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Disinformation has become a core concept in communications research, related to media, technological and political phenomena that complexify its definition and diagnosis. Although its approach has been mainly quantitative, focus groups have also been used to understand the perception of the audience of this particular issue. This research is part of this second group of studies, and attempts to investigate the notions and discourses on disinformation in the case of Spain. For this purpose, seven discussion groups were conducted, with a structural sample constructed according to employment situation, ideology and age. The results show a perception of the communicative ecosystem structured in two chronological poles, which contrasts a past of reduced information supply – associated with traditional media – with a current informational environment where there is more media diversity, but also less trust in them. The groups point to the overabundance of information and associated disinformation with decontextualisation, low-quality journalism and the economic and political interests of different actors. Discourses outline a scenario of decline in journalism and the public sphere, which is perceived as polarised and emotional. Disinformation is therefore perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon that is associated with issues of major democratic transcendence rather than merely sending hoaxes through the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers have been affected by a progressive loss of readership over the last decade, especially among those under 24 years old. This group continues to stay informed about topics of their interest, but through social networks. For this reason, the press has incorporated a playful, immersive, and participatory journalism based on technologies such as virtual reality or 360 videos. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of data obtained from eye tracking, and by subsequently performing semi-structured interviews, this research verifies the attention paid by Spanish and Portuguese university students to violent, immersive, journalistic content. Students' understanding and awareness of this informative material with violent events is analyzed. The capability of immersive journalism to capture the attention of the public under 24 years old and to raise awareness about social problems based on visualization of violent content is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunities offered by information and communication technologies have allowed many people to become political content creators. Usually, the produced content is not based on information made by professionals. The objective of this work is to analyze the relation between the tracking of political information in professional media and the production of political content in non-professional media. The study performs a secondary analysis of the data obtained by applying the statistical method to surveys published by the Spanish Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas between 2011 and 2016. Results show that there is a strong relation between the participation in blogs and forums and the use of the Internet to become informed about politics. It is also observed that there exists an association between the creation of political content and the tracking of programmes about politics on press, radio and television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant changes in journalism over the last decade has been the participation of citizens in the information process, establishing various forms of interaction with professional journalists and the media. This development has established a new journalistic culture based on dynamic interaction with the audience that improved information processes in various ways. However, this active role of the audience can not substantiate the so called citizen journalism, because it lacks the necessary conditions to ensure quality information that secures constructive and civilized public debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdsourcing and crowdmapping tools such Ushahidi (testimony or witness in Swahili) give value to the communication chain. They allow individuals, institutions, and journalistic organizations to take advantage of the flow of information provided by the users, although the process is not without some difficulties. Ushahidi, based on free software, offers a broad range of applications to be used in media contexts. First, Ushahidi focuses on data through a participatory map of georeferenced information and then it addresses the verification of the information provided by the citizens. From the analysis of the bibliography and some study cases, we describe a specific area of collaboration between professional journalists and citizen journalists in the creation, distribution, and verification of content. International media which have used Ushahidi include The guardian, BBC, Al jazeera and Huffington post. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article do an approach to the impact of citizen activism during the earthquake of Ecuador on April 16, against the responsiveness of the mass media. The methodology considers the review of the activity of users on Twitter with two tools: Trendinalia and Twitter Reach, during 24 hours following the earthquake. First results indicate the importance of the user activity for informative production; however, Twitter, as an anarchic tool, it was evident the quantity of sources and much of the information was made about emotional issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceptions of journalists who work in traditional media with an online version and journalists working in online native media about the advantages and disadvantages of digital journalism in realtion to conventional one are compared. Citizen participation in the informative processes is analyzed, as well as some ethical and deontological journalism principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the evolution of environmental dissemination in on-line press through new tools for the transmission of the information provided by the Internet. First, the paper studies the transformation of the role of the journalist as a mediator of environmental information. This function is regressing because of the crisis of print media and also for the role of new voices on the Internet -scientists, environmentalists, specialized institutions, citizen journalism. At the same time, it explores the influence of the incorporation of intertextuality, hyperlinks and feedback from readers on the environmental message. On the other hand, it addresses to a key issues such as the immediacy in content transmission -with the risks to avoid sensationalism and superficiality or guarantee the contrast- and its impact in environmental story, characterized by its complexity. In addition, the fragmentation of audiences that contribute to both digital media such as social networks is also addressed. The article concludes with the presentation of the new challenges in the environmental dissemination in environment digital journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social network burst in the Spanish Radio in the period between 2009-2010, transforming profoundly the relation with the listeners, and enriching significally the emission. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of this symbiosis among media, in addition to the disparate benefit among various distant channels regarding this new tool. We will test out this decisive use, but incipient, and the clear superiority of Facebook over Twitter, the two most used platforms. Regarding the profile of whom they manage today the network in the Radio Station, it is notable that there is a lack of specific training in the community management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the notion of public journalism in Colombia, focusing on a critical reading of the work of Colombian researcher Ana María Miralles of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana in Medellin (Colombia). The author discusses how Miralles emphasizes the role of mass media in Latin American democratic regimes and the reality-constructing effect of news production and publishing. She also considers her criticism of traditional journalism and points out the distinction made by Miralles between civic and public journalism.

