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The objective of this study is to understand the practices of indigenous caregivers in the context of cultural change. Part of the idea of the need to build ethnographic bases that serve as inputs for the implementation of cross-cultural health and cross-cultural nursing approaches, as well as part of the evidence that facilitates health practices, based on competent descriptions that help to understand the cultural diversity of human populations. The methodological approach was carried out from qualitative research, with an ethnographic approach, combining documentary review and semi-structured interviews with 44 people. Codes were identified, grouped into subcategories and categories. Several types of caregivers were found, of which the traditional doctor and the midwife were considered relevant. Their practices are based on knowledge of the material and spiritual dimension, among which the use of medicinal plants, prayer, dream interpretation and collective ceremonies is highlighted. In addition, their work depends on social recognition, caregiver status and role in social organization. Intercultural models must consider caregivers, within the framework of strategies based on the dialogue of knowledge and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care. It is a study of interpretive analysis based on the model of theory evaluation proposed by Johnson, carried out in the months of January and February 2022. It is confirmed that Leininger's theory has theoretical consistency and the ability to contribute to practical, scientific and nursing profession. The theory is presented as easy to understand, with accessible and clear language, and presents well-defined concepts that stimulate the formulation of propositions. It presents further variations and assumptions that contribute to the interpretation and understanding of the propositions, as well as theoretical knowledge that helps to explain and make predictions about two phenomena of interest in the disease. To analyze it is possible to show Leininger's theory to theoretical consistency and to the capacity to contribute to nursing practice. The relevance of the application of nursing hairs in various contexts of care is highlighted for the scope of care that is culturally and consistently guided by the context and the needs of two individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nursing professionals, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the need to put care and self-care into practice as fundamental elements to protect their lives, that of their patients, relatives, and social health in general. Objective: To describe the self-care beliefs and practices used by nursing professionals who work in Intensive Care Units to maintain physical, mental, and social well-being during the care of the COVID-19 pandemic between the second period of 2020 and the first period of 2021. Methodology: Qualitative ethnographic approach, based on the ethno-nursing method proposed by Madeleine Leininger. Sampling by theoretical saturation of 14 key informants was carried out. Collection of information was doner through semi-structured face-to-face and virtual interviews, recorded, fully transcribed, and field notes. Analysis of information through the phases of ethno-nursing, categorization, characterization and identification of recurring patterns. Results: Three categories were identified as main themes, information was obtained on the beliefs and self-care practices of nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic that have repercussions on the search for individual and collective well-being, recognizable through the implementation of different strategies of protection and associated cultural practices. Conclusion: The thoughts and consequent actions mentioned by the interviewed population respond directly to the practices and beliefs related to their intentions to reduce the probability of contagion and manage self-care in the construction of resilience and effective well-being of health professionals nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Jack Goody and Edward Evans Evans-Pritchard have been two eminent Africanist anthropologists who have developed their works and research regarding Cognitive and Symbolic Anthropology and can contribute knowledge to Applied Anthropology. Objectives: to expose the personal reflections on the intersections in cognitive and symbolic anthropology of the works of Jack Goody (The Domestication of Savage Mind) and Evans-Pritchard (Theories of Primitive Religion) and to argue in a reflexive way the possible applications of both works to Applied Anthropology in Education and in Transcultural Nursing. Methodology: in-depth reading and subsequent reflective comparative analysis of both works to then propose possible applications to the aforementioned disciplines or professions. Development and results: Jack Goody converges with Evans-Pritchard at a cognitive and symbolic level. Both authors show that human beings, regardless of their ethnic or cultural origin, have different forms of cognitive organization of reality and different symbolic forms of expressing and to ritualize their beliefs. This does not mean that some human groups are inferior to others, even if they are from preliterate societies. Conclusion and final reflection: both authors and both works can serve as semiotic elements for an education in cultural diversity, in the prevention of violent behaviour against hatred and to empathy people in their concept of health/disease to further develop Transcultural Nursing and Cultural Competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, Professor Cibanal dissects the new book by Dr. Manuel Moreno. This work describes the characteristics of such a transcendental subject for the nursing discipline as transculturality without renouncing its complexity. The transcultural character of care is coherently and significantly related to gender and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The current globalized world expresses important challenges for nursing care, so that the suffering is recognized and relieved taking into account the patient’s culture. Objective. To describe the fin¬dings of research into experiences of hospital nurses about compassion and care to culturally diverse people. Method. Systematic review. The searches were conducted in: Web of Science, CINAHL, OVID Nursing, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Medline (PubMed), PsycARTICLES, Virtual Health Library, CUIDEN Plus, TripDatabase, Epistemonikos and Descubridor de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. A total of 83 searches were conducted with MeSH, DeCS and natural language terms, including research or review articles with qualitative approaches, published in Spanish, English or Portuguese. Results. 