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The stylistic and petrographic analysis of ceramic assemblages from three sites associated with a circulation route between the nodes of Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca) and the middle Calchaquí Valley (Salta), in the internodal area of the Galán Volcano, provides evidence of social interaction between the Puna region and the valleys of northwestern Argentina. The comparative analysis of the information available in both nodes verified the use of this interaction route during the Late (ca. AD 900–1400) and Inca (ca. AD 1400–1550) periods. The circulation of vessels of state importance, made mainly in the Calchaquí Valley and transported to the Puna, was determined. At the same time, interaction with the Atacama region (Chile) is proposed. In sum, the pottery recovered materializes the articulation of both sides of the Andes Mountains as part of the Inca integration strategies implemented in the Collasuyo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on making the process of urbanization-metropolitanization of the Puebla-Tlaxcaltec Valley intelligible. It does this both on a macro-regional level and in the sphere of the daily lives of those living there. Thus, the author deals with the general process of the valley's urbanization, the theoretical crosscutting issues that, from the standpoint of Marxist political economy and the sociology of social reproduction, turn this into an object of knowledge, and the methodological configurations appropriate for doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical, ethnographic and archaeological investigations show an intense interaction between the Calchaquíes valleys and the Puna, in northwestern Argentina, at least from the first millennium to the mid-twentieth century. On this occasion, the study of the links between these spaces during the 10th to 16th centuries is addressed, focusing on a set of materialities taken as indicators to build hypotheses about the link between the Calchaquíes valleys and the Puna, based on the circulation of objects and materials. This leads us to maintain that during the Late Period, the populations of the upper ravines of the Calchaquí Valley maintained fluid interactions with the Puna; which, with the Inca expansion in the region, were maintained and expanded, allowing the circulation of materials along various circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present some proposals about the interactions between populations of the northern Salta and Jujuy Yungas, those in Quebrada de Humahuaca and Puna in the Northwest of Argentina (NOA), and sector of Bolivia at the end of the first millennium and the first centuries of the second, employing different approaches. Direct evidence recorded in funerary contexts of three archaeological sites, Manuel Elordi1, El Talar and Oran, located in the piedmont forest is presented. Several indicators, such as ceramics, metals, beads of diverse raw materials, freshwater snails and rock art, as well as some evidence from the Yungas found in regions with a better preservation of organic materials are considered. We consider their dispersal through possible interaction networks between these regions, with suggestions about those responsible for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1470 the Incas conquered the north coast of Peru. They administered and controlled new territories using a variety of strategies, such as the relocation of roadways in order to shor ten distances, the construction of walls that oriented travelers to a single direction, and the utilization of loyal, diversely specialized subjects to displace rebellious or intransigent groups. These new populations brought with them their native cultural practices; in the Chicama Valley, they introduced Southern Highland traditions that ultimately syncretized with local, coastal cultures. The discovery of five coastal apachetas associated with coast-highland routes provides new evidence of Inca presence in one of the most fertile valleys on the Peruvian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the century the Mediterranean coast has experienced an intense urban development, mainly driven by northern European migrants with habits closely linked to tourism who decide to establish their residence in areas with a warmer climate. Although there are abundant works focused on the study of these mobilities in coastal tourist settings, the territorial transformation triggered in inland rural areas has not been covered with the same attention so far. Through a quantitative empirical approach, based on data obtained from official statistical and cartographic sources, we analyse the settlements that have arisen in the middle valley of the Almanzora river, a unique rural setting of British residents which has experienced exponential growth of irregular land occupation in recent years. This work uncovers two clear models of occupation: the scattered settlements included within the pre-existing agricultural plots and the secondary urban developments that have proliferated in environments of low agricultural productivity. Finally, this study concludes that the regularization of these settlements poses significant challenges both at the legal and planning levels and shows that the profitability of agriculture is a mitigating element of the tourist-residential phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internodal archaeological research requires a change in the scales and perspectives considered, in order to propose an approach tending to overcome the arbitrary (and self-imposed) limits of territorial scope in investigations. Data generated both in the micro region