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This paper evaluates the biopolitical implications of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru and the world. It proposes that, due to the coronavirus characteristics and its effects on the populations' health, security and economy, this disease has the ability to reveal the true biopolitical approaches adopted by each nation. The application of necropolitics as government measures to confront the coronavirus, with inequity and inefficiency, is reviewed. In the same way, the concept of ontopolitics is developed as a fundamental tool for defining reality and its components, an act that will decide the implementation of the different disease containment plans. After reviewing its historical and practical connotations, the term "idiopolitics" is proposed to denote that type of government that, in open contradiction with the main objective of politics, of seeking the common good for the citizens of the state, manages and disposes of the public resources guided by particular needs and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper approaches the media judgment from a new angle, from the dissemination of illegally obtained interceptions, accounting for the movements in favor of the criminalization of these behaviors, the weighting in the judicialization process, and the value acquired by the public interest as a concept / principle and parameter that allows managing the conflict between the secrecy of communications and information releases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research carried out the analysis and evaluation of the incidence of the normative application of transfer prices in the Income Tax for related companies that provide postal services, a sample of 92 companies that provide postal services located in Metropolitan Lima has been carried out., using as data collection instruments surveys directed at managers, administrators and accountants; It was found that they indicated that the accounting information reflected in the Financial Statements does not issue their internal information based on the current transfer pricing regulations, so the corresponding adjustments will have to be made through working papers for the affidavit and therefore both there will be an adjustment in the Income Tax; Therefore, the results obtained determined that if the price agreed between the related parties does not adjust to those of the free market, then it will not obtain a real tax base of the Income Tax; It has been concluded that any commercial transaction that avoids complying with the transfer price regulations (Arm's Length principle) with related companies, and they have not made the corresponding adjustments at the end of the year by modifying the corresponding Tax, then SUNAT will make the adjustments respective and apply the corresponding sanctions; It is always recommended to be analyzing the market values under the arms legth principle and to find discrepancies with this, make the corresponding adjustments before filing the Income Tax Affidavit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at how the origin and development of the Peruvian right wing as a neoliberal right wing between 1990 and 2020. Initially, under Fujimorism, it was authoritarian only to later become a right wing that ensured the continuity of the model but ushered it towards democracy. However, the transition remains incomplete, because neoliberal continuity has promoted a limited democracy in which although politicians represent, technocrats administrate. The corruption scandals of recent years have laid bare the model's moribundity. The present lack of alternatives means the way out is a choice between two neoliberal factions - the remnants of Fujimorism or the group that emerged during democracy. With both apparently unable to clarify the situation, a third as yet unknown actor may yet emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Beatitudes, the promise of happiness to the poor is polemic since it is obvious that they face very hard living conditions. This paper focus on the relationship between happiness, religiousness and economic situation, poverty or wealth, in two groups of districts in Peru: the poorest and the richest ones, ie the opposite. While Luke's statement «Happy are the poor" seems to be incorrect in an empiric sense --real poor people are often less happy than rich ones--, Matthew's statement «Happy are the poor in spirit" seems to find empirical support, at least if it is understood as Gustavo Gutiérrez does. In summary, fieldwork made on surveys endorses Gutiérrez interpretation on the happiness of those who identified themselves as spiritual poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the confrontation that took place in the press --in particular, in the newspaper El Comercio- between liberals and conservatives in relation to the formation of a new Congress in 1860. This Congress had the aim of modifying the Constitution of 1856, then in force. On the basis of this analysis, it is proposed a reflection on the role of public opinion and the limits of the freedom of printing in the midnineteenth century in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I analyze the cultural consecration of Peruvian singer Yma Sumac, that is, her aesthetic value in terms of social construction. Lately, research on cultural consecration emphasizes its increasingly interactive character, the weight that non-aesthetic criteria have in it and the relative way in which it integrates non-metropolitan propositions. In this paper, introducing the civilizational criterion allows to appreciate that cultural consecration can respond to different value regimes that are related asymmetrically, through hybrid and unstable configurations that can be at the origin of