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Introduction: excess weight represents a public health problem due to its associated risk factors. A sedentary lifestyle, an inadequate diet or a decrease in the feeling of satiety are some of the causes. Objetives: to evaluate the satiating properties of the consumption of a functional Iberian broth enriched with phospho-fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in healthy people through the plasma concentration of hormones involved in appetite. Material and methods: acute, crossover, randomized, double-blind and controlled nutritional clinical trial carried out in 18 randomized participants in two treatment sequences (functional broth (CF), composed of 5.6 g POS/100 g and control broth (CC), with 0.4 g of maltodextrin/100 g) with 14 days of washing in between. Satiety-related parameters (glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY) and visual analog scales (VAS) were measured. Results: the percentage of body fat decreased in those who took the CF (-0.15 ± 0.32 vs 0.09 ± 0.52) (p < 0.05). Leptin concentration was higher with CF (p < 0.001), which was shown at time points -30 (p < 0.001), 0 (p < 0.001), 30 (p = 0.026) and 120 (p = 0.049) when compared to CC. The areas under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 (p = 0.0033) and PYY (p = 0.022) were higher for CF as compared to CC. Conclusion: consumption of an Iberian broth enriched with POS improves the plasma concentration of hormones involved in the control of satiety, and reduces the amount of body fat. This result could have beneficial effects for the prevention and treatment of overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a linear reading of the different sayings of Saint John of the Cross, having as its main axis the image of the itinerary, which in a certain sense reflects the inner dynamics of all the sayings of Saint John. The Andújar Manuscript will be divided into five groups which will constitute the five main phases of the itinerary, while the other sayings, collected in different manuscripts, will serve as practical guidelines for these phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research developed a heat map of the Mexican financial system to identify its vulnerabilities. The proposed methodology extends that used by Bank of Mexico (Banxico), and its advantages are: 1) the number of variables is reduced to those originally used by Banxico (from 58 to 23) discarding redundant variables; 2) 22 of the 23 variables are available on public platforms; and 3) the category of "risk appetite" is the item that generates the greatest instability; 4) it generates early warnings of overdue loans and the import index; the latter indicator may have repercussions on Banxico's inflation target. It also discusses how the identified risk factors can be magnified by COVID-19. Finally, the proposed thermal map is novel due to the generation of early warnings, in addition to the fact that such a proposal allows the detection of additional risk elements to those indicated by the Central Bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study take its inspiration from Humberto Giannini's treatment of the "deadly sins" in their negativity, as "evil spirits", in accordance with their meanings in the christian tradition. Here we will keep in mind Giannini's (1997) interpretation of those "evil spirits," focusing on the "sins" of lust and gluttony, and placing this interpretation in relation with other meanders of self-interest that are worth considering for a reflection on pleasure. It goes without saying that we will always fall short of a thorough development of such a reflection, given the unlimited relational possibilities of pleasure that surpass the restricted experience, imagination and speculative capacities of each individual person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: conflicts are part of human relationships. Few studies have looked at the conflicts that food can produce at the end of life, the factors that affect its appearance, and the way to manage them. This knowledge would help healthcare teams to improve the care of these patients and their families. Aim: to analyze the existence of a family conflict linked to food in palliative-care oncological patients, its management, and the influence on their appearance of changes in diet, diet control, need to eat, support, adaptation to disease, and the association of feeding with survival, quality of life, and care. Methods: the design of the study was cross-sectional. Data from 57 palliative-care oncological patient-family caregiver pairs were collected through a validated ad hoc interview and the PACIS scale. The data was analyzed through content analyses and descriptive and inferential analyses. Results: patients and caregivers recognized the existence of conflict related to the patient's diet (49.1% and 54.4%), with approximately 30% managing it in an inappropriate way. None of the analyzed variables was statistically significant in relation to conflict appearance (considering p < 0.05), except patient need to eat (χ² = 9.163, p = 0,027). Conclusions: family conflict due to patient feeding is reported as a problem that requires reflection, analysis, and intervention by the healthcare team, given that all factors involved in its appearance could not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to analyze Leibniz's distinction between sensitive apperception and 'conscientia' through his monadological ontology, with the intention of lighten the constitutive differences between the three types of monads that Leibniz state, that is, between bare monads, souls and spirits. By proving this, my approach not only argues against the standard conceptions of Leibniz's notion of apperception, which ends attributing apperception only to the specific case of spirits, but it also places the Hanoverian proposal between two contemporary lectures: on one side, an approach that understand apperception as a high order reflexive act, that is, a perception of a perception; on the other side, an approach that distinguishes sensible apperception from 'conscientia' in order to privilege a first order theory for the first one, reserving the reflective acts only for the second. Even when the textual evidence is closer to the last one, there are some elements of the first approach that allow us to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Aquinas' work provides an integral approach of the phenomenon of acedia that allows to understand it at different levels. In fact, it may be seen from two different and complementary points of view, resulting in a "typology" of acedia: on the one hand, it is understood as a voluntary sinful act and on the other hand, as a pre-moral passionate movement that results from