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Medicinal plant beverages sold in the streets of Peru constitute traditional nutraceutical foods, that are little studied. Changes and the socioeconomic factors associated with these changes, in the beverages sold in the city of Cajamarca (Peru), were evaluated between 2004 and 2018. Methods included surveys, interviews, direct observation and participatory observation. The number of beverages offered ranged from 6 to 12. The "maca" (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) cart left the market, and the "sugar cane" (Saccharum officinarum L.) juice cart entered. The number of carts increased by 84%, and "orange" [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] juice became the most important. Medicinal species decreased by 26%, with exclusions, inclusions and new combinations, and were recommended for nine types of conditions. Overall demand grew by 251%. The most important factors associated to changes were the growth of the floating population (university students, mining workers, tourists and travelers) and the relevance or "boom" of Peruvian gastronomy. Beverages were able to position themselves in the market and grow through diversification and improvements. This research provides information on dynamics of the beverages and the plants used and has a historical character for the city of Cajamarca and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction and objectives: aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium geni. These fungi contaminate cereals and several other types of food. The pathophysiologic effects of aflatoxins in humans include liver cancer, cirrhosis, and accumulation in human tissues. The study aimed to quantify carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed food sold in the foodstuff markets of 13 districts of the city of Lima, Perú, and to discuss their effects for public health. Methods: in order to so, we performed an immunoenzymatic assay using a Veratox® kit for total aflatoxin to detect aflatoxins in food for human consumption, and the implications of our findings for public health. Results: the most contaminated foods we found included peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) (149.7 ppb) from the Limoncillo market at the Rimac district, and "ají panca" or Peruvian red chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) (56.4 ppb) from the central market at the Comas district. Peanuts may be eaten raw in pasta or creams, and Capsicum chinense is also eaten sometimes raw, always in a sustained manner over time as part of typical Peruvian cuisine. Conclusions: we demonstrated a high risk to public health due to the link between aflatoxins in these foods and mainly liver cancer, in a city where the hepatic cancer and gastric cancer are prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feeding conversion and efficiency of Oreochromis aureus (Cichlidae) hybrids with balanced food of different protein percentage in closed system in Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru was investigated in the Aquaculture laboratory of the National University of Trujillo in 2018. Four 500 l tanks were used with potable water, air system, 100 W thermostat, 60 W recirculation system and 20 L biological mechanical filters. In June 2018, 50 hybrid "blue tilapia" fingerlings were acclimatized in 30 minutes and entered 49 days in quarantine supplying all units with balanced food of 45 and 40% of protein. Then, two treatments and their respective replicas were applied, T1 and R1: 35% and T2 and R2 of 28% in 135 days of rearing. In the research, the feeding conversion and efficiency ranges fluctuated between 1.30 and 2.14; and from 71.43 to 46.60% respectively. It is concluded that the best feeding conversion and efficiency in O. aureus was obtained in T1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication seeks to report the level of contamination of foodstuffs of animal and vegetable origin monitored by a health authority of Peru, namely the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA), in order to inform consumers and national authorities of the current situation of sanitary control of the Peruvian domestic market. Information was obtained from reports posted on the SENASA website. The data considered correspond to those present in evaluation reports of all food types of vegetable and animal origin analyzed in the period 2011-2015. Results for this period show that 202 samples of animal and plant origin were in violation of standards (noncompliant). Overall, 12.68% of food samples of animal origin and 24.87% of food samples of vegetable origin were noncompliant. Over the course of the studied period, a 30.73% increase in the proportion of noncompliant samples was observed, reaching as high as 50%. The levels of contamination of foods of animal and vegetable origin monitored by SENASA are concerning. It is thus recommended that concrete actions be implemented to address this situation, and that these actions be prioritized and planned with the involvement of all actors in Peru's agricultural system in order to introduce the necessary regulatory changes and establish clear, measurable, and achievable indicators of monitoring and control to protect the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivos: Determinar la adherencia a la terapia médica nutricional (TMN) en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en un hospital nacional de nivel III de Lima-Perú y explorar factores asociados. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en 163 pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2 del servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Cayetano Heredia. Se utilizó un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Alimentos (CFA). La valoración calórica y de macronutrientes fue realizada con valores de referencia del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (CENAN). Se definió adherencia al cumplimiento de recomendación de carbohidratos, fibra, lípidos y proteínas según la American Diabetes Association (ADA). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 61,1 ± 10,3 años, con predominancia del sexo femenino (61,9%). El 40,5% tenía instrucción primaria. El 38% de los participantes tenía sobrepeso. El 35,6% de los encuestados fueron adherentes a TMN. El tiempo de enfermedad fue mayor en el grupo adherente (9,8 años vs 7,5 años; p=0,035); la frecuencia de pie diabético del grupo adherente fue tres veces mayor que en los no adherentes (12,1% vs 3,8%; p=0,04). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran una baja adherencia a la TMN. Este estudio da acceso a una de las primeras aproximaciones de la adherencia a TMN en el Perú. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents represent a serious public health problem in Peru, with high costs for society that require the implementation of a set of public policies directed toward its control. Thus, interventions have been proposed as the regulation of advertising of unhealthy foods, self-regulation, the implementation of kiosks healthy and nutritional labeling. From the analysis of the problem of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Peru, this article is a narrative review of such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is assumed that health care education improves life style in hypertensive patients, there is no enough evidence to support its implementation. Objective: Evaluate the effect of health care education on salt ingestion and physical exercise in hypertensive patients. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study based on surveys applied to 179 hypertensive patients who attended the internal medicine and cardiology outpatient clinics from June to July 2009. Chi square test was performed using the SPSS statistical package version 17.0. Results: 67% were females; 69% were older than 60 years of age; 72.1% had secondary school level or superior education level. Health care education was received by 25% of the participants, 22% had received printed material in the last 6 months. Having received health care education was not associated with less salt ingestion or with more physical exercise. Conclusions: Health care education did not influence salt ingestion and physical exercise in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andean region is one of the eight world centers where plant and animal domestication originated. Given that food is a structural factor of social reality, a description is given of the close relationship that Andean men developed with their geographic surroundings, and the plants and animals they domesticated, giving rise to a remarkable culture that united the extraordinary nutritional richness of their traditional food with a food production, conservation and distribution system that led to a civilization who never experienced hunger. Some foods of ancient Peru are briefly described in the following review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to assess the composition of the school lunches, principally the cariogenic foods, of preschool children of a public school. Materials and methods: The study was descriptive and transversal. The lunch boxes were revised for direct observation for students of odontology. Results: Were revised 93 lunch boxes of children between 3 and 5 years old (4,2+/-0,7 años). We found that the 44.3% of lunch boxes content any kind of solid extrinsic sugar. The most frequent was sweet cookies (20,0%) and sweets (15,7%). All lunch boxes content liquid extrinsic sugars, being the most frequent pack juices (32,9%) continued of soft drinks (28,6%). Intrinsic sugars were present in 38,6% of lunch boxes. Conclusions: The sugar most consumed was the liquid extrinsic, in the way of pack juices, continued of solid extrinsic, in the way of sweet cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relationship between energy consumption in 12 to 35 month old Peruvian children and their socio-economic characteristics, poverty, and living places. Material and Methods: Data was obtained from the Food Consumption National Survey for childbearing women and 12 to 35 month old children. The sample included 2907 boys and girls. Food consumption data was obtained using a 24 hour recall method. Information regarding the living place, as well as home characteristics and access to basic services was also included. The population was pooled according to the Non-Satisfied Basic Needs. A less than 75% adequation for energy and nutrient use was defined as deficient consumption. Chi square and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests were used. Results: Percentage of children in poor households was 76.5%, and poverty mostly affects children from rural areas. The percentage of children with energy, carbohydrate, fat, and iron deficiency was more than 35%; the higher the value for Non-Satisfied Basic Needs is, the lower consumption adequation values are found, except for carbohydrates. The main energy supply for poor children comes from carbohydrates. Conclusions: Poverty conditions affecting children have direct influence on their energy, carbohydrate, fat, and iron consumption, and this may bring serious consequences upon their nutritional and health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the effects of the School Breakfast Program (SBP) on the intellectual performance of elementary and primary level school students attended by SBP in Peru, during 2001. Materials and Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study we assessed students of 4 to 13 years (chosen using multi-stage probabilistic sample) from districts attended by SBP, with the Catell 1 (4-8 years) and Catell 2 (9-13 years) cognitive tests, and we calculated the average of total scores and scores for each subtest included in this test. Two methods were used for the identification of children that received the intervention: teacher's evidence of "usual consumption" of the school breakfast and the observation of the consumption during the day of the assessment. Results: 1787 school students were evaluated: 922 of elementary and 865 of primary eduactional level. The proportion of girls and boys was similar. Recent consumption of breakfast showed positive effects in the total scores and specific subtests in Coast and Jungle students of elementary level, using Catell 1 test and in primary level students from the Coast, using Catell 2 test. Regular consumption showed positive effects in the total scores and in the specific tests in elementary school students of Coast and Jungle, using Catell 1 test. Conclusions: There are positive effects due to recent consumption and regular consumption of PDE ration on the intellectual performance, showing a greater effect in students of elementary level and in Coast and Jungle study sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Palometa, de nombre científico Mylossoma duriventre y familia Characidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Ractacara, de nombre científico Psectrogaster amazonica y familia Curimatidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Mota, de nombre científico Pinirampus pirinampu y familia Pimelodidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Doncella, de nombre científico Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum y familia Pimelodidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Sardina, de nombre científico Triportheus angulatus y familia Characidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Bagre, de la familia Pimelodidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física.