unexpected revaluations. From the revised hemerographic, musical and audiovisual materials, Yma Sumac emerges as a versatile figure of the global contemporary scene, which updates the identity projection of Peruvian folklore and the stardom of the Hollywood show, while altering them through a rarefied and residual musical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relevance of economic growth, currency depreciation, cost of public financing, inflation, and export prices on the sustainability of Peru's public debt. The measurements correspond to different specifications of autoregressive vectors (VAR) models applied to macro-fiscal data from 1999-2018. The results validate the relevance of all the factors for the short, medium, and long term. Furthermore, these results suggest that future macro-fiscal policy measures should aim to continue actions to improve the public debt profile and diversify fiscal revenues, in order to reduce the vulnerability of fiscal sustainability due to unfavorable changes in export prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the variables associated with the share of Peruvian migration out of total immigration into Chile during 2005-2014. The initial hypothesis is that Peruvian migratory flow has a social and economic component. The results showed that a greater increase in the Human Development Index (HDI) for Chile in comparison with Peru increases migratory flow. On the other hand, a higher education budget for Chile relative to Peru decreases the migratory flow of Peruvian citizens. Against expectations, a one percent increase in per capita GDP in Chile decreases the flow of Peruvian migrants by 0.61 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to self-regulation in commercial matters and, specifically, to the self-regulation systems on advertising and consumer protection in Peru. Particularly, the article analyzes the recent adoption of the Supreme Decree N° 185-2019-PCM, Regulation that promotes and regulates the voluntary implementation of regulatory compliance programs on consumer protection and advertising. In this sense, the objectives compliance programs seek to achieve are highlighted and the guidelines to be followed are addressed so that their implementation within a corporation is truly effective, particularly in terms of advertising and consumer protection. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of self-regulation systems are developed and it is concluded that the adoption of compliance programs is positive for consumers, the private sector and authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In certain post-colonial societies, the metaphor of the successful recipe was and continues to be used politically when it comes to defining national culture, often represented in the form of a pot or kettle, where indigenous ingredients and knowledge are combined, effortlessly and without mediation, with other products and techniques from afar. The result is a product that is superior to any of its parts. This article questions the principles of symmetry, continuity and purity that characterize the culinary stories of the mestizo and multicultural nation, and shows how the presence of certain historical and social actors has been made invisible within the great cauldron. Based on field observations and analysis of historical sources and audiovisual productions, we present two case studies that take place in different periods, in Mexico and Peru. This journey from the 16th century to the present day shows how both nation-states have managed social and cultural differences within their territories throughout their history, using the concepts of mestizaje and multiculturalism as catalysts for control and domination. The stories of mestizo cuisine propose a false symmetry between cultural elements of social groups that were always far from being so. By proclaiming a supposedly balanced, reflexive and consensual fusion of cultures, they erase the historical complexity of culinary cultures, as well as the past and present expressions of colonialism. This paper constitutes a contribution to the studies concerning the nation from the perspective of food cultures. It reveals the conflicts of exclusion, power and hierarchy that run through the discourses on national cuisines, and some keys to interpreting the political agenda of the mestizo nation: neoliberal multiculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the narratives, dialogues and experiences of inmates and health personnel involved in an intervention funded by the Global Fund to reduce tuberculosis rates in Peruvian prisons. It seeks to answer two main questions: How is it discussed and who has the responsibility for care of the disease in this intervention? It is based on an ethnography conducted in 2006 in Lurigancho, the most overcrowded prison in Peru. The study shows that, contrary to what interventionists affirm, most of the inmates can reproduce the biomedical versions of the disease's etiology in their own terms and without major problems. It was found that intervention discourse holds the patient solely responsible for his health condition; obscuring other equally important social and economic factors. It is argued that many public health policies have taken on a reductionist nature since they have begun to be based upon liberal economic assumptions. As a consequence of this process, certain diseases and types of patients or social groups are considered as morally reprehensible and punishable. It is concluded that it is essential to explore the communication ideology behind any intervention or public health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the comparison and representation of the figure of Manco Cápac in twenty-one chronicles of the Incas, during the period spanning from mid-16th century