The new multimedia forms, consist of properties that include information and documentation that can attract the interest of different people of a certain relatively small geographical area. These new fusions, their ways of presentations, reflections and management displayed on the computer screen, or other system of displays, which are present in different parts of the city are not easy to understand. This article shows the increase of knowledge which can manifest have a variety of experimental subjects in two digital infographics displays of local interest. We have selected people with cultural issues of an organic nature, which can in order to measure and compare the response they have through visual aids and synthetic clarifying, through digital infographics with miscellaneous descriptions, narrations or interpretations, equally or more effective than classical texts or the endless and troublesome videos, which often have bandwidth problems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the digital media have opened their doors to so-called citizen journalism. Nevertheless, far from some declarations that present the reader as another journalist, the reality is very different. This article compares the sections of informative participation in four digital editions of printed newspapers from 2009 to nowadays in order to analyze two aspects: whether the media frankly trust the readers, beyond inviting them to play at being journalists; and what is the reader's response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen Journalism has questioned the value of the journalistic profession and it has been suggested that it gradually might replace it. This article summarizes part of the results of a Chilean research and analyzes the applicability of the concept "citizen journalism" from the viewpoint of the players. From 12 in depth interviews with people in charge of media that follow the phenomenon, and from 190 surveys to citizens enrolled in them, it concludes that it shouldn't be denominated as "journalism". It must be considered as a "citizen complement" to the informative panorama. It could be a contribution but not a substitute of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quick technological development registered on the Media in the past twenty years has specially affected its written aspects, although the main focus was on the audiovisual field initially. This brisk pace has taken place in the informative writting due to the intensive introduction of modern technology which has produced a relevant tools and methods convergency between fields previously apart, as were informative data and journalistic reporterism. Both fields have found and developped a convergence level reached thanks to the Cybernetic World, and even merge in the so called Journalism 2.0 or Citizen Journalism. In there data researchers and journalists use the same tools and methods through Internet. At the same time, multinational and multidisciplinary companies get together to form world wide corporations operating on database as well as on spreading journalistic reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual relationships between what has been called citizen journalism, participatory journalism and crowdsourcing journalism in the context of the evolution of user-generated content (UGC) in the media are examined. The research on user participation in the media, since the first studies of interactivity to the most recent work addressing specific issues such as quality or control, is also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are imposing a radical reform in journalism and media education. Without a strategic, participatory pedagogical vision, journalism and media literacy will not work to the advantage of the plan for a democratic and inclusive information society. By the same token, they will be unable to reduce the gap experienced world-wide between training and employment, nor will they have a positive impact on Government or media operators' policies, nor on the practices of professionals and citizens, particularly in cyberspace. The media are a source of knowledge, a development tool, a citizenship matrix, a source for construction of the «social being» and peace. The ultimate issue is the advent of an inclusive information society, and particularly in the countries of the South, its solid emergence depends on an «emancipation journalism». This must be the objective of all media education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses online journalistic media formats with an emphasis on blogs. It asserts that the Internet has expanded the ways in which people can participate in journalism. Blogs, wikis, online social networks, forums, chat rooms, instant messaging, and news groups represent what has come to be known as social media, the article says. Social media have led to so-called citizen or participatory journalism, in which the power of public communication, circulation of information, and the setting of agendas has been devolved from traditional media entities to citizens, the article adds. Blogs as a journalistic medium are examined in detail.

Letters to the editor is a modality of participative journalism that allows the establishment of communicative bonds among readers, media and other actors of the public space of discussion. In this article an analysis of Letters to the column of La Nación is made from the pragmatic theory of the speech acts. Interest is centered in establishing the intentions of the readers who send these messages to the newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship between online publishing and citizen participation. The journalistic shift from print to digital publishing, the incidence of high-speed Internet access on user demand for content, and the effect of Web 2.0 technologies on user participation and content creation are noted. Citing researcher Steve Outing's 2005 article "The 11 Layers of Citizen Journalism," several types of user involvement are considered including reader comments, the journalistic use of blogs, and reader-created content. The author explores how these different levels of user involvement are present in independent online news site Soitu.es.

The article reports on efforts by Steffen Leidel and Elena Ern to improve the quality of content on Latin American blogs and related forms of on-line citizen journalism through "blog re-visto" (www.revisto.de), a project of the German entity Deutsche Welle Akademie. It distinguishes between citizen news gathering and professional journalism, noting that news presented according to journalistic principles carries the highest quality, credibility, and overall value. Finding that Internet connectivity is increasing and improving in Latin America, the article describes the greatest challenge to citizen reporting as ensuring content quality.