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Cereals are the main source of calories in the human diet. During their storage, environmental conditions induce rancidity, especially in whole meal flours. Cereal improvement programs monitor them using indicators of rancidity to identify those with a longer shelf life. The peroxide index is one of these indicators, but the amount of grain available for analysis is usually limited and the amounts of extracted oil are less than 0.5 g, and there is no applicable method with this limitation. The parameters and extraction system of existing methodologies were modified, and the results obtained were validated. The developed method is sensitive and accurate for quantities equal to or less than 0.5 g of extracted oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of asphalt in Cuban refineries does not satisfy the national demand for road constructions and repairing projects. The purpose of this study was to outline the possible scenarios that could take place in the production of asphalt from the refining of heavy crude oil in Cuba. To achieve this, a methodology was used that combined work with experts and Godet's Strategic Prospective. From the application of the Multiplication Cross Impact Matrix method Applied to a Classification, three key variables (factors) were obtained that allowed the formulation of an equal number of hypotheses and the definition of eight possible scenarios. Using the Probabilized Cross Impact Matrix System (Smic Prob-Expert) method, the three most probable scenarios were specified: the most favorable, in which the three hypotheses are met; the least favorable, in which none of the three are met, and a scenario in which only the first hypothesis is met. According to these results, the most favorable scenario would be one in which raw materials for the refineries are guaranteed, a technological procedure that allows obtaining more asphalt with less cost and the technical availability of technological equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews pressing issues related to corporate taxation in the oil industry amid the financial crisis, sanctions imposed against Russia, and low oil prices. It pays special attention to the analysis of the first results of the tax reform and to the introduction of a profit-based tax. The main goal of the research is to develop and implement a modern and efficient tax regime that would ensure a continuous and stable flow of tax revenues to the national budget and contribute to the long-term development of the national oil industry. The subject of the study is the current issues of oil taxation, in particular, the application of the taxation mechanism of the financial results of oil companies and the reform of the taxation system of export duties to the oil refining industry. The article presents the ways of effective tax policy for the qualitative development of oil sector enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The Cienfuegos Refinery A.S has a steam and water high consumption that affects production costs, energy consumption carriers and environmental impact. It is also known that steam generation is one of the most water consuming processes in oil refining. Objective: To evaluate proposal for technological improvement in the steam generation system at Cienfuegos Refinery A.S, that allows a reduction in production costs, energy carriers and reduces environmental impact. Materials and Methods: For this research, a methodology was proposed that made it possible to identify, through the Cause-Effect Diagram, the main causes that origin steam and water excessive consumption in the refinery and to evaluate the proposed technological improvement presented. Information was collected on processes to investigate the causes of such consumption. Based on technical-economic criteria, the proposal for improvement in the steam generation process was identified. Results and Discussion: Production costs are reduced to 47.88 $/t of steam produced, based on the technological improvement proposal, as well as reducing the consumption of energy, steam and water carriers and the environmental impact Conclusions: Steam and water consumption can be reduced by carrying out the technological improvement proposal in the steam recovery boiler. Production costs are reduced from 119.78 to 47.88 $/t steam, saving $ 71.90 for each ton of produced steam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most contaminated Cuban ecosystems is Santiago de Cuba's bay, which receives wastewater discharges from various industries such as ERASOL Oil Refining Company, for this reason it is necessary to know the generated pollution by this industry and if the NC 521, 2007 stablished parameters are fulfill. Objective: To evaluate the wastewaters from ERASOL Oil Refining Company of Santiago de Cuba, for knowing whether or not they comply with the current discharge standard. Materials and Methods: Residual samples were taken between march and august 2020. The samples were analyzed at the Quality Department of e "Elio Trincado" Laboratory of the Geominera Oriente Company and at the National Company of Asistance and Technical Services (ENAST, by its acronymic in Spanish) in Santiago de Cuba. The parameters, pH, suspended solids, settleable solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and fats and oils were determined. Results and Discussion: The obtained values were compared with the (NC 521, 2007), finding that the parameters, pH, settleable solids and total nitrogen were presented within the norm, while the indicators suspended solids, BOD5, COD, total phosphorus and fats and oils were presented above what is established by Cuban regulations. Conclusions: The ERASOL oil refining industry