until 1653. The paper's main objective is to discuss the moral characterization of this character and its implications in the discussion about the legitimacy of the Inca dynasty in Peru. Finally, I will focus on Historia índica and Comentarios reales in order to analyze the role played by Manco Cápac in these chronicles and the imprint that their authors make on the vision of the pre-Hispanic past, either with regards to the tyranny of the Incas or to the Tahuantinsuyo as a space for the prefiguration Christianity. In addition, I will discuss the concept of allegory raised by critics in relation to the Manco Cápac represented by Inca Garcilaso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These pages analyse the qualities required of parliamentarians in Peru from the Constitution of 1860, the regulatory framework until 1920. With this aim, we used the speeches pronounced by the parliamentarians in the development of their functions, which allows an approach to the political culture of liberal elites. The objective of this paper is to analyse the perception of parliamentarians about themselves and their role in Parliament, and how one of the basic principles of nineteenth century liberalism operated in this sense: the principle of distinction. Finally, it can be affirmed that the positions of deputies and senators acted as political categories defined by the own parliamentarians, who considered their role as different and superior to that of the electors. Therefore, it was necessary to restrict the space of the Congress to a "distinguished" sector of the population, through the imposition of a series of requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food inflation in Peru has a significant influence on total inflation, so the presence of second-round effects on core inflation may be high. This paper estimates the size of these second-round effects using a general equilibrium model for the Peruvian economy. The results indicate the absence of a significant second round effect on Peruvian inflation, given that food inflation does not play any role in the formation of inflation expectations and in the determination of wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is intended to make known the regulation of the expiration in the General Fishing Law, Decree Law No. 25977, and its Regulations, approved by Supreme Decree No. 012-2001-PE, and in which cases it is necessary to declare it, specifically with regard to the fishing permit and the operating license of processing plants. In effect, the way in which the expiration is regulated and the reasons for which the Administration proceeds to declare it, as well as its nature, is set forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the difference between instantaneous and permanent administrative infractions, in light of article 252 of the Single Orderly Text of Law N° 27444, Law of General Administrative Procedure, approved by Supreme Decree N° 004-2019-JUS and the most approved doctrine; to then evaluate whether the infringement stipulated in the current numeral 66) of article 134 of the Regulations of the General Fishing Law, approved by Supreme Decree N° 012-2001-PE, amended by Supreme Decree N° 017-2017-PRODUCE, is an instantaneous infringement, as considered by the Sanctions Appeals Council of the Ministry of Production in Plenary Agreement N° 003-2017, by developing the legal nature of the same assumption of fact contained in the old infraction typified in numeral 101) of article 134 of the Regulations of the General Fishing Law, approved by Supreme Decree N° 012-2001-PE, modified by Supreme Decree N° 013-2009-PRODUCE, concluding that the Sanctions Appeals Council of the Ministry of Production is mistaken in considering the infraction in mention as instantaneous, because in fact is a permanent one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some considerations about the draft law on same-sex civil union, analyzed by the Congress of the Republic of Peru. Specifically, the impact of the beliefs of a significant number of Peruvian citizens in the delimitation of public and private ethics, due the influence of some pathologies in areas that can affect significantly fundamental rights. Instead, in this paper, are exposed some thoughts above the possibility that some religious beliefs can transcend the real of public ethics, when are used exclusively to promote fundamental rights and ensure human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advance of technology and the massification of Internet, the use of this platform has become a key element for the financial market and other users of financial and non-financial information. The objective of this paper is to determine the degree of disclosure of corporate information on their corporate websites studying a sample of companies listed on the Chilean and Peruvian securities markets. The research analyzes a sample composed by 63 companies, 33 Chilean companies and 30 Peruvian companies, using 48 variables distributed in 5 dimensions: Accountability, Company and Strategy, Financial Analysis, Transparency and Usability. The evaluation is measured through an index. The results show concern for presenting financial information; however, they do not reveal significant voluntary aspects, such as those related to social and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During excavations at Utzh An architectural compound during 2018 season, 20 wooden statuettes were found inside niches, on both sides of the entrance corridor, allowing access to the walled enclosure. In this paper, we present the results of histological and archaeometric analyses perfomed on the wood, as well as the external and internal applications shown by the masks, covering the faces of the sculpted individuals. In addition, we will try to deduce the