42 papers were included, with a predominance of phenomenological, ethnographic and grounded theory designs. These reflect the link between compassion and care for culturally diverse people, developed through three themes, and 14 sub-themes. Conclusion. The experiences of nurses and patients are diverse, but the connection between compassion and cultural competence in nursing care in the clinical setting is visible. This systematization shows educational and training needs, demonstrates the tensions between personal, professional and institutional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the meaning of well-being from the perspective of an Andean indigenous people: lickan-antay. Method. Qualitative study, descriptive design for comprehensive purposes, with intentional snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were applied, analyzing the speeches of 16 lickanantay from different communities in northern Chile, using tools of grounded theory. Results. The meaning of well-being for the lickan-antay is related to the integration of different harmonies: internal harmony, community harmony, harmony with nature and harmony in the ethnic-cultural development of lickan-antay. Conclusions. The meaning of well-being for the Lickan-antay is guided by a conception of the eco-cosmocentric world, shared with other indigenous Andean peoples, which differs from Western approaches to well-being. It is necessary to develop a line of local research, which allows establishing a body of cross-cultural knowledge, around the care and attention of the Lickan-Antay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nursing practice should promote the maintenance of wellbeing and life, through respect for culture against disease, through models of care in the evidence-based pluricultural context. The objective of this study was to reveal the rites of early childhood Pumé, and its impact on cultural reproduction and health care found such as protective collars, the placement of clinical names and the predisposition of the child: writing and painting skills attributed to maturity during its growth. Methodology: We frame the look in a focused ethnography exploring interculturality, rites of steps. The group of social actors subject to study was made up of seven key informants of the Pumé Ethnicity, with more than 5 years in the Community studied. Conclusions: Cultural care in Early Childhood will include activities aimed at preserving or maintaining, adapting or negotiating, reorienting or restructuring the care granted to children. That is why in the multicultural context in which we live, it is important to incorporate beliefs and values of people and thus provide effective, satisfactory and coherent nursing care with their culture and with evidence-based nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective will be to understand the relationship between the body and corporeity in the social and health spheres, according to some attributes of transpersonal and transcultural care. Reflected on the body and state power, media and institutions; on the rescue of the ontological dimension of the Being - the corporeality itself - supported by the transpersonal and transcultural care, making the isolated expectation of healing only a point in the face of affective and sociocultural relations; in addition of the sickness that provokes a rediscussion between the corporal existence of sick people and professionals and careful models that take into account the circumstances that "mark" the corporeity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the opinion of the migrant population regarding patient care that eases their access to Public Healthcare Services. The target population is international migrants who attend two local outpatient clinics in Montevideo, Uruguay. The research is quantitative, descriptive and crosssectional. Data collection was carried out through a survey, applied to 38 migrant users who were over 18 years old, with a minimum of three consultations carried out at the selected outpatient clinics. The sociodemographic profile showed a predominance of the age range between 28 and 38 years old (47.4%), the female gender (68.4%), countries from Latin America and the Caribbean (98.4%) and a higher education level (63.8%). Regarding patient care, 92.1% of respondents reported feeling the attention was suitable at the outpatient clinics and 100% stated they desired to continue attending. The most helpful types of patient care regarding access improvements were those related to communication (97.4%) and the quality of advisory services (89.5%). Cultural care - defined as the Healthcare Team's interest in the patient's culture and beliefs- proved to be the least prevalent with 41.2% and 62.5% negative responses, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the existence of multi-ethnic and pluricultural societies is not new, the perspective of equality and recognition has remained on paper, without permeating citizen attitudes. Migrations and globalization have led to greater international awareness of interculturality, facing challenges at the educational and health care levels, generating regulations in relation to protection and respect for diversity. The emergence and development of the concept of interculturality in education allows us to reflect on its importance and the role it has been given in health and nursing training. It is evident that institutional efforts have been insufficient, as the coloniality of being and knowledge continues to prevail, since Anglo-Saxon and European positions are still assumed that are in tension with the Latin American context. Nursing is still on the way to forging interculturality, it is important to include the subject in the training of professionals, which contributes to the construction of selfcare. The proposal of this article is to approach the notion of interculturality from education and health, to re-think epistemologically another look at the training of professionals in nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the effect of Ramadan in emergency services is important for health professionals. There are no clinical practice guidelines for this care and this systematic review can help health professionals in the approach to this event. The objective is to know the characteristics of the attention given in