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Objective. To establish the prevalence, diversity and antimicrobial resistance of the zoonotic species of Arcobacter in healthy pigs at slaughterhouse level. Material and methods. Fifty fecal samples were taken by rectal swabs from healthy pigs, before the beginning of the slaughter at the slaughterhouse of Loja city, Southern Ecuador. Sampling was done by means of a non-probabilistic method for convenience. Isolation of Arcobacter strains was done by microbiological methods and species identification using biochemical and molecular (multiplex PCR) tests. Antimicrobial behavior was performed using the disk diffusion method. Results. The four zoonotic species of Arcobacter were found. The isolation rates were A. thereius (18.0%), A. skirrowii (18.0%), A. cryaerophilus (6.0%) and A. butzleri (2.0%). High resistance to ciprofloxacin was found and multi-resistant strains were isolated from these four species. Conclusions. The fecal carriage of the zoonotic species of Arcobacter was demonstrated in pigs at slaughterhouse level. These species showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin being isolated muti-resistant strains among these four species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To satisfy the regulations for water supply suitable for human consumption is one of the main objectives of the drinking water treatment plants. The above, given the pollution of the supply sources and the climatic changes that put at risk the components of the system in general. This paper analyzes the turbidity as an indicator parameter of the purification process in a municipal plant, by determining the level of correlation that the turbidity shows with other parameters and according to historical records between the years 2011 and 2015. Thus, by sampling and testing the influent and effluent that is periodically performed for the plant to measure the water quality supplied to the community it is possible to determine the levels of the water quality parameters, and the Pearson's linear correlation coefficients are also calculated between these. In conclusion, turbidity shows a significant positive linear correlation with fecal coliforms (r = 0.70), total coliforms (r = 0.40), and apparent color (r = 0.40). Additionally, turbidity and fecal coliforms show the best correlations, offering two linear regression models for the forecast of each variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, domestic and farming activities take place along its margins of the Cienega de Tlahuac and affect the water through runoff. In view of this, the study evaluated the water quality and compared it to data which was published 20 years ago. The results showed high conductivity due to surrounding farming runoff rich in fertilizers, hard water with a high sulfate content, an alkaline pH, an oxygen content that varied from anoxia or hypoxia to oversaturation, a hypereutrophication due to high levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus, and contamination due to fecal coliform bacteria. These data are higher than those of 20 years ago and indicate a bad water quality, particularly hypereutrophic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is a member of the normal microbiota of the gut of mammals and due to its metabolic versatility it can survive in natural ecosystems. The survival of E. coli in aquatic ecosystems requires this microorganism to overcome environmental stress. Although multiple investigations are carried out to assess the prevalence of E. coli in the environment as an indicator of fecal contamination, few focus on the study of the phenotypic characteristics of the environmental strains of this important microorganism. The objective of this research was to determine the biochemical profiles of E. coli strains isolated from aquatic environments with conventional tests and the Entero Well D–One system. In total, 61 isolates of E. coli were collected from September 2017 to January 2018 from water samples of the Almendares, Quibú and Luyanó rivers of Havana. A total of 90.1% of isolates identified had agreement between Entero Well D-One and conventional techniques for identification at genus and species level. Twenty seven different biochemical profiles were obtained between the E. coli strains. The 63.6% presented atypical profiles due to the negative reaction of the biochemical tests like production of the β-D-galactosidase enzyme, decarboxylation of the aminoacids lysine and ornithine and use of sorbitol. The presence of E. coli strains with atypical biochemical profiles shows that E. coli pathotypes could be found in the waters of the rivers of Havana and therefore the use of these waters implies a hygienic-sanitary risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective to monitoring the current situation of the indicators of quality of the underground waters and to establish the measures to reach the appropriate parameters for the irrigation activities, supply to the cattle raising and the human consumption, was carried out a diagnostic study of the available underground waters for the agricultural sector in selected productive units and important communities of the municipality Jimaguayú, using as approach the established norms for the quality of the water. It was carried out an analysis of the results of the physic-chemical and bacteriological samplings in the evaluated points. As a result of the study was determined that the waters are affected in many of the observed points, with danger of salinity with high values of electric conductivity and of toxicity to the crops due to the high tenors of sodium and chlorine in the sources corresponding