identity and role of these statuettes, within the architectural discourse of such walled complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policies are important for indigenous languages and cultures in Peru. Pre-schooling during childhood is very important for the national education system. Pre-schooling levels have increased over the last 40 years. However, there is a disconnect between increasing national levels of pre-schooling and the attendance of pre-schooling programs for indigenous children. There is a dynamic of inequality in this situation which I will point out in this paper. I will draw some comparisons between national data on pre-schooling and ethnographic descriptions of indigenous infant care patterns. I will point out the importance of a culturally and linguistically sensitive policy for pre-schooling children up to six years old. Many children under six years of age who speak an indigenous language are disadvantaged at this level. I will emphasize the importance of studies of indigenous patterns of childhood and child care. In this context, I shall emphasize the importance of studying the linguistic and cultural background as well as the learning expectations of indigenous children from birth on onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The church and convent of Santo Domingo make up one of the most important and recognized monuments of the city of Lima due to their historical, religious, architectural and artistic value. The objective of this research is to determine if the heritage and identity of Santo Domingo influence the management of the cultural tourism product of Lima. In addition, concepts of heritage and identity are developed, considering that both act to consolidate and support the bases of Peruvian nationality over a territory of belonging with history, past, present and future, and recognizing the formation of identity as a starting point for valuation, care and promotion. This paper also mentions the institutions that successfully develop tourism programs thanks to the management of the product, and highlights the importance and significance of the evangelizing work of the Dominicans in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the research Señorío de los Huambos: tourist route proposal for rural community-based tourism conducted in the provinces of Chota, Cutervo and Santa Cruz, located in the Cajamarca region, in the year 2019. The research had a correlational, cross-sectional and mixedapproach design. The sample was made up of 120 inhabitants of the tourist route, to whom a questionnaire and an observation sheet were administered. The results indicated a highly significant correlation between the Señorío de los Huambos tourist route and rural community-based tourism (TRC). Nine specific correlations were highly significant: seven were moderately to highly significant and two were slightly to moderately significant. The results showed the order of priority in the execution of the proposal: slightly and moderately significant correlations depend on highly significant results. This demonstrates that the Señorío de los Huambos tourist route (historical, natural and cultural resources) has the conditions for TRC, and thus contributes to the development of tourism and the socio-economic inclusion of provinces of Cajamarca and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an increase in children's behavior problems has been observed in Peru. Although reports focused on the detection, evaluation and psychological intervention of emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents are available, there are few studies concerning preventive and promotional aspects. This paper presents a proposal for a primary prevention program under the cognitive behavioral model to reduce externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in 10- to 11-year-old boys and girls attending a public educational institution. The program will identify and restructure irrational thoughts of depressive and anxious content, reduce aggressive behaviors, and increase children's self-esteem, thus developing the learning of behavior modification techniques by parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Participants were 177 workers (74% males) between 19 and 64 years of age (M = 36.24, SD = 9.75) from fishing companies located in different cities of Peru. Evidence of validity related to the internal structure was obtained through the confirmatory factor analysis complemented with the analysis of the average variance that determines the internal convergence between the items. In addition, evidence of validity was examined to assess its relationship with other constructs: the satisfaction with life fulfilled the role of dependent variable versus the effects of the burnout syndrome. The reliability of the internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega coefficient, and Mueller & Hancock's H coefficient. The results demonstrate a one-dimensional structure of the SWLS with errors correlated between pairs 1-2 and 4-5. In the regression analysis, the dimensions professional efficacy and emotional exhaustion of burnout syndrome influenced the satisfaction with life dimension in contrast to the indifference dimension. The internal consistency of the SWLS scores was acceptable. The implication of the results at practical and theoretical level is discussed, as well as the limitations and future recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we offer a conceptual and statistical view of the application of the quantitative model in the preparation of the postgraduate thesis project. The proposed objective of the study was to determine the reasons for applying the quantitative model in the preparation of the same thesis project. Among the results obtained, the