the emergency services and emergencies to members of the Muslim religion during the fasting of Ramadan. A systematic bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, WoS, Cinhal and specialized journals databases. Inclusion criteria: English and Spanish language, articles published from 2007 to 2018 and in the field of emergencies and emergencies. Identified 58 articles, of which 19 were selected. The methodological quality was assessed with PRISMA, STROBE and CONSORT. The findings were the main diseases / types of emergencies attended and the volume of people attended in the emergency services during Ramadan. Caring for Muslim patients implies knowing their needs in their cultural context and values, being important for nursing to know them to offer culturally appropriate care. It is necessary to strengthen the training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the meaning for the mother to participate in the care of preterm birth, a group of mothers who had their children hospitalized in the neonatal unit in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Methodology: Qualitative study, with a method of ethno-nursing of small scope and application of the theory: Universality and diversity of the cultural care of Madeleine Leininger. The data were obtained during the months of March to October 2012, through 24 in-depth interviews, field notes and participant observation to nine key informants and four general informants Results: 28 codes emerged, 5 patterns and 2 central themes. The two central themes that defined the meaning for the mother to participate in the care of the hospitalized premature newborn were: Nurse Education: A Way of maternal care participation and context hospitalized preterm premature hospitalization: an influential stage. Conclusion: participate in the care of hospitalized preterm birth for mother means having to care nursing education by the premature explanation, observation, demonstration and implementation, in a context of dominance of the ethical over the émic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is generated from the results of the research: Beliefs and cultural care practices of women with extreme maternal morbidity (Hoyos & Muñoz, 2017). Objective: To describe the cultural care beliefs and practices of women who had extreme maternal morbidity, who were not in control of prenatal care and who were treated at hospital in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Sample: 17 women with extreme maternal morbidity, not in control of prenatal care. Method: Qualitative, ethnographic, using ethno-nursing proposed by Leininger and Spradley's ethnographic interview. Results: 3 general topics and 2 taxonomies were found. Conclusions: The study concluded that women with extreme maternal morbidity, who do not have prenatal care, have their own ways of caring for themselves and their unborn child when they are sick, because access to maternal health services is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Points of view and experiences about compassion were explored in the practice of Colombian nurses and a contrast was made with the other 14 participating countries of the international online study. The cross-sectional exploratory study with an online international survey with 10 questions (open and closed), had 1323 nurses, 103 were from Colombia. Colombian quantitative data were analyzed in Excel and qualitative data in Nvivo with thematic analysis and consensus among researchers. The Colombian sample counted with 83.5% teachers and they chose the definition of compassion as the "deep awareness of the suffering of others and the desire to alleviate that suffering" (84.3%) in contrast to 59.5% of the online international study. Although, there are statistically significant differences between the countries of the international online study in the definition of compassion and some experiences, there are also similarities in several qualitative findings. The sociopolitical, organizational and educational barriers for compassionate care are evident. However, there is a conscious and intentional nature of the compassion and nursing effort to develop it. Some cultural variations of compassion and ways of promoting it in an increasingly transcultural professional exercise are evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Female genital mutilation covers all procedures that, intentionally and for non-medical reasons, alter or damage, partially or totally, the female genital organs whether for cultural or religious reasons. It is estimated that between 100 and 140 million girls and women around the world have suffered one of the first three types of female genital mutilation. "In Europe, it affects approximately 500,000 girls, and in countries such as Spain, around 17,000 girls are at risk of suffering from this practice. The main objective of the study is to describe the female genital mutilation/jadare from the perspective of the Fulbe culture, in order to provide strategic measures, which help the health professional to carry out an appropriate intervention. A case study has been carried out. The data were obtained from the semi-structured interviews conducted with 5 subjects of the Fulbe culture, three women and two men; of informal conversations and thorough observation of the participants. Currently, in fulbe culture, traditions such as FGM are common practices that they maintain despite their prohibition. Within the Fula community, Jadare is the term used to refer to those activities carried out as a process of initiation into adulthood for girls, before their first menstruation and subsequent marriage. The meaning of this day within the Fulbe culture differs substantially from the meaning that in Spain and other European countries attribute to FGM. After carrying out an exhaustive observation and several interviews, we can confirm that female genital mutilation is a practice implemented within the Fulbe culture by tradition "Co Fina Tauwa". That is the reason why some reject its prohibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To know the awareness of loss of skills caregivers in the family to minor emergencies related to the generational change. Methodology: The study was addressed from an ethnographic qualitative, descriptive design. They interviewed six informants belonging to two families in which there were at least three generations related to each other. