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Introduction: The study of the immune system is gaining more relevance in aquaculture resulting from increases in intensive shrimp culture, and the ensuing step up of viral and bacterial diseases. Aim. To provide updated information of the advances associated with the understanding the immune system of shrimps, particularly penaeid shrimp. Development: The innate immune system of shrimps contains passive and active elements, physical barriers, and humoral-cellular branches, respectively. In recent years, the term trained immunity was added as another key element of immune response against pathogens. Emphasis is made on the acceptance of classifications of hemocytes based on molecular parameters, the advancement in understanding antiviral response through interference RNA, the creation of databases of new antimicrobial peptides, and the evaluation of enzymatic activities as modulators of the immune response. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanisms that mediate the innate and trained immunity, such as shrimp cytokines, permit the implementation of new strategies for disease control in shrimp culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine species has been historically of high importance to the human beings as a provision animal. Therefore, it is highly important to care and protect this species. There are different diseases attacking the bovines around the world, such as the bovine anaplasmosis. This non-experimental research in the field aims to evaluate the dynamics of anti-Anaplasma antibodies and to determine when the animal has an active infection. To do so, a population of 35 female calves was used from the production unit in the town Crespo, Lara State, Venezuela. Female calves, from 0 to 7 days born, were taken blood samples in test tubes with anticoagulant. Then a white smear test was carried out and the hematocrit was determined. Samples without anticoagulant were taken to do an indirect immunofluorescence test. The calves were taken blood samples every 15 days in order to complete 12 samples from each individual calf. For the data analysis, the statistical test X2 from the software Epi Info v.3.5.4 was used. Positive tests accounted for 79.05% of the samples and seropositiveness for Anaplasma marginale reached 100%. It is concluded that the high values resulting from the serologic tests indicate that these animals have an immune memory, which means, in turn, that they were not necessarily infected at the time of being taken the samples. Likewise, this study confirms that this species is able to create a pre-immunity condition to the anaplasmosis at an early age and to keep it for a long term. This way, they reach an enzootic balance in the production unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugate vaccines consisting of bacterial polysaccharides linked through a covalent bond to a carrier protein have a major impact on childhood immunization schemes which have dramatically decrease the incidence of bacterial infections. In the case of Streptococcus pneumoniae more than 90 serotypes have been reported, based on the structure of the polysaccharide capsules and at least 23 of them have demonstrated clinical importance. A limited number of 7 or more recently 10 and 13 are included in licensed conjugate vaccines. On the other hand, the increasing need for these vaccines worldwide requires the incorporation of new manufacturers who are facing highly complex technology since the entire conjugation process can not affect the structural features for which the polysaccharide is immunologically recognized. Our paper provides a conjugation procedure for the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14. The process includes fragmentation, peryodic oxidation and subsequent conjugation to tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid to the polysaccharide, each intermediate was characterized by physico-chemical methods. Yields higher than 50% were obtained in all reactions. The conjugates generated high titers of IgG specific antibodies and immunological memory. In conclusion, the procedure allows immunogenic conjugates of serotype 14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive transversal study of N. meningitidis carriers involving 189 students of 12-19 years old of a Polytechnic School in Ciego de Avila province was carried out. This study aimed at knowing the prevalence of N. meningitidis carriers, the epidemiological markers as well as risk factors associated to carrier state and to basal immune response to VA-MENGOC-BC® in teenagers. Blood sample and pharyngeal swab tests were carried out to the students, in addition a survey was performed to find out aspects of research. Identification of N. meningitidis was carried out by API NH system (bioMérieux). Sero-subtypes and immunotypes were classified by whole cell ELISA with monoclonal antibodies, and basal immune response was detected by Serum Bactericidal Assay (SBA). Antimicrobial susceptibility of strains to Penicillin, Chloramphenicol, Rifampicin, Sodic Sulfadiazine, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacine was determined. Prevalence of N. meningitidis was 17%. Non groupable strains were predominant (84.7%), followed by serogroups B (12.5%) and Z (3.1%), serogroup C was absent. Phenotype NA:NT:P1.NST:L3.7.9 (12.5%) prevailed, resistant strains to sulfadiazine (78.2%) and sensitive to penicillin (81.3%), though 18.7% showed intermediate sensitivity to this drug. All strains were sensitive to the remaining antimicrobial drugs. Memory immune response to meningococcal vaccine (VA-MENGOC-BC®) was observed , 12 years after its application, with anti C and B bactericidal titers of 25 and 42% respectively. We consider that these results may be influenced by systematic immunization that is carried out with this vaccine in Cuba since 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]