cognitivemethodological, motivational-attitudinal and educational-cultural reasons were determined in the participating units, the application of the quantitative model in the elaboration of the aforementioned thesis project in the Faculties of Law: 2010-2013. It is appreciated that it is the cognitive-methodological reason that determines, to a significant extent, in students and graduates, the application of such a model, because the former have studied subjects of Research Methodology and Thesis Seminar; while the latter have not only learned these subjects, but have also received tutorial training and, in several cases, statistical-judicial experience. As far as teachers are concerned, we see that, in both Higher Centers, it is the specific competences that favor the application of the quantitative model in the elaboration of the thesis project. In relation to the participating units, 41 students, 166 graduates and 09 San Marcos teachers were considered; and 112 students, 237 graduates and 12 Villarreal teachers. The lack of specialized sources of consultation, the search for field information, and a surgical intervention of the undersigned, were some difficulties of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of structural balance fiscal rule on economic aggregates through a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, which characterizes an emerging small and open economy as the Peruvian. The results show how this fiscal rule reduces the volatility of different aggregates and the cyclicality of consumption, government spending, investment, imports, exports, net external debt of the economy and the production of non-tradable, except of the production of exportable goods. However, other shocks has a null or opposite effect, namely structural balance fiscal rule is a necessary condition, but not sufficient to smooth the transition of government spending and other economic aggregates to the steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the demand for credit at the individual level in Peru. It uses a unique database resulting from merging the Credit Registry (rcc) and the National Household Survey (enaho). The data allows for ideally identifying the amount of credit and the interest rate as well as the characteristics of each credit granted in the Peruvian banking system. It also includes indicators of the supply of each credit, which is key for the identification of demand. The elasticity of the demand for credit relative to the interest rate is estimated using a two-step procedure proposed by Heckman (1979) and is approximately -0.29. This value means that a rise in the market interest rate by 1% implies a reduction in the demand for credit by 0.29%. This elasticity is slightly lower than the one provided by international evidence and is highly heterogeneous throughout credit types and features of individual debtors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between the financial instability generated by shortterm capital flows in the absence of control mechanisms and the restrictions facing the implementation of counter-cyclical fiscal policies in the inflation-targeting regime, using as a springboard the recent financial crises in, specifically, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, showing how an increase in the issuance of public bonds to, via interventions in the exchange rate market, sterilize the effects of short-term capital flows on the monetary base is a source of endogenous instability, because this mechanism entails risks for the exchange rate and interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of structural balance fiscal rule on economic aggregates through a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, which characterizes an emerging small and open economy as the Peruvian. The results show how this fiscal rule reduces the volatility of different aggregates and the cyclicality of consumption, government spending, investment, imports, exports, net external debt of the economy and the production of non-tradable, except of the production of exportable goods. However, other shocks has a null or opposite effect, namely structural balance fiscal rule is a necessary condition, but not sufficient to smooth the transition of government spending and other economic aggregates to the steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to estimate liquefaction is the one proposed by Seed et al. (1985). This method depends on the cyclic resistance ratio CRR and the cyclic shear stress ratio CSR to calculate the safety margin. Frequently, this measure of safety is assumed deterministic and it is not contemplated the uncertainty of the seismic loads and soils resistance properties. When the probabilistic approach is implemented, often, probability density distribution functions for CRR, CSR and coefficients of variation of the soils properties are assumed by some authors. This paper presents a procedure applied to the city of Piura in Peru that includes the uncertainty of all random variables for liquefaction calculations. The information obtained from the area of study provides sufficient data to develop a complete analysis of uncertainty. In order to perform the probabilistic analysis, it was used the FORM and Monte Carlo methods. The maximum liquefaction probability is 9.5% and the random variables with more influence in the result for high uncertainty and functional form in the safety margin are N of the SPT and ground water level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninety-five percent of all enterprises in Peru are micro enterprises which create jobs for half the working population (48 %). Their disappearance causes the country a number of social and economic problems. This paper is aimed at identifying factors in death rate of micro enterprises in Peru, with the perspective of