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview. An analysis of the discourse of semantic type was made from a double plane: intracases and intercases. Main results: Most of the samples go to emergency departments by pathology of banal kind of motivations that lead to frequent this service are: go at own discretion, guided by the advice of others and derived from its health center. The entire sample is capable of telling some sort of remedy for the problem of health consulted, although few are still making use of these remedies. Conclusions: With regarding intergenerational knowledge, exists in both sequences although information with the advance of generations is lost. Finally, the totalities of the interviewees are aware of the process of loss of cultural knowledge, among the reasons stand out: the influence of the modern pharmacy, passivity by the population, lack of confidence in these remedies and the influence of Oficial Medicine. The study shows the relevance of the revitalization of knowledge and caregiving skills in the family in order to rationalize the frequency of emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: the purpose of this study is to analyze and interpret how a group of nurses working at a Primary Health Care Center perceives cultural diversity. This involves describing their relationship with migrants, taking into account the attitude they have and the strategies they employ when attending these patients. Methodology: qualitative design through semi-structured interviews developed in a Primary Health Care Center in Murcia (Spain). Analysis was carried out through coding, saturation and triangulation of the interviews, with the support of the data analysis software MaxQda®. Results: this group of nurses associate cultural diversity with economic migrants, and label them in different ways. Their attitude in this respect strives to give equal health care to every patient. However, the language and cultural barrier they face on a daily basis makes them disagree on the clinical practice, so they suggest strategies to overcome this issue. Final thoughts: the presence of patients from diverse cultures in health care and the importance of providing culturally consistent care are obvious facts. Language and cultural barriers, as well as social prejudices and stereotypes, represent a barrier to establish a therapeutic relationship and practice Health Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the experiences and life events regarding the cultural competence in the public health practice. Methods: A qualitative meta-synthesis covering the databases Medline, OvidNursing, OvidJournal, Embase and BVS-LILACS, including papers in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2009 and 2014. Ten studies were included and assessed by using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme in Spanish (CASPe). The three stages of the meta-aggregation programme were applied to do the obtaining and synthesis of findings. Results: The findings were aggregated in six categories and two types of results: 1) paradoxes when providing public health care to people from different culture and 2) going beyond the barriers – the daring by the public health nurses. Conclusion: The nurses experienced and expressed their cultural competence from the paradoxical situation produced when encountering another culturally different people. They showed a stance open to both understand and make sense of the other's culture, even though it was hard to produce culturally competent interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to identify and analyze the scientific production on Transcultural Nursing in the international context in the period between 2007 and 2014. A literature review on the CINAHL and CUIDEN database was performed using the descriptor "Transcultural Nursing" and including only original or research articles published between 2007 and 2014. A documentary descriptive study of the selected literature was carried out using bibliometric indicators. A total of 155 articles were obtained. The profile of the publications is the one of works signed by 2 or three women authors who mainly belong to the nursing discipline and whose work reference institution is the university. Most of these studies were conducted in the United States, Brazil and Spain. They are fundamentally qualitative design studies that address as major thematic the experiences and beliefs regarding health or disease, the training of students and professionals, and their proceeding in the field of cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Describe the beliefs and practices of pregnant women older than 35 years who face a pregnancy, hospitalized in a third level institution in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, during the year 2015. Materials and Methods: Ethno nursing (Leininger) was used to explore the emic perspective of pregnant women. The method of James P. Spradley was used for data analysis. Eighteen women, over the age of 35 who were hospitalized in a third level institution, participated. The sample size was defined by data saturation. The information was obtained through in-depth interviews. Results: The participants admitted feelings of frustration and anxiety at the time they realized they were pregnant, which led them to perform selfcare practices favoring both the pregnant women and their unborn child. Those practices helped them to establish relationships with their family support network and in a way less complex overcome the situation they were living. Conclusions: Pregnant women older than 35 years performed care practices influenced by their beliefs, which have been transmitted through oral tradition by their family, friends or peers whom were living the same situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For health professionals that seek to provide care which aligns with the values, beliefs, practices and perceived need, it is a challenge to know the heterogeneity and cultural diversity of a population group which is rapidly aging. Objective: This article describes the dynamics and health care practices of a family in poverty living with an elderly person with disabilities in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). Method: A qualitative study was developed based on the oral history of life, constructed with the participation of three members of the Vargas family. In-depth interviews total 894 minutes of recording. The collection, processing and data analysis was carried out following the procedure proposed by the Brazilian professor and researcher José Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy. Results: Two major themes emerged: The Vargas family: Between glocal and liquid and The Vargas: between survival and struggle for dignity. Conclusions: The care occurs as an expression of family solidarity in an ambivalent and tense dynamic, with economic and emotional loads which bring deterioration in the quality of life for those who take them. The family supports in the private sphere the heavy burden of care, accumulating many more social disadvantages and in turn end up trapped in a circle of humiliation and indignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe experience of care from culture of people with type II diabetes mellitus in the family context treated at a hospital in Ibague III level during 2013 and 2014. Methodology: qualitative ethnographic approach, ethnonursing derived from the Theory of nursing Madeleine Leininger. Non-probability convenience with 10 key informants, informants 6 general sampling. Gathering information through open deep in the home, field notes and observation interviews. Analysis of information through the phases of the ethnonursing: coding, categorizing, identifying recurring patterns, themes. Results: Reaction to the disease situation, the involvement of family, experiences produced from the health service and other social actors, perceived and known by itself effects, construction of care: five major topic were identified. Conclusion: The experience of diabetes care in the family context determines patterns of care that reflect their influence culturally and home care. Research from the cultural, strengthens nursing practice because it enhances a natural field of care to provide culturally congruent care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My experience as a volunteer in Africa made me reflect on the importance of the death of a child and look for different situations and cultures. In European society, we assume that parents should outlive their children and who would die for their children. In Ethiopia where families can not afford to make a minimum contribution of food needed, mothers come in such bad shape that they are unable to give breastfeeding, and people are accustomed to the early years are the most critical, the most difficult, as they are accustomed to losing in those years to his brothers, sons, grandsons, nephews and friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increased migration and the need for nurses to adapt to this reality, the purpose of this article is to know how to address the transcultural nursing care. The method used was based on a literature review with critical and reflective of the literature of national and international reading. The concept of cultural competence is developed and the models and theories of nursing based on intercultural communication, ethical and legal issues, institutional measures of cultural consideration and incorporating this knowledge in higher education are discussed. It concludes with the need to acquire cultural competence to facilitate the establishment of the therapeutic relationship through understanding and understanding of other cultures, valuing the context of the individual as a transcendental element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justification: Immigration in Spain is a very important phenomenon which reverberates in the field of the health. Objective: To investigate the relation between the choice of epidural anesthesia and the nationality of the women, and in turn, to observe if other factors also influence this decision. Design and Methodology: Quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study of 634 women who have given birth at the Northwestern Hospital in the Region of Murcia. The variables selected were: obstetric history, age, type of anesthesia, the nationality of women and reasons of rejection of epidural anesthesia. Results: The 8, 51% of women who have given birth in the Northwestern Hospital in the Region of Murcia in 2010 were immigrants. As for nationality, 20, 37% of women immigrants have not used any type of anesthesia. We found a significant difference with the Spanish immigrant women in which only 4, 31% rejected (P< 0,001). In relation to abortions, women who do not prefer any anesthesia are those who do have abortions (P<0, 05). Younger ages for women, 16 to 25 years, is associated with no use of epidural anesthesia (P<0, 05). Conclusion: Immigrant women make less use of epidural anesthesia. It is a challenge for nurses to learn the different cultures and to carry out work in an increasingly multicultural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The elderly population in the world, a growing trend in the demographic dynamics, for this reason, nursing care practices require the systematization and synthesis of the scientific evidence about cultural competence and transcultural nursing to improve the quality of care to this population. We ask ourselves: what are and what is the validity and usefulness of existing evidence about the practices of care to the elderly taking into account cultural competence and transcultural theory? Objective: Synthesize qualitative scientific evidence in nursing with cultural competence care for older adults, in order to recover and to describe the best evidence. Methods: Systematic review of the literature in the Iberoamerican Scientific Space, following a protocol in seven phases of execution restarts from proposed by Guerra, Muñoz and Santos Lozano (2003). Results: 20 studies were selected in which, without being its objective, elements of cultural competence were addressed. Conclusion: There is evidence in the study topic, but in response to the question are fragmented evidences that limit the total concept of cultural competence, therefore, recognizes the importance of addressing the primary research approach enabling comprehensive and explicit to cultural competence and transcultural nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the trajectory of popular care in a group of older people with chronic diseases living in a marginal urban area of the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Qualitative ethnographic study which included participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was manual and followed the phases proposed by Leininger. Results: Of the 18 senior people interviewed three cultural patterns emerged: 1) I am declared chronically ill, 2) as I am chronically ill, I seek help from those who know about the disease, 3) the chronically ill take care of the body in many ways. Conclusions: The trajectory of popular care reveals various forms of care. It begins with the construction of meanings about chronic disease, then proceeds to decision making (where the family is quickly involved in moments of crisis of