domains (CSDAE), which evaluates the context of socio-familial literacy of Chilean children at early ages. The study included a sample of 213 families of low, low-middle and middle socio-economic levels. The results show a reliability according to Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 and an omega coeffi cient of 0.94. The fi rst version of the questionnaire grouped the items into fi ve factors that explained a satisfactory fi t. The proposed instrument contributes to studies related to the evaluation of the literate socio-familial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the type of civil liability that is generated, be it contractual or non-contractual, the active subjects to whom it could be attributed, whether they are the authors themselves, their parents or the school itself, and the applicable sanctions in the if said responsibility becomes effective in contexts of school violence within the various educational establishments in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the experience of a group of students conducting their intermediate teaching practicum while studying an English Teaching Program at a Chilean university. The main objective is to explore, from the student’s point of view, the factors which lead to their recognition as teachers during that practicum experience, despite their marginal structural position as pre-service teachers in the educational establishments. The study is based on the analysis of five semi-structured interviews, following the conceptual apparatus offered by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. We argue that the main factor determining how preservice teachers acquire capital, authority and recognition as teachers in their practicum classrooms is the negotiation of the asymmetrical power relations which emerges between the trainees and their mentor teachers (i.e., the actual classroom teachers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Public Education Law (NEP) has imposed a structural reform of the public school system in Chile, transferring the control of municipally-run schools to state services that are under the authority of the Ministry of Education. This implies an unprecedented process of recentralization and an increase in administrative scale not seen previously anywhere else in the world. In this paper, we carry out a qualitative analysis of the implementation of a Local Public Education Service, which combines three municipalities of Greater Santiago. We identify serious institutional design flaws that generate labor distress, offset by a sense of heroism with which staff aspire to improve the future of children and public education. This situation is not sustainable over time and it is essential to improve working conditions to guarantee the quality of education in this service. With this aim, we highlight the need for urgent improvements in the administrative operation of the NEP in terms of financial management, human capacities, and institutional learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socionatural disasters are highly demanding episodes for the affected populations; however, there are groups that, due to their characteristics, may be more exposed to inequalities, such as women. The general objective of this paper is to analyze the emergency and the reconstruction process of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile, from a critical perspective that considers social factors from a gender approach based mainly on the experiences of the women victims of the town of Arauco in the Bío-Bío Region. It is evident that in the framework of a subsidiary and highly centralized State, responses are generated in disconnection with the territories and population affected by the disaster. Thus, under these conditions, women are forced to assume leadership and community care roles as a mechanism of resistance and subsistence in the face of the state policy limitations. As a result, the sexual division of labor increases to the detriment of women, who are highly demanded during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Te Ckunza of the Lickan Antai people inhabiting Chile, Bolivia and Argentina has been declared extinct. However, it is argued that reconstructing the elements of the grammar could facilitate its revitalization. Tis paper seeks to account for these elements in the ckunza of San Pedro de Atacama. To this end, a review of the phonetic, phonological, lexical, semantic, morphological and syntactic elements of the Amerindian language will be provided. Tis analysis also informs about the agglutinative characteristic of Ckunza. Te corpus of this research comes from the samples collected by the pioneers in its study. Te aim of this review is to show the grammar of Ckunza, since its reconstitution will provide the rules that will allow the creation of new sentences that will contribute to its revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the figure of the dictator Augusto Pinochet, through the category of banality of evil proposed by Hannah Arendt, examining his journey from days before the coup d'état to his leadership in the Military Junta. Taking several records of his life, this paper proposes a triple betrayal, which shows Pinochet as a symbol of the enormous irrationality and irreflexivity that characterized the military dictatorship, which main legacy is the neoliberalism that still survives in Chile. This paper takes the category of thinking in Arendt to unveil its absence in the dictator and to observe some of the political implications it has had for our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Organization stated that in 2017, 3,4% of global population immigrated to another country, corresponding to two hundred and fifty million people who left their homes seeking a better quality of life. Concurrently, young students encouraged by charity and philanthropy, have moved around the world helping vulnerable people like immigrants working as volunteers, that is to say, work exchange for accommodation. During the last years, it has been noticed that some changes at the recruitment and selection process in the hospitality industry under a volunteering arrangement; most of immigrants carry out this job in exchange for accommodation, as they need a place to live. This paper analyzes immigration in Chile, social vulnerability of immigrants and job precariousness in the hospitality business, which is not only related to temporary employment contract and lack of social security coverage, but simply lack of salary. This paper concludes that lack of skills of volunteers in order to deliver a quality touristic service might affect the international tourism image of Chile. Also, this paper intends to carry out a reflection about hiring people under a volunteering arrangement, as most of volunteers are prone to vulnerability, which is the case of immigrants in the city of Santiago, Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Civil Code of Andrés Bello, influenced by the French Civil Code, and unlike other European and Latin American codes, included the category of quasi-delict as a source of obligations. However, this notion has been difficult to understand, and has been often branded as merely formal, difficult to define and devoid of any practical utility. For this reason, this paper proposes an analysis of the category of «quasi-delicts» on the basis of the so-called obligations quasi ex delicto in classical Roman law. Such obligations were very useful for the formulation of a perfect and comprehensive division of the sources of obligations. After studying the reception of the quasi-delict in Andres Bello's Code, both in Chile and in Colombia, this paper proposes some ideas that could contribute to a new understanding of the category and, with it, to the renewal of its systematic and practical utility. The aim of this paper is to highlight the most important aspects of this category that allow for a re-reading of the modern category of quasi-delict in the light of classical Roman categories. For this reason, it would exceed the scope of the present work to carry out an exhaustive exegetical analysis of the entire collection of Roman sources that refer to this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1972, the Sub Department of Design of the Corporación de la Vivienda (CORVI) published a document with eighteen housing prototypes developed by its teams between 1966 and 1971. This document was the result of the previous experience of those teams in developing a large part of the social housing built in Chile, of the work of systematization and standardization of that set of works, and of the design indications given by the managers of these teams. Drawing on the document itself, secondary sources that report on CORVI's decisions, and interviews with Orlando Sepúlveda Mellado, an architect member of CORVI's design teams, this paper analyzes the practical meaning of "Tipología de viviendas racionalizadas 1966-1972" and suggests that it performs a non-canonical mode of the notion of typology, articulates a standardization of project ideas, and responds to the contingencies of the sociomaterial environment. This helps to conclude that the inaccuracies observed in the document are part of an objectual strategy of communication of the technical aspect that aims at its practicality, that is, to efficiently narrate the complexity of architectonic rationalization as a political and socio-technical program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between leadership and performance in teams of higher education students. For this, first, we conceptualize leadership as an influence process between team members and, second, we model this team process using social network analysis. To study the proposed relationship between leadership and performance, we conducted a study at 164 students of 41 teams of industrial engineering students of two universities in Chile. We analyzed our data using linear regression analysis, and our results showed that leadership network density is positively related to performance, and leadership network centrality is negatively related to performance. These results help teachers, and higher education institutions have a reliable statistical tool to track student leadership development throughout the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes expedients of daily mobility that -though fundamental for the sustainability of life, have been marginalized in territorial planning: the pedestrian trajectories of migrant women. The research explores urban walking practices in the La Chimba neighborhood, Santiago of Chile, using a qualitative perspective trough focus groups and directed interviews combined with shadowing techniques of women from the global south. From the observation of the rhythms, affects and wisdoms of the participants in the study, the paper concludes that personal pedestrian experiences depend principally on the (re)productive roles that they assume; the contingent otherness of their bodies; and the social and communitarian networks that they establish with their territory of arrival, sharing a common epistemic privilege to know the place they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]