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This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

María Edilia Valero, a Venezuelan writer, arrived in Madrid at the end of the 1920s with the purpose of creating a Hispanic-American cultural center that encompassed multiple scope of action. This research paper approaches the institution she created, its foundation and directions, its statutes and activities during the years it was active in Spain and its closure with the declaration of the Spanish civil war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The singing profession in the nineteenth century allowed women to opt for a social reality that differed from the household model. Those who stood out for their vocal styling or those who wanted to develop their artistic sensitivity could have access to official or private singing education. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the activity carried out by women in the process of teaching-learning of singing during the nineteenth century in Spain, despite de limitations of the time. For that purpose, the focus will be on two representative vocal training institutions: the Conservatory in the public system in Madrid and the Lyric-dramatic school in the private sphere. This research is based on the review and analysis of documentation, mostly historical, through which several aspects have been recreated: the type of vocal instruction that women had access to, their role within the education system and the professional careers of those studies. Even though there were few differences between both genders during the training period, the low presence of female singing teachers in teachers' staff meetings, the limited opportunities to teach male singers, and relative paucity of places in which to publish their didactic methods demonstrate the long way that still lied ahead in achieving gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last reforms of the ways of management of health public services, especially those carried out recently in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, have activated an intense debate about the possibility of using ways of managing with private cooperation to carry out functions related to health public services in a context of economic crisis. This paper explains the ways of private cooperation in the public health manage, specially, the concession. Also, the paper analyzes the constitutional and legal admission of this ways of manage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that soccer is a highly political sport and places itself in the crosshairs of capital questions such as membership and identity, the goal of the present article is to analyze how the discourse of Spanish identity is constructed in the sports press. To that purpose, the author conduct an exhaustive content analysis focused on the four main daily sports papers with the highest print run and circulation in Spain. Specifically, it studies the information published about the Spanish team during its participation in the 2006 World Cup in Germany. The article focuses on the role that the sports media currently plays as active agents of ideological transmission of a banal nationalism, and points out the differences that this media process of constructing a Spanish nationality shows compared to non-democratic periods. The article also highlights the existing discrepancies between the ways in which this identity is formed in the sports papers edited in Madrid (centralist) and the ones edited in Barcelona (autonomist). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the widespread concern in society about young people's shortcomings in terms of writing skills, this article aims to analyze whether that competence is developed and assessed at University. The academic community cannot remain indifferent to this problem, so it is important to include the improvement of this skill in the academic curriculum. The development of writing skills is a general competence and it is considered, therefore, necessary for any study and any profile. Particularly in Business Administration, the acquisition of good written expression is not restricted to any course, but can potentially be developed in several of them over the degree, and the subject *Final Research Project* is one of the courses which can best frame the acquisition of this skill. Therefore, in this paper we develop an analysis of the design, organization, content and assessment of the Final Research Project in all universities of the Community of Madrid, both public and private, in which the degree in Business Administration is offered. The study was compiled with information obtained from the curriculum and the academic catalogue for the course, both of them available on the websites of the different universities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the death of the dictator, Spanish cinema began to offer a series of films committed to portraying the Civil War. These narratives often selected characters from the Republican side—civilians or combatants—underscoring their suffering and the violence that characterized this era. Yet, it could be asked whether these productions genuinely attempt to rehabilitate the Republicans, who previously had been so vilified. In contrast to the films made during the dictatorship, which were based on simplified and mythical representations, do these new stories succeed in creating new myths? This paper sets out to examine what has changed and what has not in representations of the Civil War in film productions from the transition to democracy onwards. In this way, we can analyse how aspects of the Francoist myth-making persist in certain films which retain obvious links to the cinema of the dictatorship. It also explores how the representation of the war evolves in five films dealing with two Republican myths: the siege of Madrid and the defence of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse the institutionalisation of nutrition sciences in Spain in the second half of the twentieth century, and evaluate the activities of the journal Anales de Bromatologia. Method: Descriptive bibliometric study of the original articles. Full names of the authors and the complete article title were recorded. Using key words, each article was assigned by consensus of the researchers to a single main subject in accordance with the thirteen subject areas addressed by the Spanish Society of Bromatology in its meetings. An analysis was conducted of the distribution and trends of general productivity indicators and their characteristics. Results: A total of 917 original articles were published, with a mean of 20.8 papers/year. The subjects for which the highest percentage of articles was recorded were foreign substances in foods, foods of plant origin and nutrition. A total of 874 authors contributed, with a collaboration rate of 2.43 and a transience rate of 70.1%. Distribution of the number of authors per article was close to that indicated by Lotka's law of scientific productivity. The top twelve producers, predominantly women, participated in 49.9% of the articles published. Conclusion: The journal showed low productivity and was of an endogamous nature, with a predominance of authors related to the School of Bromatology in the Faculty of Pharmacy, at the Complutense University. The subjects addressed reflected the demands of the nutrition transition in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces inference based stochastic dominance tools to decompose the difference between economic welfare