the disease) and, finally, popular care, being the most striking letting the body rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at describing the meanings that a group of hospitalized pregnant attributed to the experience of having preeclampsia. It is a qualitative research of ethno nursing type. To collect the information the Observation-participation-reflection guide, given by Leininger was taken into account. Open interviews were conducted to eight pregnant women as key informants and five nurses as general informants. The sample was obtained by saturation of information. During data analysis, the four phases proposed by Leininger were applied: data collection, identification and categorization of descriptors and components, analysis of context and patterns and establishment of central themes. The results of this research provide theoretical knowledge to give culturally coherent care to pregnant women with preeclampsia and thus be a complement to their comprehensive care. Women require the health care team that serves them to inform them clearly and comprehensively about their health situation, that of their unborn child and the care they need. Women know about signs and alarming symptoms of preeclampsia, but do not perceive them. The emotional, social and spiritual changes produced in women by their illness and hospitalization need to be considered for nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as a starting point to finding the invisibility of nursing scientific production in anthropological perspective on the literature reviews on anthropology of health in Brazil, the aim of this essay is to make a brief critical discussion of nursing and anthropology punctuating the particularities of the Brazilian context compared with countries like United States, England and Spain, and especially discuss the dilemmas (problems and limits) in the relations existing between the two disciplines and indicate some challenges to its development and consolidation. Finally, the enrollment of the arguments and comparative analysis of building this relationship in different countries allowed viewing certain hypotheses that aim to contribute to future discussions and studies in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interpretive ethnographic study aimed at understanding the trajectory of popular care of older people with a disability living in poverty. The study was conducted in five neighborhoods of the northeastern hills of Bogota. The data collection methods were participant observation and interviews; methods that were carried out with seven key contributors. The analysis was guided by Leininger’s proposal, from which the cultural theme emerges: “Discovering popular care pathways of older people in disability and poverty”, and it is presented according to the three stages of the care trajectory: understanding the current situation (paying the consequences of the life that I had to take), decision making (decision making: a framework of circumstances) and care execution (Care execution: swinging between popular and professional care). The issue reveals the various possibilities of care in this group and shows how from its environmental context, culture and needs they configure an intangible path. On such path, understanding their situation becomes important and the particular ways of making decisions also turn significant along with the practices which are culturally inherited that blend with distinct changing knowledge . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This was a descriptive study with qualitative approach, having as its focus the knowledge and practices of riverside mothers and care of their newborn babies. Objectives: to identify the cultural values in riverside mothers' care of newborns, and to discuss their knowledge and practices with respect to the care of their newborns. Methodology: data collection took place from January to February 2011 and the location was the riverside town of Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil. The study participants were mothers born in the coastal city, and responsible for caring for their children. The questionnaire was divided into two stages, the first relating to socioeconomic and cultural identity and the second to the mothers' care of the newborn baby. Data analysis was based on ethnonursing. Results and conclusion: we interviewed twenty riverside mothers aged between 20 and 46 years, mean age 33 years. The study showed that cultural values influence the riverside mothers in the care of their newborns. It was also observed that these women lack information related to the care of the newborn, for example, umbilical stump, hygiene and colic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the purchase of the Riotinto mines by the Rio Tint Rio Company Limited in 1873, the region actually became a British colony until 1954. The creation of a hospital to attend the English people was an example of its organization, although as time went by its staff would be Spanish. Some of the main targets of this study are to identify the British and the Spanish nurses who worked at the hospital, as well as to find out the kind of nursery craft and its influence on the Spanish professionals who worked there. By the moment we have identified not less than 36 British nurses (1873- 1954), 13 male nurses and 11 Spanish female nurses (1954-1983). It seems that the Spanish nursery was not really in contact with its British precedent in the hospital, mucho more advanced as for organization and competence, but not for that its professional prestige was lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the environmental context of disabled elderly people living in poverty in five districts of Bogotá and their relationship with care. A qualitative ethnographic methodology was used, including participant observation and ethnographic interviews that were conducted with the sixteen people over sixty years of age who took part in the study. It found that several components of the environmental context-such as poverty, migration, physical-geographic environment, health services and their providers, politics, and technology-act as barriers or facilitators of care. Nurse Practitioners should consider the environmental context when providing care and use a comprehensive, holistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afro-Colombian diversity is interwoven with specific cultural health-care practices. Traditional healers possess a thousand-year-old tradition regarding health care. They enjoy the recognition, trust and respect of their communities, but are unknown