two sources: first, the very being of man as a fallen creature (in this case, one could speak of an ontological causality, as we lack a more accurate term) and second, from biopsychosocial determinisms. In any case, these are states that include possible psychopathological projections, although these are based on different causal explanations. These explanations reveal an anthropological concept that accurately distinguishes the psychic sensitive plane from the spiritual plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One in six people in the world is a teenager. Sixteen percent of the diseases in this population are mental health problems. Mental health problems are related to school problems. The study describes mental health problems in the underachieving population. Methodology: Cross-sectional observational study, 784 students participated in the study, the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was applied to all students. Results: 20.4% consume psychoactive substances, 35.3% present mood alterations, 34.8% present anhedonia. Depressive picture in 19.6%, alterations of weight and appetite in 12.8%, sleep alterations 17.3%, 19.3% ideas of handicap, suicidal ideation 23.2% and family dysfunction in 55.9% of the population. Discussion: Explicit mental health in the population with low school performance allows reflection on two-way direction. Palabras clave: rendimiento escolar bajo, abandono escolar, salud mental, características de la población (Fuente: DeSC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the nutritional content and energy density of foods is related to greater control of appetite, satiety and reducing food intake.Methods/subjects: the randomized crossover study included 20 healthy women, aged 20 and 30 years with a BMI of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2 and who completed that included 3 day trial comparing 8 hours 130 kcal snacks consumed afternoon: yoghurt with added whey protein (PSL), biscuits and chocolate. Participants consumed a standardized menu; snack was consumed 3 hours after lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were evaluated during the afternoon until dinner voluntary intake ad libitum. They repeat the same snack 3 times.Results: consumption of yogurt with PSL led to a further reduction of appetite in the afternoon in front of the snack of chocolate and biscuits (p < 0.001). No differences of appetite in the afternoon between chocolate vs cookies but significant difference between yogurt with PSL and other treatments (p < 0.001) were detected. At snack, yogurt there was a significant reduction in caloric intake compared to other snacks (p < 0.001) and a later request for dinner with about 45 minutes apart.Conclusions: snacks with less energy density and rich in protein (yogurt with PSL) improve the control of appetite, satiety and reduces food intake in healthy women later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optogenetics is a technology that uses the effect of light on photosensitive ion channels. These can be opened, as in the case of rhodopsin channel-2 (ChR2), with a net effect of depolarization, or as the channel of halo rhodopsin, NpHR, in which light produces an inhibition of ionic currents. Currently there are more molecular tools of this type, which are used for in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies, which express this type of cell membrane proteins, by genetic manipulation (knock-in). Articles that used this type of optogenetic technology was reviewed, especially those of the role of two neuropeptides that regulate from the lateral hypothalamus different sleep stages and eating behavior. Orexins, also called hypocretins, are two neuropeptides, which selectively suppress sleep and sleep with rapid eye movement (REM sleep). Mutation in one of their receptors, orexin subtype two, has detected as the agent in Doberman dogs narcolepsy. While narcolepsy in humans, it has been proposed as autoimmune disease. The other neuropeptide studied was melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), which is also located in the lateral hypothalamus. Their function in sleep is to increased REM sleep, and promoting feeding behavior by calorie deficiencies. While orexin have a role on the consumption of palatable foods, even when calorie needs are already met. The knowledge of optogenetics confirmed by the interaction of these two neuropeptides in the regulation of sleep and eating behavior, can help to understand health problems such as childhood morbid obesity, where sleep deficiency correlates inversely with the increase the body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate feeding practices that restrict the child to obtain the required quality and quantity of food, can promote the occurrence of malnutrition in them. This study related behaviors and eating habits with appetite in 97 children under two years with primary malnutrition receiving outpatient nutritional care in the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano during the period 2000 - 2010. In order to achieve this, the following variables were described: appetite and those into the categories of eating behaviors and eating habits, which were reported in the dietary histories at baseline and at 3±2 months after starting the nutritional treatment of the children. Statistical tests were applied to assess changes and the relationship between such variables (McNemar´s, Chi-squared, and Fisher tests). Initially, more than half of the children had inadequate dietary behaviors and habits, some of them had significant association (p-value <0.050) with the poor or fair appetite (presence of distracting elements; incorrect meal schedule, place and duration; improper caregiver response; inadequate protein, carbohydrate, and folate adequacies and the incorrect introduction of complementary foods). After 3±2 months, significant changes (p-value <0.050) were observed in eating behavior, appetite and some eating habits (calcium adequacy; vegetables, fruit, fat, and miscellaneous consumption frequency; types of preparations; dilution and amount of whole milk or formula and number of main meals per day). In conclusion, the nutritional treatment in children with primary malnutrition changes inadequate eating behaviors and habits associated with their poor or fair appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced by his appetitive desire to look at some corpses, Leontius can not resist and, furiously, yields to the temptation and looks at them (Republic 439e–440a). The episode tries to show that the spirited and the appetitive are two different parts of the soul. If there is no intervention of rationality, the question is: according to which parameter the thymós considers that looking at the corpses is something that must not be done? If, like some scholars believe, thymós is guided by values given by the logistikón, then Leontius would be an incontinent agent. In this paper we shall try to show that, according to several passages of books VIII and IX of the Republic, Leontius is not an incontinent agent since the spirited part of his soul challenges the appetitive part not because of rational principles but because the values it defends on itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctor in pediatric outpatient always find a family concerned and distressed by an alteration in what relates to the appetite. 