of Antofagasta de la Sierra and in the High Valleys of Catamarca, indicate links and relations that endured in time between these and other surrounding regions. In this sense, here we propose the use of Google Earth Engine (GEE) as an analytical tool for the generation of information, providing novel data regarding the proposed research topic, such as those linked to the availability of water and pastures. The use of this innovative tool is based in the remote processing and analysis of large catalogues of satellite images, constantly updated, which enables a more dynamic and attuned insight to the processes that we are seeking to understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a synthesis of the archaeological record at Los Viscos site, with an outstanding preservation of organic material, and analyze it in relation to the paleoenvironmental studies developed in El Bolsón valley, a high-altitude valley in Catamarca, Argentina, and the social landscapes inferred for the area. Los Viscos rock shelter has been occupied for the last 1200 years since Formative times. The material recovered there includes evidence of mixed production and resource procurement strategies over a great diversity of resources. Intensification in resource exploitation since the Regional Developments Period suggests novel constraints at the time. This record represents a period in which the palaeoenvironmental evidence suggests changes in the regional morphodynamics that prevented the preservation of other contemporary sites. Thus, Los Viscos provides a better understanding of production and consumption practices in the valley over the last two millennia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographic information recorded in the Jequetepeque and Chicama valleys (north coast of Peru) in 2006 is reported, which contributes significantly to the knowledge of the traditional capture strategies of the "life" Trichomycterus sp., as well as its morphology, habitat and behavior, resulting from the transmission of knowledge through generations; technology whose continuity is at risk due to various impacts on the habitat of "life", as well as the gradual disinterest of the new generations. The research was motivated by the scarce ethnographic information about freshwater fishing and the possibility of the loss of this knowledge held by the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure works are key elements for evaluating the characteristics of the Inca domination in any territory of the state. New documentary investigations in the lowlands of north-central Mendoza (Central West Argentina) offer relevant information related to the identification and location of Inca constructions and ditches. This article presents the results of these studies and examines the implications for understanding the political-administrative and economic organization of the Guentata, Uco, and Jaurúa valleys and surrounding areas, on the southeastern border of Tawantinsuyu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and evolution of the production and commercialization of wine in Arequipa, taking as a documentary basis the purchase and sale manuscripts and the municipal agreements to regulate its marketing and means of transport. From the interpretation of the purchase and sale clauses two stages are reconstructed: the wine brought from the Iberian Peninsula and the wine produced in the Arequipa valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the research carried out on the construction process and the features of the landscape of the Pasiegos Mountains and Valleys as a model of cultural landscape and the convenience of valuing it as a resource and "brand image" for the sustainable development of the regional territory. For centuries, this territory has played a preponderant role in livestock farming, which has relegated other economic activities and forms of productive use of the territory to a very secondary role. Since the sixteenth century there was the implementation of a semi-intensive productive system that had a great transcendence in the modification of the organization of the pasiego territory: in a short time there were notable changes in the way of life of the population, in the forms of settlement, in the productive dedication of the lands of agrarian use and, consequently, in the modeling of the rural landscape, whose characteristic features have reached our days. In addition to other heritage resources, which can help mitigate the current decline of most of the pasiego county, the most valuable cultural asset, without a doubt, is the landscape heritage, an expression of the secular pasiego way of life, provided that its value will be socially recognized and properly preserved and protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Measure the effects of the price support policy on the production, consumption and trade balance of beans in the Central Valleys region of Oaxaca. Methodology: An endogenous price programming model was used that maximizes economic surpluses in the bean market in the Central Valleys, using average information for the period 2017-2019. Results: With the price support policy, production would increase by 13.0 % and consumption would decrease by 3.5 %, compared to the levels observed in the base year. These changes would reduce the trade balance from 6.3 to 5.5 thousand tons. The above changes would determine an increase of 27.6 % in the producer surplus and a contraction in the consumer surplus of 6.9 % with respect to the level observed in the base year. Limitations: The elasticities used correspond to the national bean market. Conclusions: The price support policy has a positive effect on the production and producer welfare and a negative effect on the consumption and consumer welfare. The increase in bean production would not be enough to eliminate the trade deficit; therefore, the implementation of other policies to increase legume production is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rias are elongated inlets, arms of the sea, that penetrate in the continental zone. These forms are understood as sea flooded river valleys since the German researcher von Richthofen introduced the term into the scientific literature in 1886. Many authors have dealt with this rocky coast macroform, and most of them highlight their fluvial origin. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the different Galician rías shows the lack of fluvial deposits or forms inside them. This fact force to reconsider the contribution of fluvial and marine factors in shaping the coast, as well as the age of these forms. With regard to this last topic, many studies show the relevance of the falling sea level in rias formation during the last glacial period, but these approaches does not take into account that inside of rías there are Eemian interglacial dated forms and deposits. A careful revision on the rías'literature and the shaping processes and agents (i.e., lithology, joint degree, or the existing of forms and deposits) lead to the conclusion that rias are polygenic forms where the tectonic structure define its morphological pattern. The fluvial dynamics, initiated in the Cenozoic, triggered the valleys incision; and the marine processes were the main agent to shaping the actual character and form of this rock coast macroforms; therefore the fluvial contribution should be understood as a secondary process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continental shelf north of Central Venezuela is partially or completely structurally controlled by major right lateral strike slip active faults (e.g. San Sebastián fault), comprising three physiographic provinces, from west to east: The Golfo Triste Platform, the Choroní Basin and the La Guaira Platform. The two mentioned platforms are of erosional type while the Choroní basin is a deep depression, which is incised by submarine canyons. These canyons seem to be related to turbidity currents with greater flows during the Pleistocene wetter periods. Following several authors, these submarine canyons are partially or completely structurally controlled by major structures present in the north-central coastal range of Venezuela. Five major regional unconformities and/or seismostratigraphic limits have been identified. We propose to correlate the most recent to MIS 2 (Last Glacial Maximum ~ 20 ka) lowstand. The chronological significance of the deepest detected major uncomformity (strong erosion) is tentatively attributed to MIS 6 (~130 ka) lowstand. Based on the present-day position of the later one, we propose an estimation of ~1.2 mm.y-1 of the mean subsidence rate in the La Guaira Shelf, considering that the obtained value may locally represent a minor vertical component of the dominantly horizontal displacement along the San Sebastián Fault. The San Sebastián fault shows a linear deformation in the eastern profiles. In contrast to the west, we observe in some profiles an intense deformation zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological site of La Mosquita or Paraje de San Miguel is located in a secondary valley on the left bank of the Ebro river, in the municipality of Villalaín (Burgos). The archaeological ensemble is articulated around the La Mosquita cave, a clearly anthropized space over time through the placement of up to 9 cists excavated in the geological site and the detailing of a head and altar, causing a change in orientation. In addition to these elements, clearly pre-Christian elements such as cave paintings have been studied, where an anthropomorph with a horned headdress stands out. Along with these elements, other tombs excavated in the walls of the rocky cliff where the entire complex is located have been located outside the cave. From the study of the same, it has been possible to grant an absolute chronology to the whole, which allows us to delve into the hermit occupation in the Ebro valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of planting density and complementary irrigation on the morpho-phenology, yield, profitability, and efficiency of banana fertilization in the Carrizal River Valley, Ecuador. The treatments consisted of two production systems (irrigation and rainfed) and four planting densities (1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 plants ha-1 ). The variables recorded were bunch weight (kg), fruit yield (boxes ha-1 ), net economic benefit (USD ha-1 ) and NPK agronomic efficiency. Supplementary irrigation increased production by 30%, compared to the rainfed system. The bunch weight was inversely proportional to the crop densities, while the fruit yield was proportional to the densities. The linear regression model showed an increase of 6.50 kg of fruit plant-1 with supplementary irrigation, while in rainfed the production was 4.99 kg of fruit plant-1, signaling a loss of 1.51 kg of fruit plant-1 due to lack of supplementary irrigation. The highest commercial yield and net economic benefit was 1398 boxes of fruit and 3665 USD ha-1, respectively, with 3000 plants ha-1 under supplementary irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal record of Los Viscos site [SCatBe6(1)], located in El Bolsón Valley, Belén Department, Catamarca province. The faunal assemblage was recovered in layers 1 and 1a, corresponding to the Late prehispanic and Hispanic-Indigenous periods, respectively. Camelids seem to have been the main resource, and wild minor