their managers being taken into consideration, and examining the main reasons why such enterprises die, so guidelines for promoting their growth and development can be laid down. Major factors therein are as follows: advertising campaigns are lacking, the economic situation of the country, lots of rival companies located nearby, lack of a business plan and effective control mechanisms, and difficulty finding good workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the model of constitutional control in Peru. The author comes to historical, conceptual and jurisprudential sources for, on the one hand, identify and understand the context that gives rise to its origin and secondly, to analyze its procedural operation in Peru, baring the deficiencies that presents. Hence it is claimed that the Peruvian judicial review is a "model even put together". Finally, it states that the exploration of judicial review serves to clarify some concepts that link it very closely with constitutional interpretation, in the light not only of what holds the current comparison doctrine but also its reception in the jurisprudence of the Peruvian Constitutional Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a comparison between the drug violence in Peru and Colombia. These two countries are the greater cocaine producers in the world, but present different levels of violence. In the case of Peru there are low levels of violence, whilst in the case of Colombia, the levels are high. The paper argues that the cocain cultivation and production in itself is not a source of high levels of violence. The intensity of the violence depends on the presence of other variables that will be proposed and analized here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a weak approach to sustainability, this paper evaluates whether the revenues earned on copper mining have translated into better educational, health, and roadway infrastructure in Peru's extractive zones, both at the district- and departmentwide level, between 2004 and 2013. The results reveal that the infrastructure in places that are home to the extractive industries has indeed improved to a greater degree than in other locations, but only on a small order of magnitude. This weak effect is tied to the State's shaky vision of sustainability and the fact that the regionalization process in Peru is still under way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the agricultural sustainability of the peasant community of Huapra, located in the Andes of Peru; this is a type of high land farming communities. The analysis has been made by applying the methodology framework for the evaluation of management systems of natural resources incorporating sustainability indicators (MESMIS). It has also been measured different performance indicators for the three dimensions considered. Among different results it has been found that Huapra community is based on a self-sufficient or peasant economy, mainly due to the low educational level of the inhabitants. On the other hand, it also has been found a high level of productive diversification. These results are similar to the results of other peasant communities like a study conducted in the peasant community of San José de Cusmapa - Nicaragua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussion on convergence, represented in a variety of academic fields related to communication, has not included production and consumption of content, notwithstanding the relative abundance of references to convergence in Peruvian business and government papers. This is addressed by drafting a definition of convergence analyzing its specific manifestation, trying to generalize how it affects the viability of media industries and the definition of communication policy. Models of convergence are analyzed and an interpretation that helps to understand convergence as a social and cultural phenomenon is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lima has long been a city of Cusco and step towards Machu Picchu, you will not recognize enough attractions apart from the Historic Center of Lima, able to retain the international tourist few days in this city. This paper has tried to delve into the possibility of interest that has remained dormant for decades but the margin of involvement with the industry. The migrant when forced to live in Lima population saw as a social channel to the association of fellow countrymen which resulted in departmental, provincial and district emergency clubs. These clubs became an existential support but also in a «box» to preserve regional culture rural folk. These traditions could be a new product of recreational and cultural attractions that may have a claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies some historical episodes of the travel narrative (1599-1607) by friar Diego de Ocaña as reconstructions recalled from the colonial Peruvian collective memory at the beginning of the Seventeenth century. It starts with some theoretical notions on the distinction between collective and cultural memory and formal historical discourse, and it also ponders on why these notions could be applied to Ocaña's manuscript. Then, passages of Friar Diego's account are analyzed, particularly those on the arrival to Tawantinsuyu of the Spaniards conquistadores and on the actions of the four Pizarro brothers, in order to determine their differences with the historiography on these same topics. Even more importantly, the paper aims to explain how those distinctions between formal historical discourse and Ocaña's narratives show the interaction and conflict of values and of social, political, and cultural interests at the time. This paper argues that the episodes on the Pizarro brothers disclose the necessity to eradicate from collective memory both Gonzalo Pizarro's blemish