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This paper investigates the spatiotemporal variations of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) computed as the difference of urban and rural land surface temperatures for the three major cities of Argentina: Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Cordoba. Satellite-based data of 1 km x 1 km resolution available through the Global Surface UHI Explorer were used to estimate mean and maximum values, trends and percentage of each urban area with positive/negative intensities of SUHI for the period 2003-2017. Results indicate that, on average the nocturnal urban surface temperature is higher than the rural one (positive SUHI) for the annual, winter and summer mean for the three cities. The greatest contrast corresponds to Buenos Aires, where the maximum SUHI magnitude is +2°C in summer and the minimum is +1,5°C in winter. Both Rosario and Cordoba exhibit a difference in magnitude between summer and winter of only 0,1°C. The percentage of the area of each city with nocturnal surface temperatures greater than the rural ones is on average, 93 % for Buenos Aires, 97% for Rosario and 89% for Cordoba. During daytime, in some cases the SUHI intensity is negative generating a cold island. This effect is observed in the three cities during the cold season and in Rosario and Cordoba for the annual mean. In Buenos Aires, that hosts more than 30 % of the total population of the country, there is a significant positive trend in the daytime mean and maximum SUHI intensity. The comparison between the Buenos Aires' SUHI and canopy UHI (derived from standard air temperature measurements) shows positive intensities during night-time in both cases, although the mean annual and summer SUHI are warmer than the UHI in +0,3°C and +0,6°C, respectively. Additionally, there is a trend towards warmer daytime intensities of both types of heat islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meanings attributed by young people to high school and work have been studied separately by the sociology of education. The article shows a way of analyzing the way in which these meanings are articulated. The research on the significant activity of the students was based on comprehensive sociology and social phenomenology, using the category of "cultural models" -appropriate of cognitive anthropology-as an analytical tool. From a qualitative perspective, the research is based on semi-structured interviews and questionnaires with open questions, to young men and women between 15 and 19 years old, high school students, based in localities of a rural-urban transition in the León-Silao Metropolitan Area, Guanajuato, in central Mexico. As a result, the analysis of two cultural models is exposed, one on work and the other on baccalaureate studies, which organize various meanings in a plot that can be circular: study to achieve a professional job and work to pay the costs of doing a university degree; models that are nuanced by the gender condition of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: we analyzed the rural-urban differences of the nutritional status by residence (DRU) of the Basque male population during the Industrial Revolution.Methods: We used data from the military recruitment of 1876-1936 (cohorts born in 1856-1915). We analyzed the heights of 12,747 conscripts in six municipalities of Vizcaya. The DRUs are analyzed in three rural municipalities (Amorebieta, Dima and Bermeo = 4,612 cases) and three urban-industrial (Portugalete, San Salvador del Valle and Sestao = 8,135). In addition to the standardized height averages at the age of 21 years, we estimate a body mass index (BMI) for 1912, the only year available, compared to 1969, 1998-2000 and 2005.Results: the average height is among the highest in Spain. Between 1857 and 1915 cohorts went up to 168.2 cm 164.9 cm. The DRU were significant, being higher in the countryside than in the city. Rural height increased from 164.7 cm to 167.5 cm, as did urban 164.1 cm to 167.3 cm: improved 2.8 and 3.2 cm, respectively. The rural-urban gap in height persisted in the period with differences of up to 2 cm in the 1870s and convergence was noted at the beginning of the 1930s.Conclusion: the nutritional status of the Basques during industrialization was healthier than in the rest of Spain and better in the rural world than in the urban one. The advantage of rural height in Biscay contrasts with that of the Spanish average, which presents a clear rural penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Economies of agglomeration" have acted as catalysts of the progress and modernisation of many nations in the Global South but have also contributed to unbalancing the territory, widening the gap between urban and rural populations and the accumulation of high environmental and social deficits. In contrast to the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), the economies that make up the MINTs (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey) have better territorial integration of their urban systems, with intermediate cities that act as "economies of intermediation" with the rural hinterlands, and which could contribute to achieving the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. The United Nations Habitat iii of October 2016 placed intermediary cities at the heart of the New Urban Agenda. The aim is to promote national urban policies in many of the economies of the Global South, allowing them to strengthen their role