fauna was marginally exploited. Consumption of camelids was focused on meat and marrow, and meat delayed consumption through drying is probable to have occurred in the Late prehispanic occupation. Comparisons with data from earlier occupations of the site suggest the continuity of the predominance of camelids, their age profiles and anatomical distribution. However, evidence of processing of other fauna is restricted to the latest occupations presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a public database at SIB Colombia, the product of several studies about the diversity and complementarity of a butterfly community (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the El Romeral reserve, a protected area located southwest of the Aburrá Valley on the Central Cordillera in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. We report 69 species, 40 genera, 12 subfamilies and 5 families of butterflies in high Andean ecosystems, between 2250 and 2878 m a.s.l., including unique records and endemic species. The information is associated with specimens and barcode sequences in GenBank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cactaceae is an American family, very diverse in the western Andes. However, its diversity and distribution are not yet precisely known, as no exhaustive inventories or species records have been made in potentially biodiverse localities; therefore, this research seeks to determine the diversity and distribution of Cactaceae in the Cháparra Valley. Field visits were carried out from 2016 to 2018, covering the whole extension of the valley (coastal zone, valley zone and highlands), from 100 to 3500 m. Intensive searches were carried out, with botanical collections, geographical data collected (coordinates, altitude) and photographs taken. The taxa were identified with the aid of specialized bibliography. 23 taxa were recorded, 18 of which are endemic to Peru and two exclusive to Arequipa. In terms of distribution, Cactaceae are found from 170 to >3000 m. In the coastal zone, six taxa have been recorded, ranging from 170 to 700 m. The valley zone, which ranges from 300 to 3000 m, has 17 taxa, with the greatest diversity in the 1500-1800 m range. Finally, the upper zone, which is above 3000 m, has four taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to approach a study about the phenomenon of diffusion of the bull´s image in the provincial coinage fabricated during the period of government of Tiberius in the Ebro valley region. To achieve this objective we present a detailed analysis about the material and iconographic aspects of the image, attempting to determinate its operation within a process of emblematic propaganda in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mayors as members of the Cabildo appeared in the Iberian Peninsula during the High Middle Ages, derived from the needs of the neighbors to have interference in matters of popular interest. Due to the importance of this figure and the interference with the affairs of the Castilian cities, upon the arrival of Hernán Cortes to the West Indies, he creates the first Town Hall in the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. With the arrival of the friars headed by Fray Bartolome de las Casas, to the valley of Cuetlaxcoapan and because of a Millenarian thought inherited by the Grand Chancellor Mercurino Gattinara, the City de los Angeles was founded. The ideal of this, was to have a Perfect City where the encomienda was not applied and was administered by exemplary people. The methodology used is documentary, it is based on making a reconciliation of books of recognized authors in the field and it is deductive since it derives in obtaining the legal origins of the Mayors in New Spain, a documentary research is not enough but it is necessary to understand the daily life of the mayors through documents such as the Cabildo Acts of the centuries studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional survey was performed in 35 family farming units (FFU) in the Municipality of Payogasta (Salta), with the aim of describing production practices in their goat flocks. Data on management, feeding, reproduction and health practices were recorded. FFU had on average 80.1 ±57.1 goats (not including kids). The predominant biotypes was Anglo Nubian (60.5%) with Criollo crosses. Animals are extensively managed, with nocturnal enclosure, and flock feeding was based on grazing the hills, lucerne, crops or their residues. The 100% of the FFU produced milk by hand-milking to make cheeses. Breeding was stationed (51.4%), while in the rest it was continuous. The 65.7% of the FFU routinely dewormed. Those FFU that had stationed mating system and dewormed showed to obtain a tendency of higher production values. These results show important productive limitations that, with simple practices it would be possible to increase production and the well-being of producing families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the white-bibbed manakin (Corapipo leucorrhoa) has been reported outside its usual distribution north of the upper Magdalena valley (Tolima, Colombia), which means that its actual distribution is not well known. In this study, three records of C. leucorrhoa in the department of Tolima are reported. With the review of several database records and our reports, we modeled a potential distribution map for this species, finding that there are favorable conditions for its presence along the upper Magdalena valley, and that this region should be included as part of its geographical distribution for Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the process of installing the Chilean ecclesial regime in the parish of