of sedition and the nefarious actions of the other brothers, Francisco, Hernando, and Juan, while Francisco Pizarro's image is extolled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of Peruvian research studies on mental disorders (MD) published in SciELO-Peru during 2006-2011. Methods: A bibliometric study was conducted that included scientific papers on MD published in medical and psychological indexed journals in SciELO during 2006-2011. Articles with at least one Peruvian author whose main or secondary objectives were any MD were included. Main variables that were analyzed included kind of MD studied, author's affiliation, references and financing sources. Results: A total of 686 papers were identified in six journals, in 51 (7.4%) of these papers a MD was the main objective. Depression, substance abuse and sleeping disorders were the main topics covered. Major financing institutions were Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Seven studies (13.7%) received financial support. Conclusions: Few Peruvian publications on MD were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the evolution of published scientific articles on HIV/AIDS in Peru. Methods. A bibliometric analysis of papers on HIV/AIDS published in journals indexed in MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS until October 2010. We selected research papers fully developed in Peru, and multicenter studies with participating Peruvian sites. Results. We identified 257 publications on HIV/AIDS, showing an increase since 2003. The average publication delay was 2.8±1.8 years. Only 94 (36.6 %) articles were published in Spanish. The most studied areas were epidemiology (36.6 %) and clinical topics (35.8 %). The cross-sectional design was the most frequent (56.8 %) followed by case series. According to the WHO classification, studies to learn more about the disease and risk factors predominated (85.6 %) and according to the intervention areas, 46.7 % focused on diagnosis and treatment. Most studies were conducted in Lima (65.9 %). 48.2 % of studies focused on people living with HIV/AIDS. finally, Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública was the journal that published most articles on HIV/AIDS (9.7 %). Conclusions. We found a growth in scientific production on HIV / AIDS in Peru; however, we believe that the research undertaken was not based on an agreed national agenda or national research priorities, which might have limited its dissemination and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes some ideas regarding the history of the Quyllurit'i pilgrimage by paying close attention to the particularities of the wayri ch'unchu ritual dance. After reviewing the available historic evidence about it, the text proposes that the location of the shrine at the bottom of the Qulqipunku glacier (Ocongate, Cusco) is explained by its liminal position between the Andean highlands and the Amazon. The location of the Qulqipunku, and its difference with the Ausangate, is very evident for the communities living in the surroundings of Qulqipunku. The text proposes that these communities were the main protagonists of the pilgrimage at least until the end of the 19th century. The paper explains why the wayri ch'unchu dancers of these communities -highlanders who represent indigenous peoples of the Amazon- were so important and numerous in the past. Finally, the text shows how the continuous grow of the pilgrimage along the 20th century has meant a progressive marginalization of these communities within the pilgrimage as well as a clear decrease in the preponderance of wayri ch'unchu dancers. The decrease is directly related to attempts to subvert ideologies of social differentiation present in the region that are framed in a broader and ongoing process of de-indianization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its beginnings, and more clearly since the mid 1800, Economics has been resting on the assumption that economic agents make rational decisions, maximizing their utility or well-being according to their own preferences and interests. The economic order resulting from that plurality of rational decisions is regarded as an efficient and Pareto-optimum one. Several authors have questioned the validity of those assumptions, and this has entailed a gradual transformation of the assumptions. This paper discusses the problems faced by the idea of a fully rational Homo economicus, the adjustments and defensive measures adopted by various tendencies within Economics to overcome those problems and counter various related theoretical and methodological criticisms. The paper also discusses more recent conceptions of economic reality that are at variance with the traditional view, especially those linked to behavioural, institutional and evolutionary Economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the amplifier mechanism that has the evolution of exchange rate on the credit cycle in an economy with high financial dollarization, one mechanism that has been called «the exchange rate accelerator». In this scenario, the natural procyclicality between the business cycle and credit cycle goes into the background, but perhaps not fade. The paper develops the theoretical framework underlying the transmission mechanism and shows some stylized facts of Peruvian credit system. The following presents an econometric model with panel data to estimate the effect of exchange rate accelerator on the evolution of credit default in the credit system institutions. From these empirical results, and under Basel II philosophy, the paper discusses how to implement, in banks and other credit institutions, prudential regulation that requires the allocation of provisions and capital for credit risk arising from exchange rate risk caused by foreign currency loans. The