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The manifestations of infants with both parents in the first year of life constitute a valuable tool for assessing the course and quality of the attachment they develop with them. However, there are no updated and contextualized descriptions in Cuba, so the present study was proposed to characterize the manifestations of Cuban infants in relation to their mother and father during the formation of attachment in the first year of life. A qualitative methodological approach and a Multiple Case Study design with nine triads are adopted. The results reflect that in the pre-attachment period are found the origins of the differentiated affective relationship of infants with their parents are found, manifesting a preferential interaction with them in the presence of a stranger, while during the attachment in formation it is much more discriminate with the mother. In the attachment stage, infants show interest in maintaining proximity to both parents, but tend to use the mother as an emotional refuge and show greater affective expressiveness when reunited with her than with the father. These results are similar to those described in Attachment Theory regarding the development of attachment at this stage and show that the infants' manifestations are indicators of the formation of a progressive affective relationship with their parents that goes through different stages during in the first year and is first formed with the mother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Bayley scales are a widely reported tool for the evaluation of development in the first years of life. Studies comparing the second edition (BSID-II) and the third (B-III) report higher than expected scores using B-III, others assume that the BSID-II places higher demands on various populations. There are no reports in the Spanish-speaking population. OBJECTIVE: Compare scores and classification of both versions in children with a history of perinatal risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study in 671 children from 0 to 42 months, with a history of perinatal risk. The BSID-II and B-III scales were used. Each participant was evaluated in a single session. Average scores of the B-III Cognitive Language Composite (CLC) for comparison with Mental Development Index (MDI). RESULTS: The mean CLC (B-III) was 14.04 points higher than the MDI, and Motor Composite (MC) (B-III) 17.87 points higher than the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI). Linear regressions to estimate MDI from B-III showed values of r2 = 0.55 and by age range with r2 from 0.52 to 0.84 and for PDI with r2 of 0.58 overall, and for the 7 ranges with r2 between 0.51 to 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: With the BSID-II, a greater presence of alterations is observed in both subscales. The BSID-II underestimates the child's development compared to the B-III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) usually presents with nonspecific symptoms such as irritability, crying, and feeding rejection that could affect the infant's early interactions with his mother. A higher frequency of psychopathological alterations has been reported in mothers of children with GERD. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the mother-child interaction in dyads of infants diagnosed with GERD in the first months of life. DESIGN AND LOCATION: cross-sectional study collecting data prospectively in the Neurodevelopment Research Center (NRC) of the National Institute of Pediatrics (INP) from July 2010 to September 2012. PARTICIPANTS: 20 healthy infants with low perinatal risk, healthy except for GERD and their mothers. Measurements: The mother-child interaction was evaluated during a feeding session using the caregiver-child interaction Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS). The scores obtained were compared to reference values for Hispanics. The association between some of the dyads' characteristics and the interactions were analyzed. RESULTS: All the studied dyads had lower score values than the reference ones with statistical significance in all the subscales except in the promotion of cognitive growth. The greatest differences were recorded in the infant's subscales. The dyads with mothers with fewer years of schooling had lower scores both in the mother and the infant subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver-child interactions in infants with GERD showed restrictions with potential impact on neurodevelopment. Early mother-child interaction should be evaluated in these patients to achieve timely detection and intervention of possible alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La asfixia perinatal se asocia con alto riesgo de muerte así como riesgo de deterioro del neurodesarrollo tanto temprano como tardío, además los episodios graves pueden tener un efecto importante sobre la función auditiva, daño coclear y lesiones neuronales retrococleares. Con el uso de la terapia de hipotermia corporal como neuroprotector en las primeras 72hrs, se ha logrado mejorar la supervivencia de los neonatos, así como los resultados en el neurodesarrollo en casos con Encefalopatía Hipoxico-Isquemica (EHI) moderada a grave. Objetivo. Describir las características de los Potenciales Evocados Auditivos de Tallo Cerebral (PEATC) de lactantes con EHI moderada y severa tratados con hipotermia corporal y su relación con el desarrollo alcanzado al año y dos años de edad. Material y método. Se estudiaron 51 niños, a los cuales se les realizaron PEATC a los 3, 6 y/o 12 meses de edad y se evaluó su desarrollo a los 12 y 24 meses de edad con las pruebas Gesell, Bayley II y Bayley III. Resultados. Los valores de PEATC fueron similares a los observados en niños sanos y se correlacionaron significativamente con el desarrollo en ambas edades, en especial las ondas I y III. Las categorías Normal/Alterado en los PEATC mostraron diferencias de una desviación estándar en la puntuación del desarrollo. Conclusiones. Los PEATC mostraron relación con el desarrollo posterior; la caracterización de normalidad/alteración que proponemos permitió mostrar a los PEATC como indicador de riesgo para el desarrollo, aun antes del daño franco en la vía auditiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the presence of maternal depressive symptoms can cause a lack of responsiveness to children's needs, generating a more insecure bond that affects child development. Materials and methods: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out with descriptive-correlational data analysis in mother-child dyads assessed in the presence of maternal depression with: 1) babies between 2-6 months and 2) between 17-24 months of age. the psychomotor, cognitive and linguistic development was evaluated during the second year of the child's life. Results: 71% of the mothers who presented postpartum depression continued to show symptoms during the second year of infant life. the 33% of depressed mothers showed inadequate stimulation of their children. an altered development was found in the mental sphere in 42% of the children and in the psychomotor sphere in 33% of the children of depressed mothers. Child language development was also affected by the presence of maternal depressive symptoms, with less vocabulary and sentence production being observed. Discussion and conclusion: the importance of generating preventive tasks both for the early detection of women at risk of suffering from depression and related to intervention strategies on the mother-baby bond and early stimulation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflection article starts from the premise that human phenomena can be known when there is an intersubjectivity. That is, through a vivid and shared participation of the subject with others. Objective: to make a reflection relating two moments: one, a part of a documentary and, two, an experience in the work in neonatal intensive care units. Method: We worked with a critical social paradigm and a descriptive approach of a fragment of a documentary review and experience. Results: As an academic result, it has a dual purpose: on the one hand, to be a contribution to those involved in the production of knowledge, care or research in the neonatal area and the social sciences, and on the other. Conclusion: The discourses and language with which most of us have formed our health continue to take root and remain a colonizing element. However, it is time to bring to the table the need for new models of newborn care in co-construction with the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron deficiency and anemia affect a considerable percentage of breastfeeding children and can have damaging effects on growth and development. Objective: Present recent advances related to breastfeeding and formula feeding against the risk of iron deficiency and global recommendations on the age of introduction of foods that are good sources of iron. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was performed in medical literature databases using MeSH terms in English and health descriptors DeCS in Spanish. Terms were related with type of diet, presence of anemia or iron deficiency, and growth. Both articles written in Spanish and English were considered. Results: To make the decision as to whether it is adequate to begin complementary feeding at four or six months while maintaining iron status, it is proposed to consider factors such as iron stores, birth experience, infant development, and others. In starting complementary feeding it's important to incorporate foods that are good sources of iron. Conclusions: Adequate feeding practices that include breastfeeding until 24 months and the introduction of foods that are sources of iron starting at six months likely reduce iron deficiency and anemia in children less than 24 months of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early years are extremely important to all aspects of development. Different investigations show that musical training could affect different areas of infant development. The objective of the following work is to track and analyze in the literature the research that indicates that music training would affect cognitive abilities, anatomy and brain activity in infants. A bibliographic search was carried out in the indexed scientific databases (Scielo, Redalyc, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, WOS and Scopus), using the keywords: music, music training, music education, child, cognition, brain, development. The following were used as analysis variables: the evaluation instrument used, the type of intervention used and the training time. The reviewed studies showed conflicting results about the effect of musical training in infants, although, for the most part, it has been found that music training promotes cognitive development and influences other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of disciplinary research into the assessment processes in early childhood education and decision-making for continuous improvement in the development and learning of infants in the kindergartens of the Junta Nacional de Jadines Infantiles in the Metropolitan Region of Chile during the second semester of 2018. The methodology used was of a qualitative ethnographic type, with a multiple case study design. The findings reveal relevant aspects regarding the validity of the records that support the assessment processes conducted in early childhood education and the factors that shape them. The study concludes with the need to strengthen reflective instances related to evaluative practice in this context to enable better decision-making by educational teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing interest in early childhood socioemotional development, few studies how the language and vocabulary that small children use to refer to emotions can help them to achieve an adequate socioemotional development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between language and emotional labeling with socioemotional development in 30-month-old children. The nonprobabilistic sample comprised 84 children from various socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds attending daycares in Santiago, Chile. The language and socialemotional scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III were used along with guidelines for coding emotional labels. Student's t-test was used to conduct comparative analyses of the variables considering sex and SES. Results indicate that girls achieve better language development and that mid/high SES children reach better socioemotional and language development. In addition, the language was found to be related to emotional labeling (Pearson's r). The only study variable that predicted socioemotional development was SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: very preterm birth can cause disabilities in numerous developmental domains. This article describes the morbidities neurodevelopmental that, according to their parents, is present in a sample of 1202 children born with ≤1500 grams between 1993 and 2011 in Spain and highlights some of the variables that influence them. Methods: Multi-method survey conducted with CATI and CAWI support between April 2013 and June 2014. Previously, extensive qualitative field work was carried out. Results: A total of 44.2 % of the sample presents morbidities (x ¯ 1.78 morbidities per child). The most prevalent types are learning disorders (34.4 %) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (31.5 %). In this period, there is a relative increase in temporary versus permanent morbidities. Conclusions: The total percentage of children with morbidities decreased moderately between 1993 and 2011. The biological and medical variables would explain better than the family variables the presence of morbidities in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive neonatal screening is a test performed on all newborns to detect and prevent congenital, hereditary and metabolic diseases that affect the child's normal growth and development. This test consists of making a small puncture in the heel of the baby to take a few drops of blood and place them on a filter paper to be analyzed in the laboratory. One of the stages of this analysis is the quality evaluation of the samples based on elements such as the coloring of the samples, the drying, the presence of impurities and the presence of clots. Because this stage requires high experience, agility and visual memory of the specialists, sometimes samples are taken to the laboratory and they do not provide the best results due to the low quality they present. This paper presents a study to develop an automatic classifier based on deep artificial neural networks that evaluates the quality of the blood samples analyzed. This classifier is based on pattern recognition associated to the color moments and the HSV components, extracted from the images of blood samples. For this, a deep neural network formed by two deep autoencoders and a softmax classifier is trained with examples of images of blood samples, obtaining satisfactory results in the validation of the method with the correct classification of the samples submitted for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of risk for disorders of neurobehavioral development of lactating children living in the southeastern region of Mexico, through the use of the test of lactating children neurobehavioral development VANEDELA. The identified children were able to receive early stimulation or rehabilitation. A total of 118 infants aged 1 to 24 months were studied, with an average of 6.4 months, with a slight risk for alteration in 34%, high risk in 7% of infants and 59% normal development. In the assessment of developmental behaviors, the highest prevalence of involvement appeared in areas of fine motor systems (27.3%) and cognitive systems, language by 25% in all stages. 12% of 4-month-old infants presented absent developmental reactions and 6% of the sample had signs of alarm, which is why they were referred for assessment in the rehabilitation laboratory. The VANEDELA test was sufficiently precise to determine the risk of alterations in neurobehavioral development, being a screening test used in apparently healthy population and to suggest comprehensive programs of early attention or strengthen existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various theories attempt to explain the strategies of navigation used by children under 6 years old, principle amongst which is the use of geometry. The aim of this study was the spatial orientation applied by 3 and 6-year-old children and their use of different geometric frames of reference and the proximal guide. Children use geometry as the theory of the adaptive combination predicts. 