San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, post salt war. Context in which the ecclesial power through a set of religious practices aimed at moralizing and civilizing the local population jointly sought to eradicate those religious contents associated with a Peruvian heritage excuse that were incompatible and contrary to the modern Chilean church. This process will trigger conflicts and resistance because the people of Tarapacá were not willing to renounce their religiosity because it is an element of their identity and of their community lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the links between territorial planning and ethnic recognition based on the experiences of two Afro-descendant communities located in the flat valley of the Cauca river, Colombia: El Hormiguero and El Tiple. It describes the tensions, within the Colombian State, derived from the differential recognition of rights to ethnic populations and the mechanisms aimed at planning the use and appropriation of nature. The methodology applied to the study was a qualitative approach by implementing ethnographic and archival perspectives, which privileged the interaction with the communities, organized around the Community Councils, and the revision of the extensive normative archive that grounds municipal territorial planning. The comparative analysis of the study cases of El Hormiguero and El Tiple reveals an institutionalized form of spatial injustice due to the de facto imposition of private economic interests on territorial planning. This injustice has deprived Afro-descendant communities of their acquired rights, such as recognition, territory, and prior, free and informed consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results about the last researches carried out on ceramic fabrics of Las Garzas, an Early site (600 a.C.-650 d.C.) located in the Lerma Valley (Province of Salta, Argentina). This approach implied a revision of previous studies initiated by Cremonte (Cremonte et al., 1987), which allowed us to adjust the petrography of the ceramic pastes, expanding the analyzed sample and completing the previous analyzes incorporating different recording procedures. Data obtained in relation to the local geology allowed us to hypothesize about foreign or in situ production of the vessels represented in the studied sample. Likewise, comparisons with other pottery groups from the Lerma Valley and more distant pottery traditions such as Tafí and San Francisco valleys, allowed us to evaluate links in the manufacturing techniques that contribute to our knowledge about early pottery technological traditions in Northwestern Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009 I started working with the mapuche-tehuelche communities of the coast and valley of the province of Chubut. During those years, many of the struggles and demands revolved around the local senses of belonging and the political particularity acquired by the dual adscription as mapuche-tehuelche in this region. The formation of communities that self-describe as belonging to these two peoples is one of the characteristics that defined the indigenous movement in the province, and particularly in the coast and the valley. The present work, therefore, focuses on historicizing that process of strengthening and visibility of their identities, to understand the ways in which the mapuche-tehuelche people modified the conditions that determine their ways of appearing in public spaces and began to be aware of the political responsibility as agents of their own history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and karst forms of the Sierra del Aramo are analysed, especially the lithological and tectonic factors that determine the morphostructural organisation of the relief. The methodology used has been based on an exhaustive bibliographic and cartographic review, field work, photointerpretation, and geomorphological maps. As a result, the main fault and overthrust scarps are identified and explained, as well as many types of lapies, dolines, nivo-karst niches, and dry valleys. Such forms constitute a valuable geomorphological heritage, which must be appropriately assessed for sustainable use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: Archaeology has employed developments in standard (western) cartography as a technique to understand and analyze archaeological landscapes usually thought of as belonging exclusively to past societies and which overlook the fact that today's populations incorporate these material traces into their daily lives in multiple ways. This work proposes landscape archaeology based in a local sense, developing narratives that critique the place occupied by archaeology in past and present local histories. Methodology: We briefly consider the role played by Latin American archaeologies in the discourses of modernity linked to the emergence of States. We review how the construction of the objects of archaeological study leads to the denial of local communities as the subjects of their own valid knowledge; taking as an example the development of archaeological practice in the Calchaquí Valleys of northwestern Argentina. Finally, we present participatory cartography from its main theoretical principles and tools, and the first initiatives undertaken by us in the area. Conclusions: We consider that participatory cartography has benefits for both the discipline of archaeology and for local populations as a potential tool in the dialogue of knowledge and multivocality. Originality: The proposal we present is that participatory cartography is an appropriate theoretical-methodological approach for recognizing and incorporating the local spatial knowledge of archaeological