to the dairies 5-29 and 12-11 and the well 1 of the dairy 12-2 used for the irrigation, and the presence of nitrates and fecal contamination in the sources dedicated to the human consumption in the dairies, being concluded that it will be necessary to apply measures that allow to improve the quality of the underground waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human fecal pollution in water constitute a serious risk to the public health, nevertheless the indicator microorganisms commonly used to detect the levels of fecal pollution does not identify the specific source. The detection of certain Bifidobacterium species as B. adolescentis and B. dentium have been proposed as an effective marker of human fecal contamination, but this has not yet been demonstrated in tropical environmental conditions. The aim of the present work was to determine the Bifidobacteria profile in one sample of water from the Mesolandia Swamp in the Colombian Caribbean and feces samples of 260 human and 94 domestic animals from a human settlement around the swamp. DNA from all the samples was amplified by PCR using specific specie primers based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and separated by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). DGGE bands were excised, reamplified, sequenced, and compared to GenBank database. Bifidobacterial DGGE profiles showed that eight species of Bifidobacterium that were found in the water sample, were also present in the human and animal feces. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and B. dentium described as potential human fecal pollution indicators were found in domestic animals. In this study under the environmental and experimental conditions evaluated was not possible to find a Bifidobacterium species as specific marker of human fecal contamination in tropical areas. However, the applied method in this study could be useful to detect fecal pollution in tropical waters allowing a nearest approximation to the origin of the fecal pollution compared with cultural traditional methods, since it was possible to find identical DNA sequences in the water and in the fecal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium perfringens is considered an important indicator of fecal contamination that can signal the presence of pathogenic microorganisms of difficult and costly detection, and the effectiveness of filtration processes in water purification. This work aimed to verify the methodology of the ISO Standard 14189:2013 for the determination and quantification of C. perfringens in drinking water through the membrane filtration method at the facilities of the Microbiology Laboratory in the Research Group on Environmental Management and Modeling (GAIA), University of Antioquia. The data showed the Laboratory is suitable for obtaining precise and accurate results compared to the referenced acceptance criteria of ISO 14189: 2013 and those of GTC 84, 2003. Accordingly, under the same test conditions, the laboratory is suitable, allowing it to deliver reliable and timely results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research are: a) to determine the presence of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. in San Juan River collected upstream from the mouth of the Los Tapones Stream (Site 1) and in its confluence with the above mentioned river (Site 2); b) to correlates the variations in bacterial population densities between themselves, with the variations in the flow rate and the water temperature of the river. Two samples of water and its temperature were collected from each location (December 2008–November 2009). The results that were obtained have allowed establishing the presence of E. coli in both locations; no significant differences were detected between them. As regards Shigella and Salmonella, their population densities at Site 1 were significantly lower (P= 0.0358 and P= 0.0045 respectively) than the ones measured at the Site 2. E. coli populations were positively correlated with the Salmonella and Shigella bacteria (P= 0.03). Besides, the variations in the Salmonella populations were positively correlated with the water temperature (P= 0.01), whereas Shigella populations were inversely correlated with the flow rate (P= 0.02). These results would indicate a serious deterioration in the water quality of San Juan River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted from March to July 2005 in order to determine the capacity of removing fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) at "La Totora" Residual Waters Treatment Plant (RWTP) in the city of Ayacucho, Perú. Analyses were performed at the microbiology laboratory of the plant, where 70 water samples were analyzed. In order to quantify FCB, the Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) technique was employed and for BOD5, respirometry was used. With the results we calculated the percentage of FCB removal and BOD5 using the following formula: Removal% = [(C affluent-C effluent) / C tributary]x 100. The ability of BCF removal at "Totora" RWTP was 99.9850%, evacuating effluents with an average amount of 1.29 x 105 MPN/100 ml. This is poor, because to achieve an average amount of <103 MPN / 100 ml of BCF (Class III waters, General Law on Waters, DL 17752) RWTP should have a capacity of the removal of 99.9999%. BOD5 removal was 86.2%, with 46.35 mg / l evacuating effluents. This is also poor in relation to what is stated in the General Law on Waters. DL 17752 for Class III waters, which establishes a maximum concentration of 15 mg / l. In order to attain this concentration a removal of about 95.5947% would be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]