20 six-year-old children and 20 three-year-old children. The experimental study used a circular maze in which the children had to find a hidden object. The children were split into two groups: those who were disoriented with respect to the outer room, and those who were not disoriented. The 3-year-old children need the geometric information of the outer room, the 6-year-old are also able to use the proximal guide and can use the geometry of the experimental enclosure when their learning has made available the geometry of the room. The results support the theory of adaptive combination, rather than the geometric modules. Furthermore, the presence of reliable geometric frames of reference facilitates the use of other types of keys that are not used in their absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Physical activity in infants through aquatic therapy is widely known for the further development of sensory, motor and cognitive areas. Thus, the baby will have a greater sense of freedom, pleasure and remember the maternal womb. In addition, the therapeutic margin of safety in the water is very broad, allowing optimal development of water early stimulation programs. Aim: To conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature related to physical exercise in the water and its influence on motor development in babies. Methods: We conducted a systematic search through the PRISMA model. The search for the articles of the present review was conducted in databases via Scopus and PubMed as well as web of Science (WOS) and official websites of international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO/WHO). The review was conducted between May and November 2015. Results: A total of 14 articles that met the inclusion criteria are included. Performing water exercises in infants has more benefits than risks. There is no increase in infectious, respiratory or allergic diseases. By contrast, beneficial effects are described in the social sphere, greater attachment with parents and positive effects on mobility, coordination and speed of reaction to stimuli. Water is a suitable means for the treatment of children with functional diversity, as it reduces spasticity and allows more extensive than on land movements. Conclusions: The methodology used in the studies included in this review is different. Babies who perform physical activity in water are increased functional mobility, coordination and socialization, both parents and with other babies present in the intervention group. Some studies indicate that aquatic exercises promote improvements in neurodevelopment.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative and cross sectional study analyzes the quality on the dyadic interactions, child development, maternal depressive symptomatology and cultural variables in adolescents mother-infant dyads living in welfare institutions. Twenty dyads with children between 3 and 16,2 months are involved in the analysis, ten of them are Chilean and ten are German. The results show high depressive symptoms and low quality bonding mother-child in both groups and significant differences in child psychomotor development levels, with higher scores in Chilean children. There is also a significant and positive association between child development and the numbers of hours these children spend at nursery, implicating that alternative care is a positive function in the study group. There are no differences between cultural variables as expected so these results may be explained by a great impact of the psychosocial problems which both countries dyads share that influence the variables of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the standards of growth and development of infants throughout their first appointments during their first trimester of life and to evaluate the characteristics that may influence, directly or indirectly, the proper development of the newborn's health. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study, including a population of 1229 infants delivered between 2011 and 2012 in ASSBASALUD E.S.E. clinic in San Cayetano. The medical records where analyzed to obtain the necessary variables. Results: To the first appointment 83.2% of the newborns assisted, having an average age of 3.4 days. To the second control 44.6% assisted having an average age of 3.4 months. 76.7% of the mothers gave exclusively breast milk to the babies, 6.1% didn't had any complete vaccination plan, 10% had congenital pathologies, 28,3% in the skeletal and muscular system, 44.3% acquired pathology, 53.3% respiratory system and 0.2% congenital syphilis, there were no cases found of jaundice. Basically the urban population assisted the most to the appointments and when the baby has any acquired or congenital pathology. Conclusions: The high absence rate, mostly in the second appointment after birth makes it difficult to follow the growth and development of the baby during the first trimester of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental neurotoxicity constitutes effects occurring in the offspring primarily as a result of exposure of the mother during pregnancy and lactation. To exert their effect, these chemicals or their metabolites must cross the placenta and/or the blood-brain barrier. In experimental animals, exposures to neurotoxic chemicals during critical periods of brain development induce permanent functional disturbances in the CNS. Available data exist using proper animal models, although only few chemicals have been tested. Neurotoxicity testing is not required by national authorities for classification of chemicals. Epidemiological evidence is very limited, but severe irreversible effects have been observed in humans following in utero exposures to a few known developmental neurotoxicants. The large number of chemicals with a potential for developmental neurotoxicity in humans stresses the importance of generating basic kinetic data on these chemicals based on relevant experimental models. First of all, data are needed on their ability to pass the placenta and the developing blood-brain barrier, to accumulate, and to be metabolized in the placenta and/or the fetus. These kinetic data will be essential in establishing a scientifically based hazard evaluation and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the progress of children with risk factors for neurodevelopmental retardation treated at the community early intervention program in Habana Vieja. Methods: Prospective assessment study of the program whose universe was 189 (study) children with risk antecedents born between 1998 and 2000 who remained five years in the program. We considered risk factors for perinatal insults, low birth weight and social risk. We compared the assessment by the scales of infant development study and control groups (188 children without stimulation and risk). Stimulation was performed at home. We analyzed the contrast of average scores on the assessment. The statistical method was t-Student, considering unknown sigma, level of alpha⩽ 0.05. Results: The study group had a mean mental assessment in the second period (101.69). Comparing each group with the same, an average contrast with significant values of t was shown in the motor area (p= 2.31). The mean contrast between study and control groups showed significant differences in favour of the study group in the mental area (t= -5.65), motor area (t= -6.71) and Brunet-Lezine scale (t= -5.78) significant in the second period. Conclusions: We infer a significant qualitative leap, showing that improvement was achieved in most children with risk factors without neurodevelopmental retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants become sensitive to phonological regularities that are more consistent in their language input. This sensibility enhances the development of perceptual abilities that will serve as the basis for language acquisition. The aim of this research was to evaluate Spanish learning infants' basic cognitive abilities for the categorical discrimination of words that coincide in their initial or final segment. The head-turn preference procedure was used in two experiments with infants from 9 to 12 months of age. Infants listened to two types of lists of CVCV words. Items in the experimental lists shared a particular syllable (i.e. onset syllable, Experiment 1 and ending syllable, Experiment 2), whereas items in the control lists were unrelated. Infants showed significant preferences between the lists. These results revealed that Spanish learning infants categorically discriminate not only the words that have a common onset, but also those that share a final syllable, despite the variability in the adjacent syllable. Given the morphology of Spanish, discussion is made on its relationship with the development of these perceptual abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ideographic study is presented based on the follow-up of a baby at high risk of impaired development. The spontaneous behavior of the child was video recorded, in the home environment in situations of dyadic (subject-subject) and triadic interactions (subject-object-subject). For data analysis, 14 observational categories were established, based on a theoretical review of typical development and altered development in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Results