basic idea of these measures would help the system to internalize the externalities produced by this non-diversifiable risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the zero coupon yield curve for the Peruvian government bond market. We employ two methods of estimation proposed by Nelson y Siegel (1987) and Svensson (1994). Model performance is evaluated based on criteria of goodness of fit, flexibility and parameter stability, by using alternative objective functions for parameter estimation. The Svensson model shows on average a better adjustment; however, parameter estimates are more unstable when data availability is limited -for example when there is a small number of transactions in the secondary market- in which case is better to use the Nelson y Siegel estimates. At the end of the paper, yield curve estimates are used to derive market expectations of future short term interest rates, that are valuable sources of information for central bank's monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been made of agriculture, especially maize, as a motor for the spread of languages in the New World. Yet, within South America, this predominantly coastal and agro-centric approach risks neglecting another important Andean social and economic package: that of camelid agropastoralism. In this paper I suggest that Andean language spread, particularly in the highlands, cannot be fully explained without properly considering the role pastoralism might have played. Camelid pastoralism was a deep- time, highly specialized and successful adaptation that combined herding and guano production with the cultivation of high altitude crops such as kañiwa, quinoa, maca, oca, olluco and especially the potato. I posit that, through mechanisms such as trade, colonization and war, this suite of animals and cultigens permitted the expansion of particular Andean cultures and their languages across swathes of the highlands. hematically this paper focuses primarily on the emergence of complex agro-pastoralism dating from at least the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000) through to the Late Horizon (AD 1480-1532) in the Central Andean highlands, especially the Áncash region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerrillos is an Early to Middle Paracas civic-ceremonial site located in the upper Ica Valley of Perú. The site is known for its finely plastered adobe architecture, beautifully decorated ceramics, and complex textiles, many of which are decorated with camelid hair. Cerrillos was located in a strategically important place where the mountains meet the coastal desert and the Ica River bends south, a likely intersection in a road system that connected Cerrillos to contemporary sites in the Paracas region and beyond. This paper focuses on several early textiles, ceramics, and other artifacts, including ceramic palettes used for gold working and wooden earspools, that suggest that Cerrillos was involved in a cultural phenomenon or interaction sphere that linked sites as far away was Chavín de Huántar through the interchange of goods, beliefs, and practices. The paper presents a complete description of the textiles excavated at Cerrillos between 1999 and 2002, focusing on two fabric fragments with images of the Staff Deity and one with an abstract Chavín-like design. The ceramics discussed in the text demonstrate the wide variety of styles found at Cerrillos, including some that resemble the Janabarriu of Chavín de Huántar and several others that are either not Paracas or an Early Paracas style that has never been previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hipolito Unanue is considered as the Founding Father of Peruvian medicine. He was closely related to political affairs and he was one of the most important exponents of science during the late colonial period. However, his contributions in what is now called environmental health have been largely unnoticed. This paper presents an analysis of Dr. Unanue's studies, particularly his papers on weather, air, water, and vectors; so this may support the proposal for considering Dr. Hipolito Unanue as a pioneer for environmental health in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the need to examine the graduate and postgraduate studies of the surgeon-dentist in Peru. The presence of an ethic normative in scientific investigation generated by the University is analysed from the training of the professor's point of view. The paper also focuses on the knowledge and attitudes entailed with ethics and bioethics in the odontologist's shaping. The paper deduces that a change of paradigm is an engagement that has to be encouraged through a massive movement that should involve family and academic contours aiming at integrating ethical refection in our daily proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how Peru was benefited from Japan's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) between 1996 and 2005. For this purpose, we are including an econometric model which proves the effects of Japan's GDP, the variation in the wholesale price index in Peru, the GSP ratio and the trade indicator on non-traditional exports between both countries. This research is mainly focused on analyzing the behavior of agro-industrial and fishery products benefited from the GSP, through statistic charts displaying the trends in non-traditional trade. A survey was conducted among to the sixty largest exporters to Japan to determine the awareness and spreading of this tariff benefit system among Peruvian exporters of non-traditional products. To enhance this paper, we provide a matrix of potentials with a classification of Peruvian products exported to Japan in order to identify those that Peru might export according to demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]