4 DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), disruption of food is the persistence of not eating properly, leading to a deficit in weight gain or significant weight loss for at least 1 month. It is estimated that eating disorders affect between 20 to 80% of children worldwide, being higher in children with family problems and is associated with alterations in development. The etiology of food refusal, in most cases correlates with stages of growth and development as well as the influence of parents in the fulfillment of the feeding ritual. Doctors and pediatricians in particular we must have an orderly approach to the evaluation of the child with an eating disorder, and this approach should include looking for red flags that indicate serious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the digestive symptoms that occur in the treatment of children with cancer, either gy chemotherapy, radiotherapy, drug therapy or underlying these the same disease per se, include nausea, vomiting, diarrea, constipation and the decline and loss of appetite. They, along with the loss of physycal activit and changes in eating habits, can lead to malnutrition. Need and then make some suggestions preventive nutrition and childcare, to avoid the morbidity secondary to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marihuana use has effects on appetite; studies in the literature on this topic area are limited. The aim of our work was to evaluate the dietary intake of marihuana smoking patients. Patients and methods: A total of 32 male subjects were enrolled (average age 37.25 ± 8.8 years). In all patients were determined weight, height and body mass index and a three days nutritional questionnaire. Results: Total calories intakes were higher (3,350.1 ± 979 kcal/day). Distribution of calories was 44.3% of carbohydrates, 14% of proteins and 41.7% of lipids (50.6% mono-unsaturated fats, 36.3% saturate fats and 13.1% polyunsaturated fats). Total protein intake was 109.6 ± 38.5 g/day and corrected by weight was 1.62 ± 0.73 g/kg. Low intake of vitamin D, E, folic, magnesium and iodine were detected. High intake of vitamin A, C, K, thiamine, riboflavine, B6, niacin, B12, calcium, iron and zinc were observed. No statistical differences in dietary intake or weight were detected between groups of marihuana users by median of consumption time of this drug. Conclusions: Marihuana smoking patients realized a hypercaloric and hyperproteic diet, with high amounts of fats and with an intake of micronutrients above international recommendations. This dietary intake has not related with weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modulators that diminish appetite and increase metabolic calorie needs at hypothalamus level are synthesized in different tissues: gastrointestinal system (glucagons-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, cholecystokinin and oxyntomodulin), the endocrine system (insulin, beta effects of adrenalin, and estrogens), adipose tissue (leptin, visfatin and omentin-1), peripheral nervous system (noradrenaline beta effects) and central nervous system (corticotropin released hormone, melanocortin, agouti protein, cocacine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and MCH). Those factors increasing appetite and lower basal metabolism comes from gastrointestinal system (ghrelin and growth hormone re lease hormone from pancreas), and central nervous system (neuropeptide Y, orexins and cannabinoids). In the hypothalamus, the neural and neuroendocrine afferents are integrated with the purpose of regulate appetite (hunger or satiety signals), and metabolic needs (increasing or decreasing basal metabolism and brown adipose tissue thermoregulation efficacy) according to body energy balance. The arcuate nucleus contains 2 main cellular systems: one rich in proopiomelanocortin (precursor of alpha melanocytes stimulating hormone and agonist of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors), which decreases appetite, and other rich in neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide which increase appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolism of the organism requires a certain energy expenditure that must be compensated by foods and drinks of the diet. Thus, the energy requirements are defined as the amount of energy necessary to maintain the health, the growth and an appropriate level of physical activity. In balance situations, the adjustment between the ingested energy and the daily energy expenditure is reached through different mechanisms that they regulate the appetite and the energy expenditure, avoiding great variations in the weight throughout the time and, therefore, the caloric malnutrition and obesity. The measurement of the energy expenditure contributes an objective data in the nutritional handling of hospitalized and ambulatory patients. One of the used methodologies to make the measurement is the direct or indirect calorimetry. The theoretical base of the calorimetry assures exactitude when the measurement is made under suitable conditions. The indirect calorimetry constitutes the method of more frequent application in clinic, adapting to be used in all type of patients whereas the direct calorimetry is reserved for studies of investigation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composition and quantity of food in-taken varies considerably between one meal and another, or between one day and the following. Non biological factors — such as emotional, social, day time, feasibility in the type of food, and cost- are, among others, factors that in some way affect the degree of energy in-take by food, which generally is not related with daily energy expenditure. These phenomena represent an active process of regulation that is characterized by the balance between signs that stimulate hunger, called orexigenics and those that produce satiation to stop intake, called anorexigenics, that promotes the stability in the quantity of corporal energy manifested as fat. In this feeding regulatory process there are many molecular signs that participate and regulate the in-take of behaviour food for homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]