show warning signs at all ages that were studied, based on the following aspects; Eye tracking, use of gestures and join attention and action behaviors. The need to include the category of uses -non-conventional, conventional and atypical uses- of objects in the instruments and guidelines for the identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders was considered. The main finding indicates the need to deepen knowledge of discriminative behavior in the first year of life, useful to identify warning signs of impaired development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first years of infancy, meaning from birth until six years old, is one of the most important stages in the development of the person (Spitz, 1961; Vygotski, 1979; Piaget, 1981). Many studies have focused on the importance of this stage, and the growing necessity to avoid conditions or difficulties which may lead to the appearance of impairments or disorders in childhood development. Teams for educational guidance and psychopedagogical attention (EOEP) are responsible for the early detection of shortcomings and difficulties in learning, and, also, the evaluation of, intervention in and follow-up to cases, in close collaboration with the teachers/tutors of these students. The main objective of the present study is to introduce how this detection, evaluation and intervention are carried out, in groups of high risk (0-6 years old), by the educational guidance teams (EOEP) of the Madrid regional government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the family in the development of thinking in school age of children who had very low weight at birth was assessed. The observation and interview to the family were used; also a battery of the psychological tests was included in the study. The results show the influence of home environment, the development of thinking in school age children was lower in infant very low weight at birth. Incorrect methods of education prevail in parents of infants with very low weight at birth. Children with less settled family environment show inadequate development of thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Premature baby's oral feeding is not possible until the reflex of sucking-swallowing-breathing adquisition. Its delay extends hospital stay and increases the incidence of oral motor disorders in early childhood. Aims: To analyze the transition from enteral to oral nutrition, the comorbidity associated with its delay and the impact of an early suction stimulation in a cohort of premature babies. Patients and methods: Retrospective checking of 95 infants less than 32 gestation weeks (GW) admitted to a neonatal ICU in the last 4 years. It was revised the gestational age, anthropometric at birth and discharge, comorbidity, duration of mechanical ventilation, oxygen requirements, time of beginning and end of enteral/oral nutrition, beginning of Kangaroo method and the suction stimulation and the daily weight gain average. Results: Suction stimulation began between weeks 29 and 40 GW (average and median 32 GW). Oral nutrition was initiated between 31-40 GW (average and median 33 GW) and completed between 33-44 GW (average and median 35 GW). Oral nutrition was delayed in patients who required longer mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. There was a positive correlation between the beginning of suction stimulation and the time of acquisition of a complete oral nutrition (84% Spearman correlation test) and length of hospital stay (80% Spearman correlation test). Conclussions: Early suction stimulation in a preterm patient seems to facilitate full oral nutrition at an early stage and it is associated with a hospital stay decrease and the improvement in the daily weight gain average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most frequently occurring perinatal infection is caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV); this infection is the main cause of deafness and compromise during psychomotor development in the fetus and the newborn. Screening, diagnosis and management have not been protocolized in prenatal control. The prognosis for such patients will depend on their suitable management. Three cases are presented with the aim of reviewing prenatal diagnosis and newborn management. Materials and methods: Three cases of congenital CMV infection are presented; they were diagnosed at the Hernando Moncaleano teaching hospital in Neiva (Huila department) which is a reference centre for Colombia's south-western region. A search was made of Medline/PudMed, Embase, Lilacs and the Cochrane library databases. Results: 31 articles were found: 2 evidence-based guidelines, 6 systematic reviews, 2 consensus opinions/guidelines from the Asociación Española de Pediatría, 4 case-control studies, 4 cohort studies, 12 narrative reviews and 1 analytical decisions and costs study. Conclusion: Routine screening for CMV during prenatal control is not recommended; screening should be done in high-risk pregnant females. Usual screening methods would include specific immunoglobulin IgM (ELISA) and the G (IgG) antibody avidity test. If such test is low, then this would confirm recent infection; the confirmatory test would be PCR for CMV. PCR is used as the screening test in the newborn and the gold standard would be viral culture. Specific immunoglobulin should be used for fetal protection in females suffering gestational infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The study of the early neonatal and infant behavior has called the attention of several researchers with the purpose of establishing an early diagnostic of neurological damage. Ferenc Katona identifies, from the 28th week of gestation to the third month of extrauterine life, a group of locomotion and verticalization innate behaviors which are called Complex Elementary Movements (CEM). These sequences of generalized motor activity of central origin, with automatic movements, generate sensory impulses to the spinal cord, brainstem and superior systems in response to gravitational and acceleration stimulus. These impulses cause continuous and repetitive movements of the head, trunk and limbs, and lead to verticalization and locomotion. They also prefigure the human behavior by organizing structures and cerebral functions ontogenetically mature at birth and with greater resistance to damage. In normal European neonates and infants, the constancy and stability has allowed for the diagnose of early Nervous System dysfunction (SN). European researchers have applied procedures that include CEM for neurohabilitation. Katona explains that when CEM are induced, they stimulate the vestibular system performance. The repetitive and/or sustained muscular contractions of trunk and extremities during the attempts of verticalize or locomotion, transmit new stimulus that strengthen the initial stimulation. During the time that the infant maintains the pattern activation, the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex are stimulated, simultaneously and proportionally, occurring changes in the muscular tone, the movement dynamics and posture within a critical period of cerebral plasticity. The movements of head, trunk and extremities are refined or reorganized as in normal child maturity (development). This prevents and avoids risks and altered functions. In Mexico, according to the information sources reviewed, there are no studies describing the normal postnatal development variations. It is important to differentiate normal movements from the pathological ones to make early diagnosis of neurological damage in Mexican populations. Material and methods The Tlalpan outpatient family medicine clinic of the Institute of Security and Social Services for State Employees (ISSSTE)referred 25 infants, considered with low perinatal biological risk, residents Of Mexico City. The Heinz Prechtl neurological sieve was applied to each infant to Confirm an adequate neurological maturity. Fifteen infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the parents of nine infants agreed on their child participation in four evaluations, scheduled monthly, according to the day of birth. The parents signed the informed consent letter, to each evaluation, the ten maneuvers of activation were applied twice. They were distributed 6 at the first month, 9 at 2 and 3 months, and 8 at 4 months. Five maneuvers were applied to activate locomotion: Mcgraw, Bauer, reinforced Bauer, crawling on an inclinate slide and assisted crawling. Also five maneuvers were put into practice for verticalization: carry sitting, antigravity verticalization, stand up reaction, elementary walking and sitting in the air. Five behaviors and movements were described: crying, visual behavior (eyes closed or open with or without visual fixation), limbs, trunk and head movements. The evaluations were recorded in 8mm digital format and reviewed instantly during the evaluation. The camera's timer was used to measure the time they took to activate movements of locomotion or verticalization, To calculate frequencies and central tendency measures, the SAS statistical software JMP, version 7.0 was used. Results 320 activating maneuvers were used, 82.5% activated locomotion and 58% verticalization. The children awaked spontaneously with rude movements and cried, in 63% of the evaluations including the five locomotion patterns: 58.7% in the Alternating Cross Pattern (ACP), 10% for the Incomplete Simultaneous Pattern (ISP), 10% in the Lower Limb Alternating Pattern (LLAP), 1.25% on Complete Simultaneous Pattern (CSP) 2.5% and Homolateral Pattern (HP). The most frequent pattern observed was the Alternate Cross Pattern (PAC) 58.7% was the Homolateral Pattern (PH) 1.25%. In verticalization two patterns were observed: 58% with complete trunk and head alignment, 42% with incomplete alignment. The latencies to enable MEC were from 0-120 seconds, with M 27.7, DE ±48.8 for locomotion and M 9.43, DE ±20.7 for verticalization. Opening the eyes and visual fixation in the locomotion maneuvers occurred in the 43%, 20% in the first month. 31% in the 2nd month, 42% in the 3rd month and 75% in the 4th month. Verticalization maneuvers occurred in 64%, 47% in the first month, 49% in the second month, 64% in the 3rd month and 95% in the 4th month. As the children grew, the open eye and visual fixation conducts increased in presence. Locomotion appeared in the 43% of the children and verticalization in 64%. Discussion Katona reports that the MEC activation is given from birth to three months, with exception in two maneuvers: crawling on an inclined slide that appears until two months and on the four month the manifestation of elementary march. In this research, the locomotion and verticalization patterns appeared sometimes until the fourth month, with frequencies that change in 12% to 100% of the cases according to the maneuvers form. Two patterns were identified but not described, the PH with a case frequency of 1.25% and the PSC with 2.5%. Katona suggested that infants up to three months old are able to activate several seconds to complete verticalization due to vestibular activity. In our experience, until two months they are mainly short and incomplete patterns of vertical integration then completed and sustained during the third and fourth month. Concerning the time required to activate MEC. Katona reported latencies of 5-1 O0 sec. with absence of responses until the 4th month Except for elementary walking, we observed that the latency time varies with age. n this investigation the locomotion time was 27.7 sec average, founding 0-120 sec intervals. In verticalization, latencies were faster than the average latency time of 9.43 sec. With intervals of latency in the first two months of age of 0-19 sec. elementary walking and the stand up reaction with age took but in activating and to the fourth month in several cases no longer they appeared. Katona reported that the newborn is capable of a brief visual fixation with the presentation of the face or with a flashing object 20cm away. The results of the locomotion and verticalization maneuvers showed that the behavior was present in the first month, in less of the 50% locomotion assessments and in less of 70% in verticalization. When the maneuver allowed controlling the head or maintaining the face to face line sight, the infant opened and fixed visually. Conclusions n the nine Mexican infants explored, variations were reported in the postnatal MEC evolution, with respect to the age of appearing, patterns type, trunk and limbs movements, time required For activation (latencies), visual activity and crying presence were not observed. If these variations are confirmed we could establish more accurate reference parameters and analyze their relationship with biological and environmental factors. Thus, to strengthen a prevention method in neurohabititation/neurorehabilitation for high-risk population benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and fusion of palatal crests, in neonates with unilateral cleft lip palate. Material and Method. Longitudinal and cohort study, conformed of 2 groups: A) group of study: 4 neonates with unilateral cleft lip palate with exclusive breastfeeding; B) control group: 4 neonates with unilateral cleft lip palate with non-exclusive breastfeeding. To determine the level of fusion of the palatal crests a maxilla with an impression on 3 periods (start, day 10 and day 20) was registered. In each model obtained, the distance between the palatal crests was measured with a digital calibrate being the result obtained a representative one of the fusion level of palatal crests. Results. The level of fusion of the palatal crests in neonates with exclusive breastfeeding increased 2.44 mm from the start to the day 20. The level of fusion of palatal crests increased 2.28 mm in neonates with non-exclusive breastfeeding, from the start to the day 20. Although, in both groups the average difference wasn't statistically significative. Conclusions. The exclusive breastfeeding stimulates higher fusion of the palatal crests in comparison with the non-exclusive breastfeeding, although the difference is not statistically significative. (Kiru 2011, 8: 74-86). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Population standards of intrauterine growth are necessary to evaluate if the newborn has grown well, if their nutritional conditions are appropriate and to identify groups at risk as those small for gestational age (SGA). Differences in the number of SGA newborns identified, depending on the standard applied, have been analyzed in this study. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 4,486 Caucasian newborns (2361 boys and 2,125 girls), born between 35 and 41 weeks. Weight and length valuation was performed following the standard methodology. Percentage of children under the 10th percentile for weight and length was calculated depending on the standard used (Olsen et al. 2010, Lubchenco et al. 1966, Delgado et al. 1996, Carrascosa et al. 2008), being diagnosed of SGA. Results: Weight and length were significantly higher in boys than in girls at all ages. 10th percentile values defined for every gestational age are globally similar among the different standards and our population, with the clear exception of Lubchenco curves whose 10th percentile values are even 300 g. lower for the newborns at the highest gestational ages. Lubchenco charts do not fit the pattern of intrauterine growth of our population and identify a smaller number of SGA. The percentage of SGA of our sample ranged between 1.7% and 14% in depending on the standard, sex and gestational age considered. Conclusion: The number of children classified as SGA is different according to each standard used. Lubchenco charts identify a smaller number of SGA than the others. The rest of curves show similar values and seem to be well adapted for our population. The correct identification of SGA will allow a better assessment of short and long-term risks of these newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper was to analyze whether a difference exists in the progress of mental and motor development and the quality of attachment in a sample of preterm infants when receiving the Vojta's physiotherapy technique vs. other therapy techniques. The ages for assessing the mental and motor development were first trimester, 6, 12 and 18 months and for assessing the quality of attachment were 15 months. Their families were attended at different Centres for Infant Development and Early Intervention (CDIAT) from the Region of Murcia since the early months of infants' life. The results revealed that the mental and motor development of infants receiving the Vojta therapy was significantly better, but there was no difference between the two samples in the attachment security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is an adaptive response that may involve adverse changes in the medium and long term. Research showed that maternal stress during pregnancy may have variables effects on the offspring development. The objective of this study was to describe the cognitive characteristics of children from Bogota- Colombia, whose mothers during neuropsychological consultation, reported stress during pregnancy as the only risk factor. Cognitive profiles are described from neuropsychological assessments, highlighting significant scores in the subtest and global indices of the WISC IV scale. It was