as the main instrument of economic integration and regional cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to strengthen electoral studies in Spain by expanding their thematic and methodological scope. It offers an ecological study of the vote. Specifically, it explores, from an aggregate approach, the relationship between urbanization, electoral participation and support for the Socialist Party from 1999 to 2012 in the region of Andalusia. Our empirical analysis uses two approaches: the first provides a geography of the vote, which is more descriptive than explanatory, and it shows that both turnout and voting for the Socialist Party are negatively correlated with urbanization in Andalusia; the second, through spatial regression analyses, examines socio-structural factors and shows that the socialist vote, particularly in national and regional elections, is correlated with the economic instability and precariousness of municipalities - primarily levels of unemployment and the proportion of the population receiving agricultural subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probit/logit techniques are applied to the data from Barometer No. 2,829 published by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas to examine three problems related with public sector decentralisation. The paper concludes, first, that citizens' perception of efficiency gains from decentralisation have a positive effect on their support for decentralised government. Second, that citizens are more likely to perceive the efficiency gains from decentralisation if they correctly ascribe responsibility for education and health services to regions. And third, that citizens who most accurately identify regional responsibility for the provision of those services tend to be better educated, older, engaged in paid work or public employment, concerned about regional politics and resident in one region with higher initial level of devolved powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the growing inter-relationship between spaces -- rural/urban, urban/urban, and rural/rural -- that completely changes the socio-territorial perspective, this article analyzes the change in productive trends in a place with strong agricultural roots and that in recent decades has transitioned from predominantly agricultural and livestock activities toward greater diversification, increasingly incorporating urban activities. The author researches the new forms of rural-urban links that create new networks of labor interaction in places of different sizes in a national context dominated by urbanization, particularly in the center of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time it would take for urban and rural areas to exit poverty and the minimum economic growth rate to eradicate poverty in a predetermined period of time is estimated using the methodology developed by Chávez (2009). The results demonstrate that if there were an economic growth rate of seven percent beginning in 2010, the time it would take to get out of poverty for urban areas is more than 50 years, and 98 for the rural ones. The minimum rate of growth to eradicate poverty by 2050 is, for urban areas, nine percent and, for rural areas, 18.1 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has reduced its poverty levels at an increasingly fast rate, especially in rural areas, and the changes that have taken place have given way to a new rurality. This study allows us to quantify the importance of the structural changes that have happened on rural and urban areas during the period between years 2000 and 2011. The results of this research show a deep change in the interaction of rural homes with their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify culinary practices associated with bean consumption in families from one rural population Jesus of Atenas) and one urban (La Union of Tres Rios) of Costa Rica. The study was developed in 2005, in a sample of 475 families that usually prepare and eat beans 223 rural and 252 urban). In this families, the person responsible for the preparation of food was interviewed. The study showed a per capita beans consumption of 37.5 g/person/day (g/p/d) of raw weight. This consumption differs by geographic condition, being higher in rural area 46.8 + 25 g/p/d) than in urban areas (37.5 + 23 g/p/d) (F= 18.031, p= 0.000). The factors that were associated with consumption are different by area; in the rural area the factors were some characteristics of the person preparing bean, some preparation practices and the reasons manifested for consumption, whereas in urban areas the associated factors were only related to preparation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation and conservation practices of beans in Costa Rican families. The objective of this work was to identify the culinary and preservation practices for beans in a population rural (Jesus of Atenas) and an urban (La Union of Tres Rios) of Costa Rica. The study was developed in 2005, in a sample 475 families that prepare and consume beans (223 rural and 252 urban). In each of these homes, the person responsible for food preparation was interviewed and it is the key informant. The soaking beans before cooking was used mostly in the rural area (x2=14.435, p<0,001) and cooking methods employed in this area differ significantly from those used in the urban area (x2=28.535, p<0,001). In the rural area the most used cooking methods were conventional cooking and pressure cooking, but in the urban area the most common method was pressure cooking. The beans preservation methods applied to cooked beans do not different by area, the most common method found was refrigeration (x2=3.722, p=0.293). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the rural exodus of the 1950s in Italy, a symbolic and reverse exodus took place. The symbolic capital of modern culture penetrated into the farming world. Society has particular mechanisms in place to relieve pressures, thereby also announcing and preparing for social changes. This paper analyses one of these mechanisms, namely family photography between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Through some singular portraits, we see the 'dispatcher' role that photography played in the interstices of society between psychological, social, and material realities: a junction of emotions, a mediator between the rural and urban worlds, a rite of passage that channels drives, and a yardstick of what society considers to be correct or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the professional life of 20th century American sociologist Louis Wirth, particularly his views on urban life and urbanism. The author comments on Wirth's influences in the field of social sciences and sociology, and considers such concepts as urban ecology, modernity, and social transformations. He also analyzes Wirth's perspectives on the differences between urban and rural communities during the early 20th century, especially the growth of cities. An article written by Wirth regarding these differences is also translated into Spanish and reprinted.

This paper analyzes the category of social reproduction strategies to explain the origin and meaning of the social practices of the inhabitants of a rural periurban territory, which in recent years has been subject to an intense territorial reconfiguration process, caused mainly by migration. The approach, based on an analysis of the reproductive dynamics of households, examines the various ways in which social aspects are reproduced in a rural area under stress due to its interaction with processes and actors from other areas. It also helps to explain and understand the nature of the social conditionings present in the social practices undertaken by the actors who construct this periurban territory on a daily basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la economía y el comercio de los grupos indígenas de México durante el periodo prehispánico. El autor compara la actividad comercial en los centros urbanos con los mercados de las regiones rurales. También se consideran los aspectos sociales de los mercados y se analizan los productos vendidos en los mercados.

San Vito is the first district of Coto Brus municipality in Puntarenas province. Because of its political condition, it can't develop a land-use plan. It is a region that constitutes a geographic sub-province with an urban core in a widespread rural environment (142 km²), that needs a substitutive instrument for land use decision-making. A useful and practical tool is land-use condition, which comes from the comparison between land-use capacity and current land-use. In turn, this work makes a methodological effort and includes the land units system that analyses the biophysical variables of the land, to define homogenous units that will be useful in land-use planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis, known as well as Malta fever, is a zoonotic disease caused by intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella abortus or melitensis, the goats are the main reservoirs, and unpasteurized dairy products cause problem to public health. In 2008 Tlaxcala sate, filed a morbidity rate of 4.78/100000 inhabitants, ranking fourth nationally, the second two months of 2011 was ranked first nationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the relative socioeconomic status of individuals affected with brucellosis in rural and urban areas, evaluating the quality of life. The study groups were selected for regionalization through ArcView-3.2. Two questionnaires were applied for the following purposes: 1) Analyze the socioeconomic status of the study groups. 2) Measuring the quality of life in individuals infected and healthy, using the method of Rand Group. The results showed in rural areas: low socioeconomic status, higher incidence of brucellosis, interruption in medical treatment, medical complications in individuals ill, less educated, less medical services and medicines. The quality of life of individuals infected with brucellosis was lower when compared with the groups of healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the process of the construction of the Republic, in the 19th Century, non-white sectors of Venezuelan society attempted to legitimise themselves through photographs in their cart-de-visite, with the object of ratifying their position in this 'coffee and milk' society. The use of such technology, as well as the introduction and acceptance of urbanity handbooks, were part of a process in which these sectors tried to 'modernise', reflecting related social tensions, for example, the urban-rural dichotomy or the need for 'whitening' themselves in the eyes of their fellow citizens. The purpose of this paper is to study the way in which photographic portraits and urbanity handbooks act in a society in which social and economic differences and distances have undergone a great upheaval since the independence process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1992, in