contributes with the organic load that reaches to Santiago de Cuba's bay, being one of the ecosystem pollutants sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In oil refining, there is a high consumption of chemicals and catalysts, which influences the high production costs and the environmental impact with the dumping of their residuals. It is known that at the Cienfuegos S.A Refinery there are no methodologies to systematically evaluate the behavior of the operational variables and their influence on the deactivation of the catalyst that allows establishing longer regeneration cycles. The present study aimed to evaluate the variables of the catalytic reformation process to determine their influence on the deactivation of the catalyst. In this sense, a procedure is presented that allowed the comprehensive evaluation of the process variables, where each of the steps and formulations considered are exposed and their application made it possible to identify the influences, as well as the activity of the catalyst. To facilitate operations, the IVOACRC software was designed, based on Excel conditions, with the necessary database. The most influential variables on the deactivation of the catalyst were identified, the months of catalytic activity were calculated, thus extending the useful life of the catalyst by three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel AISI-1018 was studied in a coastal zone of tropical climate of Cuba with the presence of technologies aimed at the oil extraction and refining in operation. Two outdoor exposure sites were placed in the study zone. Wooden racks with device for determination of aggressiveness agent's monthly and averages annual, a sensor for the measurement of relative humidity-temperature complex, as well as fifteen specimens of carbon steel AISI-1018 for determination of corrosion rate monthly and annual, were installed in each exposure site placed at distance from the sea of 70 and 50 m without shielding effect. Corrosivity category of the atmosphere estimated from the typical characterization of the atmospheric environment and from the indirect values of corrosion ratewas similarity to determine from the annual values of corrosion rate determined directly for carbon steel at the two exposure sites in the study zone. Corrosivity categories of the atmosphere determined was high (C4). The atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel is influenced not only by the wet deposition of sulfate ions, but also by the wet deposition of chloride ions at both exposure sites. The relative humidity-temperature complex had a higher influence on the atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel at the exposure site placed at a higher altitude on sea level in the study area. The effect of height on sea level also influenced in a different classification of the types of atmosphere between the two exposure sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Visión Contable is the property of Universidad Autonoma Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A brief introduction about crude oil and the basic transformations experienced by the refining industry is followed by a list of the traditional components of gasoline and the technological processes that cause it. The main physicochemical properties and the types of emissions that it produces were described. The importance of the determination of the molecular composition of gasoline in the prediction of their exploitation properties and their impact on the environment was explained. The role of the chemical families that compose gasoline and the value of the information that they provide for differentiation of commercials gasoline that meets the same quality specifications are also referred too. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for determination of gasoline chemical composition. For quantitative analysis an Agilent 6890N chromatographer with an HP-5MS column was used; as for qualitative analysis, an HP-890 chromatographer with an HP-1 column; and an Agilent 19091S-433 chromatographer with an HP-5MS column were used. Based on the determination of the types of majority hydrocarbons contained in six samples of gasoline sold in the French market with quality "Super-98 unleaded", it is shown that commercials gasolines of the same denomination have a different chemical structures and that reason, dissimilar potential impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería is the property of Avances en Ciencias e Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the advantages of two-phase anaerobic digestion for treating a mixture (1/5 v/v) of used vegetable oils processing wastes and pig manure using two semi-continuous digesters operated at mesophilic temperature (37±1 °C). The experiments were conducted at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 days in the first stage (acidifier) and at HRT of 11.5, 15, 18 and 20 days in the second stage (methanizer). The results revealed that the HRT had a high influence on the soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) and total dissolved solids (TDS) removal. The maximum total CODs removal efficiency of 86.4% and TDS removal efficiency of 81.9% was achieved at 20 days of global HRT. The maximum biogas production of 0.65 m3 per kilogramme of volatile dissolved solids (VDS) removed (65% CH4) was also achieved at 20 days of HRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jet fuels are assessed by rigorous quality standards in order to guarantee the optimum performance of aircrafts. The process includes the checking of three main areas: raw material, refining process and final products. The present paper shows the feasibility of using the results achieved in physicalchemical trials, together