found that children whose mothers suffer stress during pregnancy have deficits in attention, executive functions and processing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new philosophy of care for premature infants, based on attention to development as a form of human approach and common sense to meet the needs of premature babies and their families has been created. Research has shown that children who receive individualized developmental care such as environmental changes like noise and light regulation, position helpers (pillow, lateral supports), minimal manipulation, self-regulatory behaviours and participation of parents in the context of medical treatment in the neonatal intensive care units have improved long-term neurobehavioral outcomes. NIDCAP (Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program) is an integrated developmental care intervention. The major instrument used in the NIDCAP is repeated, formalized observations of the infant by a specially trained and certified person. These observations focus on efforts at self-regulation, as revealed by approach or avoidance behavior. When the sensory input is appropriate, the infant will move toward the stimuli and demonstrate self-regulatory behavior. When the input is overwhelming or inappropriate in timing, the infant shows avoidance or stress behavior. Caregiving plans, including recommendations concerning individualized care, and environmental changes are designed on the basis of the current developmental stage and medical condition of the infant as well as on the needs of the family. As the infant matures, these recommendations are modified in an appropriate manner. Caregivers learn to watch sensitively and note the reactions of the infant to different types of handling and care, and thus make continuously appropriate adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To show, through the observation of babies, the developmental theory, and with this correlation, to visualize the importance of being aware of happenings taking place during this period of life. Method: The study started by reviewing the structure of the self theory and continued with the object relation theory. Subsequently, this theory was materialized through direct observation of the babies and supervisions Results: The baby’s development, the integration between its psyche and soma, is the result of a continuous inter-play between the inner and outer worlds, with various shades. Conclusions: The observation of babies gives a valuable opportunity to understand the healthy development, possible early etiologies of suffering, enabling timely interventions and furthermore and sensitizing us to the need of prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the possible protector factors and the risk factors can favour or harm women during pregnancy, and so, the infant during the pre- and post-natal periods, has today become a necessary and a high priority objective of world health. In agreement with this proposal, carrying out follow-up programs to prevent, detect and treat consequences in infant development is one of the objectives of Early Care (EC). The follow-up is the way to verify whether the development of the child is occurring within the guidelines of normalcy, or if there is a suspicion that he may be suffering from delays. In order to do this in an appropriate way, one of the necessary conditions is to have access to the tables and instruments that include up-to-date parameters of the course of overall development in the normal population. If the detection and follow-up of risk populations is a key task in the context of early attention, so are the longitudinal studies that use the normal population as the focus of their study. Currently, in various countries in the European Union, important follow-up studies are being carried out of a multi-disciplinary nature (EARNEST Project, NUHEAL Project, and Spanish INMA Network), with the purpose of evaluating the development of the child in general and, specifically, his mental development. These studies take into account, among others, a series of parameters that contemplate the eating habits of the mother, exposure to environmental contaminants, styles of care and the physical, mental and social follow-up of the development of the children up to ages that include adolescence. One of the factors associated with mental development is psychomotricity. The psychomotor development refers to the acquisition of skills observed in the child in a continuous way throughout childhood, and it is associated, on the one hand, with the maturing of the Central Nervous System (proliferation of the dendrites, synaptogenesis and the myelinazation of the axons) from the first months of life up to the age of two. This maturation process has a pre-established order and a clear and predictable sequence: the progress is in a cephalocaudal sense and from proximal to distal. On the other hand, the psychomotor development is also associated with the learning done by the baby and the child in their interactions with themselves and their surroundings, with the affective links they establish based on the affect and stability of the care received and the perception of everything around them (people, images, sounds, movement...). These conditions are determinants in the emotional development, communicative functions, adaptive behaviours and attitude toward learning. It has been proposed that the psychomotor development precedes the mental development and forms the base on which it is established. And although it must be kept in mind that there are degrees of individual variation in normal psychomotor development, depending on the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, it can be said that full term babies who are born healthy follow a pattern of development or skills acquisition. This pattern is clear, and basic milestones have been defined that are easy to measure and that make it possible to know when a child is progressing satisfactorily. In these children, the rhythm of psychomotor development in the first two years of life is quite rapid. At six to seven months, they can sit and crawl; at eight to nine months, they stand up; and at 10 to 12 months, they walk with help. Through their movements and manipulations, they are exploring, imitating, learning and understanding. It is important to observe and rigorously follow the way the psychomotor development is occurring and being established in children because it may provide us with early indications of possible consequences in some parameters of their mental development.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of developmental psychology new hypotheses are currently being brought forward about the infant's subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Namely, these are related to (a) the detection of very early perceptual abilities linked to time and (b) the recognition of the presence of antecedents of temporal arts (music and dance) in the mother-infant interactions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce this emerging approach to infancy and to outline its affinity with what is called "the second person perspective" in the field of philosophy of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the environment is a crucial source in an infant's development, it is important to assess the proximal environment where a variety of social relationships take place. Experiences derived from the home environment allow the specific activities that a child builds actively. These opportunities have an outstanding impact on an infant's development. The home concept and its influence on development led to the discovery and interrelations of several dimensions and today's emphasis relies on identifying the mechanisms of the variability of environment that exert an influence on the variability of development. Under this perspective, at the end of the 1960's the Infant/Toddler HOME Inventory was developed by Caldwell and Bradley. Very soon, Cravioto adapted it for its use in a Mexican population according to the characteristics of typical families and cultural aspects. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the internal consistency of the Infant/Toddler HOME Inventory in the version adapted by Cravioto through the assessment of the precision of its scoring in terms of internal consistency. Cohort: 62 infants and their mothers were contacted in the first 72 hours after delivery through a Research Program from the Child Psychiatry Hospital Dr. Juan N. Navarro (Environmental Modulation of Infancy Development). They were born in two Mexico City hospitals: a state public hospital, Hospital de la Mujer (Women's Hospital) and in the Mother-infant Research Center from the Birth Study Group (CIMIGEN). All of them were low-risk infants who met the criteria for a one year follow up and whose parents gave their informed consent and accepted to be visited at their homes. The distribution of the infants group by sex was: 30 infants (48%) were female and 32 (52%) were male. Families were classified as follows: 72.5% were nuclear and 27.5% were extended. According to their socioeconomic profile, a high relationship was found between income and housing: seven (11.3%) of the highest income families lived in houses or apartments of their own or rented, where there were more rooms than inhabitants, whereas all others were living as follows: crowded houses or apartments (23 families, 37.1%), houses with of only one room (4 families, 6.5%) and the poorest houses with collective bathroom (28 families, 45.2%). All households had electrical lighting and most of them had also drinkable water inside their homes (98.4%); one shared water from a deep pond with their community. Bathrooms were: 35.5% with running water, 59.7% used a bucket for carrying water and 4.8% had latrine. Instrument: The Infant/Toddler HOME Inventory, version adapted by Cravioto, with 62 items in a binary format response was used. Subscale VII, Play Materials, asked about color, size, consistency or texture and type of toys. The instrument is administered by having a person calling the home at a time when the infant is awake and can be observed interacting with the mother or principal caregiver. The internal consistency of the Infant/Toddler HOME Inventory was monthly assessed for each of its subscales and the total scale, until the child's first year of life (12 months), applying Cronbach's alpha. Results showed that alpha coefficient's values higher than 0.60 throughout the 12 months were observed in the VII Play Materials shoed a range of 0.64 and 0.84, and 0.60 and 0.83 for the Total Scale. On the other hand, subscale VI, Physical Environment, showed a less than 0.60 value with an internal consistency coefficient of 0.56 in the first month of life; nevertheless the remaining months had values between 0.60 and 0.70.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the relationship between the primary tooth eruption and the growth and development postnatal in a Peruvian population of children. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive transversal study. The sample was collected from 86 from 18 to 29 months old from who went to the growth and development program in the National Hospital Hipólito Unánue and the data was collected in July of the year 2008. Anthropometric indicators, chronological age, type of birth and sex were related with the number of teeth in each child. It was formed groups of children according to each indicator anthropometric for analyzing teeth, which were subdivided according percentile and analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results showed that the weight for height and weight are highly influential in the chronology of the temporary dental eruption (P = <0.05). The chronological age of the child also had significant relationship with the eruptive process (P = <0.05). Conclusion: The results reveal that there is linkage between the temporary dental eruption, weight for height and weight. Slower eruption has been observed in children with low weight for their height and with low weight to their chronological age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the article "The development of symbolic uses of objects in infants in a triadic context: a pragmatic and semiotic perspective," by P. Palacios and C. Rodríguez and published in issue 24:1 of the journal "Infant and Child Development," is presented.

An introduction to the following section of the journal is presented, which focuses on preschool education and infant development.

Introducción: Los beneficios de la Lactancia Materna para le niño y para la relación materno - filial han sido ampliamente demostrados, de forma que en la actualidad es uno de los objetivos fundamentales en todos los organismos nacionales e internacionales que se dedican al estudio y al cuidado de los niños'-2. Las nuevas tendencias señalan que el periodo crítico para el establecimiento de una buena lactancia es el primer día después del parto y que el mejor momento para su inicio son los primeros 30 minutos de vida. Se ha podido comprobar que si el Recién Nacido no ha sido puesto al pecho en este tiempo disminuye el reflejo de succión y éste no vuelve a aparecer hasta el final de la séptima o la décima hora de vida y algo menos vigoroso. Objetivo: El objetivo que pretendemos en esta evaluación es instaurar la Lactancia Materna en las primeras horas de vida y realizar un seguimiento telefónico en los primeros 6 meses (15 días, al mes, 2,4 y 6 meses). Material y método: El material humano objeto de este trabajo se compone aproximadamente de 50 madres lactantes que en el momento de dar a luz a sus hijos fueron ingresados en las unidades de Recién Nacidos Patológicos y Prematuros. Se trata de un estudio comparativo longitudinal y prospectivo de varios años de duración realizado durante 2009/2011. El método empleado consiste en la valoración de los niños en la etapa de Recién Nacido durante su hospitalización así como atención individualizada a la madre para la instauración de la Lactancia Materna. Empleando para ello formularios de lactancia para la buena instauración de la misma y educación sanitaria e información a las madres Resultados: En el grupo estudio que representa el 55% de todos los Recién Nacidos valorados, se obtienen los siguientes resultados: El nivel de Lactancia Materna fue superior (Objetivo Lactancia Materna 6 meses). Se ha comprobado un alto nivel de participación en el seguimiento de los cuidados recomendados a los padres. En los niños evaluados pudimos comprobar una mayor incidencia de lactancia materna cuando se le enseñaba "in situ" el formulario de lactancia. Igualmente pudimos comprobar que el seguimiento de lactancia materna en meses estaba en relación con las horas que se le dedicaba a las madres (información, educación sanitaria y formación) en los primeros días después del parto. Conclusiones: Se ha comprobado que las madres necesitan un aprendizaje en cuanto a la posición del cuerpo, la respuesta del bebe, el vínculo emocional, la anatomía, la succión y el tiempo. Una de las conclusiones es que la duración de la lactancia en meses está en relación con el aprendizaje a través de los formularios de lactancia que se le han realizado a las madres los primeros días de vida del recién nacido en la propia Unidad Neonatal y con seguimiento en los primeros días postparto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de vida, contribuye a un buen desarrollo del niño. Introducción temprana de otros alimentos interfiere negativamente con la absorción de nutrientes, lo que lleva a un consumo más bajo de la leche materna y menor ganancia de peso2. Hay que estudiar otros factores relacionados con el destete precoz, los relacionados con el medio ambiente, la personalidad de la mujer, las relaciones familiares, las influencias culturales y cómo las madres reaccionan a los problemas de día a día. Objetivos: El general es conocer las causas que llevaron a las madres a introducir otros alimentos antes de tiempo en la dieta de sus hijos y los específicos son describir y analizar las causas de destete. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, en el cual fue aplicado un cuestionario semiestructurado a las mujeres rurales en Sao Pedro del Piauí, asistidas por el personal de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Resultados: El estudio fue realizado con 10 mujeres que destetaron a sus hijos desde temprana edad. Entre las razones que llevaron al destete, destacó la influencia de los miembros de la familia (madre, abuela). En el grupo, factores como el nivel de educación, edad de la madre, ocupación y estado civil de la mujer no tuvieron influencia decisiva en relación con el destete precoz. Conclusiones: Hay que cambiar el enfoque sobre la lactancia materna: apoyar a las madres lactantes, crear espacio abierto para el diálogo, abandonar el autoritarismo del modelo biomédico y fomentar participación de las mujeres, la familia y la comunidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Esta demostrado científicamente mediante infinidad de documentación los beneficios que aporta la lactancia materna en el correcto desarrollo motor, funcional y nutritivo del Recién Nacido (RN), debiendo ser fomentado por el personal sanitario en todo momento. Con el fin de solventar el problema que se presenta en gran cantidad de madres en las que no se ha producido la subida de la leche materna por causas como