landscapes held by present-day communities; thus enriching their study and enabling a more participatory and sustainable management of archaeological heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of small vertebrates in the hunter-gatherers subsistence of aquatic environments of central Patagonian (Chubut) during the Late Holocene; represented by fluvial environments (the lower valley of Chubut River, and the Lake Musters basin) and marine environments (the northern coast and the Chubut River mouth). On the basis of the faunal structure of each environment, a predictive model of hunter-gatherers subsistence was raised and zooarchaeological expectations were derived; then, they were contrasted through the analysis of diversity and taxonomic abundance. The results show that the exploitation of small vertebrates was variable and economic factors do not reach to explain this variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arid regions in Mexico are excluded from the benefits of the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) scheme of the National Forestry Commission, due to the low forest cover they have. The objective of the work is to carry out an identification at the regional level of those potential payment zones for environmental services in the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo State. The limitation of the arid zone is the main justification for generating proposals as alternatives to try to include these regions in the PSA. The identification of eligible or priority areas for the PSA was based on the methodologies of the Physiographic Survey, to delimit the environmental areas or units and, for the analysis of decision-making, the Multicriteria. Priority areas for payment for environmental services equivalent to 911 ha were identified, with high and very high risk characteristics of losing the ecosystem services provided by the conservation of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological investigations carried out in the Valley of Colima in recent years have, as one of its main limitations, the lack of a chronological sequence, based on absolute dating. Based on a review of the chronology proposed by Isabel Kelly, the present work describes the efforts focused on beginning the construction of the sequence, through the archaeological-magnetic study of materials from primary contexts excavated in three sites, whose shared characteristic is the presence of circular plazas. The study of ceramic sherds and burnt bajareque fragments has allowed to obtain the first absolute dates for this type of sites, placing them within what is known as the Mesoamerican Classic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first specific results of the analyses of the practice of pottery production in the Anfama valley during the first millennium of the christian era are presented from techno-stylistic, petrographic and XRD analyses. The presence of two diachronic and overlapping occupations in El Sunchal site, an early one dated between 2000 BP and 1600 BP, and later in ca. 1100 BP allows to approach to materials from a comparative perspective. Macro and microscopic researches allowed identifying both technological features which varied temporarily and which remained relatively stable. From the obtained results and in terms of the tension between continuity and innovation observed in the practical habitus, the concept of tradition is discussed and extended as it was raised in previous works for the pottery of the Southern Calchaquí region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first investigations, the Paracas and Nasca have been considered as two of the most representative social formations of the Peruvian south coast. Elements indicating interaction with the highlands were identified only for the latest phases of the stylistic sequence of Nasca pottery, especially those related to the characteristic ceramic style of the Wari state that emerged near the modern city of Ayacucho, during the Middle Horizon. However, in the last years, fieldwork carried out in the Palpa valleys and its tributaries resulted in increasing evidence of Paracas and Nasca sites in the highlands. This new evidence forces us to reconsider our traditional concepts of Paracas and Nasca settlement patterns and socioeconomic structures, including the transitional epoch between them. Since 2006, members of the Palpa-Lucanas Archaeological Project conducted intensive fieldwork in the catchment area of the northern tributaries of the Nasca drainage, especially in the highest sections of the Palpa and Viscas valleys. The surveys reached up to the highest points of the western slope of the Andes, at an altitude of 4300 m above sea level. Thus, the inventory of the archaeological sites on the west side of the Andes, including coastal, yunga, and highlanders, now comprises about 1500 sites belonging almost to all time periods. In this paper we present the results of our studies in the highlands, emphasizing those related to the Paracas and Nasca, and especially to the transition between them, which shows strong relationships with the Topara tradition. Excavations on Cutamalla and Huayuncalla sites provide relevant stratigraphic data to the theme presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 550 vessels were recovered by Julio César Tello and his team from the Paracas Necrópolis cemetery on the Paracas peninsula, Perú, between 1927 and 1930. Each vessel had been placed adjacent to 250 of the 429 funerary bundles, generally to the north, either alone or in a group of two or three, sometimes wrapped in a cloth. Based on comparisons with ceramics from the valleys of Chincha, Pisco, Ica and Nazca, these