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The contribution of environmental fiscal instruments (taxes and fees) used in Costa Rica to finance conversation activities on biodiversity is analyzed. The collection of fiscal income is estimated, as well as its distribution in the different projects in favor of the environment. These tax revenues have contributed to limitations and deficiencies in forest recovery and the protection of bodies of water, mostly located in rural areas, and have incorporated women and indigenous people in these economic and conservation activities. Thus, environmental fiscal policy has contributed moderately to the sustainable development of these rural territories, which makes it urgent for fiscal policy to identify new environmental fiscal instruments that redirect towards a resilient and inclusive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on carbon neutral environmental policies in Costa Rica. It considers Costa Rica's commitment to being carbon neutral by the year 2021 and discusses the extent of Costa Rican environmental policies. The author cites international efforts related to controlling climate change and comments on how these proposals have been adopted in Costa Rica since 2007. She also assesses efforts to control industrial and vehicular emissions and reflects on the impact of these policy decisions on Costa Rican public opinion and debate.

The article provides a brief sociological comparison of two processes that occurred recently in Costa Rica that may be studied from the theoretical prism of governance on a local scale. The first one refers to the partial and temporary closing of the Hotel Allegro Papagayo, located in Guanacaste, ordered by the Ministry of Health as a response to the requests placed by the neighbors given the contamination that the Hotel was causing to the estuary and the surroundings. The political decision took into account the general interest and was not even objected by the rest of the hotel owners. The second process refers to the construction and enlargement of the aqueduct of Sardinal, also in Guanacaste, that began to develop a private partnership in order to assure, with priority, the provision of water to some hotel owners, putting at risk the future supply of water to the local neighbors. The combination of private and public agents, is an example of a partial and biased process of governance that was legally objected, thanks to the mobilization of local organizations, who brought down to a hall, although temporarily, the works of the aqueduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I discusses the current situation in the conservation of the natural patrimony of Costa Rica, in particular in the national parks and biological preserves, where is remarkable the lack of a bigger number of ranger that take care of the control and protection in the wilderness areas. The case of the Biological Preserve Alberto Ml. Brenes in San Ramón, Costa Rica, is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se discuten la evaluación y el análisis de las políticas y programas de desarrollo rural y ambiental. En particular, se enfoca en el impacto que generan en la calidad de vida y en el manejo de servicios ambientales. Se presentan seis artículos sobre las experiencias de productores y productoras en Venezuela, Costa Rica, Colombia, México y Argentina.

The article presents a historical pursuit of how environmental education has suffered and of how this has moved from the 1980s to the 20th century including tendencies related to sustainable development. The transformation is analyzed focusing on the suffering of nature and the notion of "object," modeled from the XVIII century Emilio of Rousseau, and how it ends up becoming the modern conception of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]