por ejemplo la prematuridad, se creó el "Programa de leche donada" y por tanto la creación de "Banco de leche donada", que actualmente es el único en Andalucía importando y exportando leche donada a diferentes ciudades andaluzas. La leche recibida es donada por madres de forma voluntaria, una leche que sigue un proceso de selección antes de su administración. Objetivos: - Dar a conocer el proceso de la leche donada desde su captación hasta su administración. - Fomentar la captación de madres donantes de leche humana. - Fomentar los beneficios de la leche humana en los RN. - Ofrecer garantías de calidad mediante controles estrictos en la leche administrada. - Aumentar la recepción y exportación de leche donada a otras ciudades. - Informar de la importancia de estos bancos de leche para mejorar la calidad de vida de los RN como principal fin. Metodología: Desde la captación de donantes hasta la administración de la leche se explicarán los siguientes aspectos: que es el banco de leche, importancia, criterios de captación y procedimientos, elaboración y dispensación de la leche. Se emplearán hojas informativas, folletos informativos, encuestas y receta de petición. Resultados: En los últimos tres años de las 136 madres inscritas para donar leche, solamente han sido factibles 124, los litros de leche donados en esos años ha sido de 701.79 litros, de ellos solamente han sido útiles para pasteurización 681.28 litros. Los niños beneficiados con esta leche durante los 3 años han sido 191. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El amamantamiento es la forma natural de alimentación de los lactantes y niños pequeños. La lactancia exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida asegura el óptimo crecimiento, desarrollo y salud. En España la prevalencia y duración de la lactancia materna está muy por debajo de lo recomendado por la OMS y debería ser una prioridad sanitaria de primer orden la promoción de la misma. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto de un plan especifico de apoyo a la lactancia materna sobre las tasas de inicio y la prevalencia de la misma a los 6 meses de edad en una zona básica de salud. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, analítico, observacional y de prevalencia. Población objeto de estudio: nacidos entre el 1 de Julio de 2010 y el 31 de Marzo de 2011, asignados al CS Alborán. Se excluyen los RN con peso < 2.500 g y los RN y/o madres con patologías importantes que dificulten o contraindiquen el amamantamiento. En total 62 niños. Recogida de datos mediante revisión de historias clínicas y encuesta telefónica a las madres. Resultados: Inician lactancia materna completa el 82,25% de los RN, siendo la prevalencia de la misma a los 6 meses de un 35,48%, muy por encima de las tasas anteriores al inicio del plan específico (16%) y de la media de Andalucía (6,4%). Conclusiones: Las intervenciones realizadas en Atención Primaria destinadas a promover la lactancia materna consiguen resultados positivos pero se necesitan mayores esfuerzos y coordinación entre los distintos niveles asistenciales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Del 2% al 14% de los niños nacen de madres con diabetes gestación al, y este porcentaje continua aumentando. Aunque la mayoría de los bebés de madres diabéticas son asintomáticos en el nacimiento y parecen desarrollarse normalmente, hay estudios que han mostrado déficits en el neurodesarrollo. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática ha sido valorar si la condición metabólica de diabetes durante el embarazo está asociada con retrasos en el neurodesarrollo del niño. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática sin limite por fecha ni idioma. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron MedLine, Embase, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination y la Cochrane Library. Los términos MESH usados fueron: "pregnancy in diabetics", "infant, "child development" y "neorobehavioral manifestations". Como criterio de inclusión se seleccionaron estudios comparativos con grupo control. La calidad fue evaluada con la lista de comprobación CASPe. Resultados: Se localizaron 142 referencias, seleccionándose 6 estudios comparativos que cumplían tos criterios de inclusión. Estos estudios analizaban áreas como el lenguaje, inteligencia, aspectos motores, aspectos sociales, funcionamiento cognoscitivo y problemas emocionales. Se apreció un empeoramiento de todas las áreas evaluadas en los hijos de madres con diabetes gestacional en comparación con los grupos control. La calidad metodológica de los estudios evaluados fue moderada. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que los cambios metabólicos en el ambiente fetal generados por la presencia de diabetes gestacional afectan el proceso normal de desarrollo y maduración neurona) del niño, ocasionando a largo plazo un compromiso marginal a nivel del funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the article "Change in spontaneous analogical transfer in young children: a microgenetic study" by E. Tunteler and C. M. Resing, published in the journal "Infant and Child Development" in 2007.

Introducción: La obesidad infantil se incrementa de forma alarmante a nivel mundial, constituyendo un problema sanitario con importantes consecuencias. La lactancia materna puede tener un efecto protector sobre su desarrollo desde edades muy tempranas, aunque no podemos olvidar la importante influencia de factores familiares, socioeconómicos, dietéticos y de actividad física. Objetivo: Determinar si existe evidencia de que la lactancia materna puede prevenir la obesidad infantil. Metodología: Se efectúa búsqueda bibliográfica en distintas bases de datos de artículos relacionados con la lactancia materna y la obesidad infantil, seleccionando los publicados entre 2005-2012. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudios analizados muestran cómo la lactancia materna reduce significativamente el desarrollo de obesidad (menor IMC y circunferencia de cintura), aunque hay que tener en cuenta la etiología multifactorial de su aparición. La duración de la lactancia guarda una relación inversa con la prevalencia de la obesidad; a mayor número de meses de lactancia menor riesgo de aparición de esta enfermedad. Hay autores que exponen que ese efecto protector no está suficientemente demostrado, pudiendo enmascararse debido a la influencia de factores más determinantes, por lo que se hace necesario seguir investigando sobre este aspecto. Conclusiones: Los niños amamantados al menos 3-4 meses tendrían menor riesgo de desarrollar obesidad. Este efecto protector residiría en la presencia y concentración en la leche materna de hormonas como la leptina, adiponectina y grelina. Es importante le realización de educación sanitaria por parte de enfermeras y matronas para promocionar la lactancia natural entre las futuras y/o recientes madres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La alimentación infantil adaptada a los primeros meses y hasta los 3 años, incluye entre otros, las leches maternizadas y preparados industriales a base de purés de verduras, frutas u otros ingredientes. Esta alimentación, debe aportar los nutrientes necesarios para el correcto crecimiento y desarrollo; no obstante, no debe contener sustancias que comprometan la seguridad alimentaria, y por tanto conllevar riesgos para la salud. Objetivo: Exponer las diferencias nutricionales de los principales grupos de alimentación infantil, y realizar un análisis de los principales contaminantes abióticos asociados a la alimentación infantil. Metodología de trabajo: Se ha requerido la búsqueda y acceso a fuentes de información científico-técnicas en salud (IBECS, PubMed, BioMed, Scielo, International OTF, OMS, EFSA, CDC, NIH, OPS, Weekly Epidemiological Report). Resultados: Existen diferencias de composición nutricional relativos a su contenido en lípidos, y oligoelementos. Los principales contaminantes abióticos presentes en los alimentos infantiles son compuestos fúngicos (aflatoxinas, ocratoxinas, patulina, fumonisinas), metales pesados (plomo y el estaño inorgánico), y otros compuestos químicos como nitratos, benzopirenos y plaquicidas. En este sentido, existen directivas comunitarias que regulan la presencia de estos contaminantes, con especial atención sobre los plaguicidas, todo ello con objeto de proteger la salud de este grupo de población tan vulnerable. Conclusiones: La alimentación infantil constituye un pilar fundamental en las primeras etapas de la vida, de ahí la importancia de conocer sus ventajas e inconvenientes con respecto a la composición nutricional y los potenciales riesgos de seguridad alimentaria existentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]