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Copyright of Llull: Revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tecnicas is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tecnicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the existence of the Boconó strike-slip fault system, along with parallel inverse faults, the Venezuelan Andes presents a high seismic hazard, historically manifested by a series of destructive earthquakes. For the new Venezuelan Seismic Building Code, an evaluation of the seismic hazard has been developed, based on a new seismogenic model. The resulting peak accelerations are compared in this work for 8 cities with those of the current code, as well as two precedent works. The map of the new evaluation allows greater detail to one of the previous maps, which evidences the concentration of seismic hazard around the recognized faults, mainly the Boconó fault. Concerning the current code, there is a decrease in the seismic hazard to the north (Carora and Barquisimeto), little variation towards the center-north (Trujillo, Valera, and Escuque), an increase in Mérida state (including the flank towards El Vigía) and a relatively small variation in Táchira state, with some increase in La Fría. For both codes and the 8 cities, elastic spectra at rock are presented, as well as design spectra for an intermediate site class and certain regular buildings. In the elastic spectra, an increase in acceleration of 20% is observed at short periods in Merida state for the new code relative to the current one; lower increases are observed in Táchira state and decreases in Trujillo, Barquisimeto, and Carora. In the considered design spectra an increase of up to 50% is observed for short periods, while in both cases the differences are smaller for intermediate and long periods. These values agree with the diversity of destructive historical earthquakes according to the states, except for Barquisimeto. The low values in Carora coincide with the absence of severe seismic intensities to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Procesos Historicos is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the works of German painter and naturalist Ferdinand K. Bellermann on the historical-cultural studies of the Venezuelan Andes. It highlights the importance of the work of Bellermann as a source for historical and cultural studies. It discusses both the value of his drawings and oil paintings from his travel diaries during the period 1844-1845.

Copyright of Geominas is the property of FUNDA-GEOMINAS. (Fundacion de Egresados d Amigos de la Escuela de Ingenieria Geologica y de Minas) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a visit by Spanish diplomat Alonso Vásquez de Cisneros to study the geography of the Andean region of Mucuchíes in Venezuela during the early 17th century. It provides a discourse analysis of the correspondence of Cisneros concerning the Mucuchíes environment. The author studies the toponymy, or the origin of the place names, of the region by Cisneros. He also analyzes Cisneros' description of the territory in and around Mucuchíes during this informative visit mandated by the Spanish monarchy. A list of geographical terms with descriptions by Cisneros is also provided.

The article focuses on the Indian reserves (resguardos) in the Venezuelan Andes, from their creation in the late 16th century to their dissolution in the 19th century. It considers the region of Mérida and the town of Santa Bárbara de Cachopo, where, until 1777, lands were assigned to Indian settlements as communal and inalienable property. The author explores the forces which had incidence on the transformation of property rights in the late 18th and early 19th century, including the development of mestizo settlements, the interests of neighboring landowners and the increasingly liberal and individualistic understanding of property.