to health institutions and the professional world, or ignored by them. Objective: The study describes health-care practices performed by traditional healers; specifically, remedieros (non-professional apothecaries) and parteras (midwives) in an Afro-Colombian community in Guapi, a town located in the Cauca region of Colombia. Methodology: This ethnographic study relied on participant observation and in-depth interviews with three remedieros and three parteras. The analysis was conducted in an inductive and interpretative way. Results: The results demonstrate different healing methods associated with the use of herbs, maneuvers, special formulas and prayers, among other elements. This diversity of methods implies the person is viewed in a holistic manner that is conducive to the adoption of diverse ways to heal and protect health. Conclusions: The importance of being aware of this knowledge and preserving it is a way to express a commitment to protecting, rescuing and favoring dialogue between professional and traditional healers. It also is an invitation to understand and acknowledge the role traditional healers can play in health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thoughts on the diversity of health situations performed by elderly,disabled people are usually not the same as those thoughts performed by health professionals;their explanations are more likely the product of cultural and contextualconstructions, and of previous health care experiences. Main purpose: Exploring the explanations given by elderly people in disability and poverty -dwellers of five neighbourhoods on the Northeastern hills of Bogotá- to their situation. Method: Ethnographic-qualitative survey. Thirty-nine volunteers older than 60 were chosen; participantobservation and ethnographic interviews took place inside their dwelling places. All the information was recorded, transcribed and organized following the proposal of M. Leininger. It was later analysed using the Cultural Care Adversity Theory and the Minayo proposals, among others. Results: explanations made by this age and social group appeared, receiving the name "Understanding health situation" and recognizingmanifestations of welfare or discomfort. It was also able to name the situation, give it a meaning and establish cause relations (with psychosocial, socioeconomic and natural origins) in order to try and explain the situation. Conclusions: explanations given by our volunteers to situations called Males by them, show a big amount of complexity and multi-causality. Through these explanations they build a sort of knitting with its own internal logics that helps them in giving sense to their adverse-health experiences. Thus, nurses should prepare themselves to perform a culturally coherent care, a careable to acknowledge wisdom, beliefs and practices of the elderly in order to contribute to the production of knowledge, strategies and plans aimed at particularized health-care,congruent to the population's diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to describe the meanings about disability, poverty and old age of elderly people in the municipality of Guapi (Cauca, Colombia, 2009). Method: ethnographic study with participant observation and fifteen in-depth interviews. The analysis of the data was carried out in an inductive and interpretative manner. Results: the meanings in disability are framed in physical failure, limitations to perform activities, and lack of access to social participation spheres. Poverty is related to spiritual and material aspects. Old age is located in a polarization of meanings between acceptance and suffering when facing diseases and limitations. Conclusions: the understanding of cultural meanings in the dimensions of disability, poverty and old age may trigger in the future more efficient and effective cross-sectorial and professional responses to improve life and health conditions of elderly in situations of adversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attention and action in the process of health / disease care is a key that characterizes his role as nurse and health worker. In particular the study of health seeking behavior and observation of the strategies of patients (actors) on health and disease and its action as they or their family sick. This article is a reflection through a review of authors in other anthropological work on the articulation of cultural care in biomedical practice. Biomedicine holistic limited compression of the disease conception of the person as a whole than the sum of the component parts. Often the nurse plays in their practice a moral world of values of the society to which he belongs which is materialized in practice. To discuss the influence of culture in the health / disease / care, we must define what is meant by culture. It must take into account the relationship between subject and culture particularly in relation to the socialization of the subject. Hence the importance of the existence of a shared belief system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from the widespread idea of the need of intercultural mediators in the sanitary world as the solution to the derivative difficulties of working with persons of other cultures, this work has as aim demonstrate that the necessary thing is that the professionals of nursing we form ourselves to realize taken care culturally competent. There are analyzed certain premises without which they cannot be realized taken care competent. The fundamental thing is to have a constructive attitude towards the cultural differences and sensibility towards the persons of other cultures. Also it is necessary increase the knowledge on other cultures. By it values and beliefs are described in relation to health and disease in sub- Saharan population. Coming to the conclusion that the human beings though diverse culturally we share many common features in relation to the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively carry out Health Education it is necessary to know the characteristics of the population it is aimed for. The Transcultural Nursing Model (M. Leininger) sustains that it is necessary to know the values and beliefs of other cultures to provide competent care. We ate all born and raised in the heart of a certain cultural tradition that "makes us". Every culture creates its models on the ideal way of being which tell us how to behave or not. For all this, the most characteristic features that identify the model of a good Muslim are presented. Taking in consideration that these people are immigrant Muslims who live in a social and cultural context