with chemometric pattern recognition techniques, for quality control in the refining process of jet fuels. A set of 70 samples of JET A-1, collected in a period of 2 years, was used to calculate the model of principal component analysis (PCA). The calculation of PCA model was based on three principal components that described 73 % of data variance. It allowed differentiating two classes of Jet A-1 fuel along the first principal component. The variables with the highest modeling power were: distillation temperatures (final boiling point, temperatures at 50 and 90 % of recovery), density, kinematic viscosity and naphthalene hydrocarbons. A training set of 30 samples was used to calculate the SIMCA classification model. Besides, an independent validation set of 30 samples was used to evaluate their performance, five of them coming from another refinery. The comparative study carried out through a validation with external samples proved that the SIMCA model had an adequate sensitivity and selectivity: it didn't show false negatives and it was unable to classify the turbo fuel samples alien to the modeled system. The achieved results demonstrated that the PCA and SIMCA models are valuable tools that allow the fast obtaining of useful information for quality control in the refining process of jet fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iteckne is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Division de Ingenierias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas is the property of Universidad de las Ciencias Informaticas (UCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Examining factors that led Standard Oil of New Jersey to merge all Venezuelan production, refining, and marketing operations reveal that motives for merging may lie beyond business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article refers to the affect of the Second World War on the Spanish oil industry. The article is divided into three parts: Part one refers to the period between 1870 and 1936, briefly showing how the industry's development was similar to the rest of western Europe. Part two refers to the World War II period in which autarky had a clear impact on the oil industry. The final part summarizes how the Spanish economy integrated with the rest of the developped world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo informa que los olmecas fueron los primeros mesoamericanos en refinar el petróleo. Nota que el chapopote, petróleo que fluye de yacimientos naturales, se recolectaba, refinaba y empleaba en la fabricación de objetos ornamentales y de pegamento, sobre todo para el sellado de barcos. Describe el procesamiento del chapopote, incluso su combinación con otras sustancias como arena para endurecerlo y hacerlo resistente al sol.

In this work an analysis of parametric sensibility is presented, developed starting from a mathematical model that describes the behavior of the reactors used in the catalytic reforming of LPG. In the same one it is analyzed: - Sensibility of a same answer in relation to each parameter of the pattern. - Sensibility of each answer in front of a same parameter. The parametric sensitivity analysis developed allows to identify the parameters that exercise the biggest effect on each one of the results of interest, and it gives the possibility to select those that require a rigorous estimate. The results show that the system is particularly sensitive to: the pre-exponential factors of methanation reaction, the effective thermal conductivity, the effective diffusivity and the pre-exponential factors of steam reforming reactions of butane and propane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has the purpose of doing a study of the corrosion in the atmospheric distillation tower of the "Hnos Díaz" Refinery. It was necessary to install a dispositive with some examples to analyze the corrosive behaviour of the construction materials of the tower: carbon steel and chromiun steel. It was used the gravimetric method and were done experiments without inhibitors and with some concentrations of inhibitors (Corromin E2) and was calculated the efficiency of them and compared with the efficiency obtained with the concentration used in the present tower (5 ppm). It was comprobated that the operation parameters are not adjusted to the present conditions and on account of that appears a high corrosion rate by the sulphur presence, fuel mixed proportion, the temperature, salts concentration and inhibitor concentration. The conclusions suggest that the construction materials, the inhibitor and its concentration are not the best ones for the present operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is carried out the validation of a mathematical model developed for describing the behaviour of the reactors for the catalytic reforming of propane butane gaseous mixtures. An analysis of the available operation information is presented (106 operational turns of two industrial reactors). The first half of the date was used for adjusting some parameters of the model, the second half was used in the validation of the model; the percentage of reproduction and the tendency of behaviour were utilized as index for the validation of the model. The validation is carried out using four forms of the characterization of the heat transfer for fixed bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan noticias que tratan de la economía internacional. Los países industriales criticaban la escasa participación de Alemania Occidental en los programas de ayuda económica. Se habla de la política agrícola del Mercado Común Europeo. Aumentaba el comercio entre Europa Occidental y el bloque soviético. Compañías internacionales se negaron a refinar el petróleo soviético en la India.