and poverty among countries or regions into inequality effect and income effect. To this aim, the variances and covariances matrix of the generalized Lorenz curve used in that decomposition are developed. The methodology is applied to Spain and its regions for the period 2003-2007. The conclusion is that in some regions, especially AndalucIa and Madrid, the income distribution is clearly anti-poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the legitimacy of hidden camera like a research method in journalism. This analysis is proposed from three different perspectives: legal, deontological and journalists' opinion on practical dilemmas. The conclusions obtained in each of these areas are complementary and provide more specific criteria to deal with hard case in which journalist is torn between the right to citizens" information and respect for the law and deontological codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the practical teaching experience conducted by a professor of parasitology over eleven years, valuing the pedagogical interest has raised the incorporation of different teaching resources over the years in relation to both the needs of students as technology requirements have been imposed on our society. Are valued, the benefits of using crossword puzzles with definitions and short videos on DVD and teaching a university discipline in order to improve the teaching-learning process of students in the Bachelor of Pharmacy University of Alcalá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are to determine the influence and analyze the importance of reading habits as a leisure activity, and quantify the time dedicated to it, compared with other media, as television and radio. A questionnaire was used, adapted to characteristics of the population studied, and the data was processed with SPSS. To sum up, the profile of the most usual reader in the Universidad Europea de Madrid, is a woman, attending a degree in Communication and Humanities as a freshmen or sophomore. She reads novels and tales (in paper format and in Spanish) once or twice a week and much more during the holidays. She usually watches TV and uses Internet mainly to read the mail. She does not read the press everyday and goes to the library mainly to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological approach followed by a Drug Addict Public Assistance Center, belonging to the Antidrug Agency of the Health Regional Ministry of the County of Madrid, to treat a subject with cocaine addiction and alcohol abuse, is presented. The treatment, based on the radical behavioral paradigm, is an exception rather than a common approach in the drug addict field. The case presented in this paper intends to show the usefulness of third generation behavior treatments when dealing with this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the conversational strategy known as "intensification" from a sociolinguistic perspective. The data consists of a collection of informal conversations among Spanish women from Madrid, together with a set of oral interviews with women from the same speech community. The results illustrate the social change that have developed in Madrid, as they are codified in the Spanish spoken in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of official institutions such as the Academies of the Spanish Language and the Instituto Cervantes in the creation of a Hispanic linguistic community, which is meant to represent a guarantee of cultural unity across the Atlantic after two hundred years of independence. This article highlights the project's faults: the neocolonialist aspects of its linguistic policy, and the submission of particular members of the Spanish American academic and social elites in these metropolitan-inspired initiatives. It also examines the economic logic behind such initiatives in the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized information portals on Internet is a common topic of debate, but the cybermedia that covers financial information on the Net is rarely discussed. The specificity of its contents and the public that is specifically focused to make these means differ significantly from other information portals specialized. In this paper, focused on reference sitios Intereconomía.com and Bloomberg.com, the method of comparative analysis has been a quantitative and qualitative twofold. It highlighted the fact that we present the results carried out by the research group "Cybermedia" of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. One of the main findings of the study is that, as it happens in other specialized media, these portals have a high degree of independence regarding its means of innovation. However, speaking in general terms, these two areas have more common than differentiating elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experience of a program evaluation in Madrid - the evaluation of a social care program for people with chronic and severe mental illness. It is a global evaluation, including different aspects of the program - although a special attention is paid to the resources network. The evaluation process is described, including goals, methodology, phases, activities, instruments and procedures. Finally, some results are shown concerning evaluation in 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of both the current need to formulate a comprehensive treatment for severe chronic mentally ill patients and the increasing tendency to outpatient care, this paper presents a theoretical review of two acknowledged socio-community based approaches -- the assertive community treatment and the therapeutic accompaniment. First, a definition of "severe chronic mental illness" is forwarded along with a brief review of the background of socio-community based intervention. Then, an outline of the community social support team is made -- a new multidisciplinary device in Madrid Region for treating this kind of patients. Finally, practical considerations are made about issues such as the concept of setting, in vivo treatment, illness awareness and the importance of community involvement in the treatment of these patients. Some recommendations are also made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the dimensional structure of a set of mathematical achievement tests used to assess the academic achievement in the Community of Madrid during 2005-06 and 2006-07 years and in three cohorts corresponding to the following academic degrees: 5th-6th of primary education, 1st-2nd and 3-4th of compulsory secondary education (ESO). The results coming from classical factor analysis and full information factor analysis are compared. Therefore a longitudinal study is performed in order to test whether such structure remains constant along time. The results confirm that most of the tests are mostly unidimensional structures. Meanwhile, it was proven that as the complexity of the contents increase, the complexity of the dimensional structure tests increase as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is it that characterizes adolescents' small talk? Adolescent language is often accused of being sloppy, that is, not only badly articulated or vague, often with cut-off sentences, but also full of slang, taboo and swear words, and not least sprinkled with unnecessary pragmatic markers. As highlighted in the recently collected corpus, Madrid adolescents' small talk has similar characteristics, represented, for instance, by the frequent vagueness marker "y eso," the pragmatic marker "en plan," and the slang intensifier "mazo." It is also characterized by an abundant use of contact-creating expressions, both in the form of contact-checking tags such as "eh" and "no" and, in particular, vocatives such as "tía" and "tronco." But all these devices are used for a purpose. In addition to facilitating and keeping the conversation going, they are used to involve the listeners and create rapport between speaker and listener. In other words, besides the strategic discourse function, they have a strong social and bonding effect. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the use of these strategies leads to a successful outcome of small talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to identify the professional competencies that teachers working in the autonomous community of Madrid consider necessary in their educational practice. With this aim, a questionnaire was designed to analyze the importance of such competencies to teachers in the practice of their profession, the employment of these competencies, and training the teachers received in how to carry these competencies. Next, our compiled results are compared with those of other research in this field, and finally some proposals for initial training are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the training that teachers working in Madrid are currently receiving on intercultural education. In particular we show the results of our research, in which we interviewed the advisors who plan this kind of training in the Support Centres for Teachers (Centros de Apoyo al Profesorado). Some specific themes explored are: changes in the demand for training in intercultural education, the main topics covered in the training courses, the most appropriate people to give the courses, the main training areas requested by teachers and the main factors which influence the success or failure of this type of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, information and communication technologies (ICT), in special the Internet, have become the main channel of communication in the world, allowing the access to information and knowledge from every point and at every moment. This popularity has been feasible, in part, because in the last few years the administrative and informative services based on the web have proliferated, and also, because of the improvement of exponential number of users with access to the Internet. However, the growth of the society of information and ICT means an opportunity to improve the social and labour integration for disabled people, but it doesn't eliminate risks for them and maybe it will become a new barrier, an other impossibility for handicapped people. This paper examines how this fate can be avoided. It introduces the main aspects of disabled persons protection (legislation, guidelines, the disabled types, the main integration problems…), and, from them, the main problems of their access to the Internet are faced. The level of compliance of the accessibility guidelines is examined, and the available and possible tools to reduce access barriers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the procedures that the German Embassy in Madrid used since 1933 to reach the German audiences who were living in Spain. It is focused on the distribution and willingness to promote propaganda documentaries; how the German authorities did it and which outcomes they got. Unpublished documentation from the German and Spanish archives are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is propose a Learning Organization Model based in a knowledge-organizational learning circuit and supported by facilitators that impulse the conversion of the individual into organizational knowledge. This Model is applied to the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is supported by a socio-anthropological study focused on a sample of HIV test made in Madrid among homosexual men, in order to explore why this kind of population refuses or delays making HIV analyses. From a practical point of view, we try to generate new approach designs to make these social actors change their minds toward the tests. During the field work we detect five manners to react in relation to the HIV epidemic, labeled as: prevention, typical gay, isolation, self-confident, and survival. Each of one of these categories has been understood interlinking the strategies used to access (or not) the HIV test with the cultural framework meanings and the social conditions in which these strategies are generated and carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Unit of Psychological Attention at SUMMA 112 carried out a medium-term follow-up survey with a 185 victims sample three months after the terrorist attacks on 11th March 2004 in Madrid. The results are presented in this paper. A protocol designed ad hoc by the Unit and TOP-8 scale were administered by telephone. During the follow-up 54 percent of the victims sample (64 percent women) showed probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 34 percent of victims received mental assistance one week after the terrorist attacks. A high number of respondents (83 percent) indicated a reduction of their initial symptoms during the survey, those which urged them to call SUMMA 112 emergency numbers in the first moments after the attacks. These results show the consequences on victims of a traumatic event and the relevance of immediate and close assistance in psychological crisis intervention in order to diminish the negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note has three objectives: First, to discover what the attitude of citizens towards towards the subsidiarity principle is; next, to examine whether or not there is a consistent relationship between, on the one hand, the attitude towards the subsidiarity principle and, on the other hand, the opinions and preferences on the question of the distribution of power, functions and resources among the different levels of government; and thirdly, to identify the typical citizen characteristics that show consistent attitudes and opinions. The research focuses on the province of Barcelona and the Community of Madrid. The last section of the paper contains some thoughts about possible avenues to further research on these questions and a short discussion on the implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we want to analyze the pictures publishing in the Spanish and international newspapers before the Madrid terrorist attack, March, 11. With this research we get some ideas about freedom speech limits: the respect of the privacy and, in special, the respect of the pain. At the same time, we'll remark the importance of the photography in the press and their communication power. For this research we used the March, 11 and 12 newspapers of most important Spanish editors and the digital edition of international press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This library co-operation and co-ordination project was started in 2002 by the health libraries of the Regional Health System of Madrid. Its background —including the completion of the transfer of health responsibilities from the central government to the autonomic government, the creation of the "Laín Entralgo Agency for Training, Research and Health Studies" as well as the creation within the Agency of the "Committee of Health Libraries"— are described in this paper. Furthermore, the achievements of this consortium (sharing electronic collections, common patron training programmes and digital library) are also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]