vessels have been attributed, without differentiating them, to the Topará (Jahuay and Chongos), late Paracas (Ocucaje 10) and initial Nasca (Nasca 1) ceramic traditions. However, this ceramic assemblage is largely undocumented and has not previously been studied, in its entirety or in part, using systematic methods that include information on the archaeological context, the analytic process and a technological and morphological classification. This essay presents initial results of this type of study, offering a unique opportunity to determine the role of ceramic receptacles in the funerary rites and social relationships among Paracas, Nasca y Topará populations between 200 BCE and 200 CE, based on determining ceramic production processes, sources and exchange networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological evidence documented in the Palpa valleys indicates that at the end of the Formative period, between the decline of the Paracas and the beginning of the Nasca, there was transition period in which important changes took place in the sociocultural process that affected the apparent links of continuity between both sociopolitical entities. This time period, known as Proto-Nasca or Initial Nasca in the Rio Grande basin, is closely related to the sudden appearance of elements related with the Topará, a social group which seems to have exercised political and religious control of the southern coast at the end of the Formative period, configuring a new scenario in which typical traits of the Paracas and Nasca were combined. In this sense, the discussion focuses on the implications of the Topará had in this transition process, in which only the so-called «Paracas» textiles of the Necrópolis phase represent the ties of continuity between both sociopolitical entities. This continuity evidently had strong religious and ideological connotations. In this paper the archaeological evidences (settlement patterns, geoglyphs, petroglyphs, pottery, etc.) that set this new stage in the valleys of Palpa will be presented, on the basis of which we discuss the characteristics that the Paracas-Nasca transition had in the Río Grande basin and its implications in the regional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological monitoring of Cerro del Águila Hydroelectric Plant was developed as part of the commitments assumed in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which was approved through the Directorial Resolution No. 049-2013-MEM/AAE in August of 2013. The study area is located in Colcabamba and Surcubamba districts, Tayacaja province, Huancavelica department, corresponding to the Mantaro River Valley. Fieldwork was carried out between 2013 and 2016, during the wet and dry seasons of each year. As a result of this study, three species report extensions in their ranges of distribution: the White-Ear Buco (Nystalus chacuru), the Pearl Belly-Tyrant-Todi (Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer) and the Red-crested Finch (Coryphospingus cucullatus). These are species whose records in this area show variations in frequency and abundance between seasons and type of vegetation, possible related to the construction phase of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the issue of the dwelling space use and arrangement at Morro del Fraile and El Carmen 1 villages, located on the Cajón Montagne Range in Santa María valley, between the 7th and 15th centuries AD. Therefore, an architectonic record formal analysis was performed, starting with the layout drawing, the structures record and analysis, and the dwelling units' types identification. Afterwards the architectonic analysis results altogether with absolute and relative chronology data, and information obtained from previous excavations, allowed to structure a general view on the occupational history and practices developed in each village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of the first approach that included visits to the archaeological sites and contact with the people of Rodeo Gervan. This location is situated in the last high valley area in western the Catamarca, before the Puna. It is the first research intervention of our team at the area, following the local resident's requests and invitation. Rodeo Gervan is a narrow high valley, with geographic, weather and geomorphologic features which difference it of bordering valleys of the local area. Its local and peasant population is currently settled in six points that are placed throughout the valley and shows a particular way of living. The importance of this report is that is the first in an area that was not explored before from the archaeological perspective. Data that we provide are promising for further anthropological, archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intendeds to explore the existing relationship between social capital and the local risk management, in light of the flood in the Valley municipality of Chalco Solidaridad, Estado de México, in 2010. The article proposes the idea that local management of risk is based on the capacities of local actors to resolve problems that arise in their environment; thus, is the existence of social capital in a determined community which mainly facilitates collective action. The applied methodology for this work was basically qualitative in nature and consisted in the recollection of data from first-hand sources by interviewing key actors, as well as secondary information from official documental sources for its analysis and interpretation. It's concluded that the risk management is being implemented by local churches supported by basic ecclesial communities and other social actors, and not by the municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the province of Salta has strengthened its presence in the Argentine tourist map. This involved, among other things, the increase of tourist offers to enjoy the province of Salta. In this paper, we aim to address tourist diversity in Salta, especially observing how the Calchaquíes Valleys, a traditional destination in the Argentine northwest, is redefined through new attractions and tourist services based on some local distinctive features. This work specifically approaches the way in which the tourist proposal in this area is renewed considering the creation of a rural and touristic organization-the Rural Tourism Network-that offers tourist services under the form of community-based tourism. It also aims at focusing attention on the social and territorial changes that the presence of this new actor, central to the diversification of tourist options in this destination, has introduced into the local scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valles Transversales area is located in central-eastern sector of the province of La Pampa. It is a transitional environment between the Humid and Dry Pampa subregions. It has structural features formed by wind valleys that give it its own dynamics from different points of view: physiographic, environmental and cultural. From an archaeological approach, particular characteristics are recorded in the contexts of this area that differ with respect to other areas of the Western Pampa. In this paper the results achieved in the analysis of archaeological materials from different sites are exposed. The analyzed contexts come from both field research and the recording and cataloging of archaeological materials related to reliable and well-known private collections. The aim is to publicize the sites identified and propose some general trends regarding the composition of the contexts, the use of lithic raw materials, the use of space and the social shaping of this landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of houses for recreational and lifestyle purposes has gained momentum in mountains areas of Argentina. This article analyses the origins and consequences of this residential-recreational economy for the case of the Calchaqui Valleys. Given the fact that the process is embedded in a global boom of amenity/lifestyle migration, the two respective concepts are introduced with a special emphasis on their discussion in the Latin American context. A categorization of amenity migrants is presented with the goal o f differentiating between them and hence, elaborating national and regional particularities of the process. The results indicate that the 'search for the rural' leads to an increasing socio-spatial fragmentation in the Calchaqui Valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of maize hybrids developed for The High Valleys of Mexico. Four hybrids in their versions of male-sterile and fertile were evaluated in four uniform experiments using a randomized complete block design, at the Experimental Station of Mexico (CEVAMEX) and the Faculty of Higher Studios Cuautitlan (FESC-UNAM). The statistical analysis was performed in a combined form with the factors: hybrids (4), locations (4), male sterility/fertility versions (2), and the interactions between these factors. Significant differences for genotypes (p≤0.01), for locations and for interaction hybrid x locations (p≤0.05) were detected. The coefficient of variation for seed yield was 21.5% and overall mean was of 6,998 kg/ha. The site CEVAMEX 2009, in its first planting date, produced 8829 kg/ha and surpassed the other three environments. The performance of the four hybrids was similar (p>0.05). The male sterile version had a yield of 7170 kg/ha, similar (p>0.05) to the fertile version (6826 kg/ha), which confirms that the versions of the fertile and male-sterile hybrids of this study are isogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the agricultural land management and water resources for the rural river valleys of the region of San Luis Potosí in Mexico during the period 1910-1940. The author comments on the development and construction of irrigation systems through private property in these areas, the history of Mexican agriculture form the colonial era, and the agricultural reforms of the 20th century. He also considers the laws and legislation enacted by the Mexican government related to water usage as well as agriculture.

This paper aims to present the first systematic archaeological investigations conducted in the Balcosna Valley, Catamarca Province, NW Argentina. This valley located in the end of the foothills of the Yungas, has not extensively been mentioned in the archaeological literature. Therefore, our main objectives were understanding and interpreting the social construction of landscape in the valley. This is to say, which was the role it played regionally, in connection with the available information of the surrounding valleys. Methodologically, we conducted surveys following the paths that still exist in the valley, along with the implementation of stratigraphic test pits to delimit the different contexts of use of the identified structures. The results presented here are more than promising since we have recorded a great variety and number of archaeological sites of various shapes and sizes, together with complex systems of terraced fields and reservoirs for water storage. Thus, we interpret this valley as a place where the landscape was in constant re-creation. People who lived there probably had a permanent settlement which in turn conformed a network system interconnected with paths that are used today and, possibly, in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]