accordance to what has been called multi-functionality of rural environments, has considered as its most ambitious goals the preservation of the rural landscape and natural environments, as well as the maintenance of the social fabric and the welfare of local populations. As an attribute of the territory, and in harmony with the principle of sustainability, the multi-functionality of rural environments should provide the society with essential public goods. After some time, the rural rhetoric reinforced by the Agenda 2000 and the CAP reforms of 2003 and 2004, has created a growing illusion of an immense rural world that supposedly covers nearly the whole territory of the European Union. Contradictorily, the European Union spreads over one of the most urbanized areas of the world, and its citizens have adopted urban living styles long time ago. This research shows, through the analysis of the Spanish case, the insurmountable difficulties for assuming this dichotomous conception of the territory and, on the other hand, how the multi-functionality of rural spaces hides a great diversity of social landscapes of the rural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo considera el lenguaje de ciudadanos de Santa Rosa en la región de La Pampa, Argentina. Se analizan los cambios culturales que crearon formas diferentes del léxico para los santarroseños, según el autor. Se examinan varios aspectos del lenguaje coloquial, incluyendo el uso del pretérito perfecto, los tiempos verbales y las preposiciones. También se estudian las diferencias entre el estilo del lenguaje del campo y de la ciudad.

This Research Project focused on the characteristics of students who had completed their third course of studies in rural BGE and had continued studying in urban Polimodal Education institutions. The samples were institutions belonging to the Supervision of the IV Region in Chubut, both in rural and urban areas. Public policies have decided what, what for, how and when children from rural areas should learn. These policies have ignored cultural differences, social status, way of life, motivation and special interests. Pedagogical practice is still structured according to past socio-cultural categories and institutions have modernity features. It is necessary to give solutions to the educational needs in rural areas, taking into account the special social context of each community so as to foster and enrich their culture and generate an approximation to BGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial expansion of cities incorporates land into the urban environment, establishing new forms in the urban-rural relationship. These interface areas, which are susceptible to changes, are to be considered fragile territories. Cities often expand in an untidy and spontaneous way, originating territorial imbalance and tension; these are translated into a number of environmental problems. The present work defines environmental units within Mar del Plata periurban interface which account for its territorial heterogeneity, therefore, for the difficulties arising in the management of conflicts. In differentiating units, a group of indicators has been selected which include, on one hand, those referring to the urban system service supply and, on the other hand, those related to the ecological service provided by the natural system. Five units within the interface were defined, and they allowed for the identification of different processes within the interface which, at the same time, differ from those characterizing typically rural and urban areas. The territorial interface heterogeneity shows that the processes observed in the periurban interface require approaches, plans and proposals capable of assuming the implicit complexity of the units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural world in Latin America provides today an interesting scenery of social, economic and cultural transformations due to globalization. This process reflects on heterogeneous constitution processes of social subjects in the rural world. Therefore these processes can no longer be studied on the basis of conceptual frameworks that lie in urban and rural dichotomy. The rural question opens an encouraging space of debate that allows the discussion of theoretical categories and methodological tools, traditionally used to intervene in the rural world. In this paper we concentrated our reflection in the organization of domestic labour between impoverished rural producers that must incorporate non agrarian practices as a way to guarantee their social reproduction. We believe that in the rural development studies some obstacles are being experienced when trying to analyze the heterogeneity which characterizes the constitution processes of this "rural" social subjects. This paper propose a case study conformed by small rural producers that participates in a community forestry project carried out by an NGO in Formosa province, in Argentina. This allowed us to evidence the existing tensions, between a "domestic" and a "technical" logic in the practices and representations that are at stake in the workforce organization of this groups activities and their role in the construction of a "domestic productive project" of this units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the topics addressed in this issue of the journal including the relationship between rural and urban spaces, rural tourism, and agrarian practices in the province of Guerrero, Mexico.