This paper presents three cases of eosinophilic migratory nodular panniculits in Perú. This is a parasitic disease caused by a nematode belonging to the Gnathostoma species. The infection occurs after eating contaminated raw fish or undercooked seafood. Our first patient represents the first documented case of eosinophilic migratory nodular panniculits diagnosed in Peru. He had multiple recurrences. The other two cases developed life threatening condition because of the location of the lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Yulilla, de nombre científico Anodus elongatus y familia Hemiodontidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre la especie de pez Manitoa, de nombre científico Brachyplatystoma vaillanti y familia Pimelodidae, mediante muestras sacadas de pesquerías de la región amazona de Perú. Se provee información biológica de la especie, así como un análisis del contenido de ácidos grasos, componentes minerales, y composición física y proximal.

El artículo describe los materiales y métodos de un estudio sobre el análisis química de diversas especies de peces. Se provee un lista de los especies de peces sacadas de pesquerías de las ciudades de Pucallpa, Iquitos, y Puerto Maldonado, todos en la región amazona de Perú. Se determinó el contenido de ácidos grasos con cromatografía de gases, y el contenido de metales con Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica.

El artículo presenta una introducción a los contenidos de la revista, que enfocarán en la distribución de recursos de pesquerías de la amazon tal como paiche, gamitana, y paco. Se describen también estudios a presentarse que discuten aspectos químicos y bromatológicos básicos de los peces comerciales de la Amazonía peruana.