different from that of origin. How this situation can be of influence will be analyzed . Once the most common characteristics ate known, some skills to be competent in Health Education for the immigrant Moroccan families will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colombia occupies the third place in the world as a country with more displacements approaching two million persons in the last fifteen years and the major percentage corresponds to women. This «feminization» of the displacement, brings with itself the break of couple relations, the loss for the wife of her companion, of the goods and means of subsistence turning her into a household keeper. It takes to break the community support networks, the destruction of the social cohesion and of the solidarity altering the collective identity. With relation to health, a high number of displaced pregnant women do not attend pregnancy health controls and their self care during this process is related to the traditions, beliefs and values that they bring with them into the context that the displacement situation awards them. The displacement brings a great cultural heterogeneity related to the previous experiences of these women's self care and their families' during pregnancy. Objective: this research is related to the meaning of the pregnant mother's self care and her child to be born using a group of displaced women living in Pampas del Mirador neighborhood in the city of Cali, and based in their own beliefs. It tries to discover the dynamics and the way they reconstruct the practices of the care related to pregnancy, within their new social tissue. Method: Ethno nursing includes deep interviews. Nine displaced pregnant women participated in the survey besides two general reporters. The size of the survey was taken by applying the criteria of data saturation. Findings: The big concern for women is that the child is born well and this means for them that they will achieve this provided they develop the same care they saw their mothers to practice, their aunts and the great majority of women of their land. They are convinced that in the city everything will be like when they were in the field and that the customs during the period of pregnancy can be similar to those that they know. During pregnancy they realize actions mainly oriented to - «try that the child is well placed» «this means with the little head down placed», «avoid to do a bad force», «maintain the balance of the body between cold and heat», «eat well», «transmit safety and wellbeing to the son» and finally «cultivate the family collaboration and support». The indicated patterns are linked to produce a synergy aimed to achieve that the son is born well. These beliefs, practices and customs related to the maternity, are sometimes considered irrelevant in the care that is provided in the health centers thus generating distrust feelings in the use of these services. To get to know the self care practices of displaced pregnant women forces to an exchange of knowledge that allows to determine which of those practices are important to keep, which to adjust or to negotiate and which to be restructured so that the health and well being of the mother and her son will be the best possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Understanding care from Leininger's perspective implies learning about people's living ways, their environments, their feelings, their worries, their beliefs, their practices as well as their values in different events, such as motherhood, fatherhood, birth, adolescence, adultness, elderliness, diseases and death, with the main objective of offering a care agreeable and compatible to their culture. Research and practice in transcultural nursing: This learning related to the care that persons have by themselves, necessarily indicates or suggests an interaction with them. However, an interaction requires preparation, sensitiveness and a critical thought in order to discover and to grasp all of the different meanings that people give to their lives and their own care. Reflection: This investigation has been configured as an entry door to get those points of view and as a bridge to approximate the professional nursing towards quotidian people's lives in order to obtain knowledge from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the frame of cultural relativism and transcultural care this work aims to globally approach the phenomenon of healers or Quakers and "folk care", and understand their coexistence with highly qualified health care systems; to find out the profile, methods and rites that are used, some common features among healers and the motives and experiences of those who have sought for their help. In order to document and complete this descriptive ethnography, a questionnaire was designed and handed out by means of an interview to seven people who have used the services of healers within the province of Jaén. Amongst the relevant results are the thoughtful and respectful manners of the healers and their interest for the person. The healers surround themselves of a religious-mystic atmosphere and use the laying on of hands and herbs. We can conclude that the coexistence of traditional methods with a modem health system is mutually enriching, provides differentiating elements to the patient's care and, so far, in certain circles, it does not seem bound to disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, societies are exposed to multiple geographic movements so that bigger knowledge of cultural differences and equalities from distinct ethnic groups is needed and it becomes a profit for health organizations and programs, as well as recognizing the need of health professional education on adequate knowledge, skills and essential sources to provide sensitive culturally competent cares. That kind of culturally competent and congruent care could be defined as: "...the competence, that takes part in the caring process, which is within the nursing practice, that implies an anthropological view, from a qualitative perspective, with a holistic point of view, implying an specific nursing analysis...and so that is related with clinical practice, communication, professional and research ethics, nursing research, nursing education, management in cares, health education, etc..."; and would help to improve the caring process of that type of culturally different patients, determining the good function of health systems, improving patient satisfaction and gradually arriving to changes in the practice of caring with patients from other cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]