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Copyright of International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice & Peace is the property of Queen's University, Engineering, Social Justice & Peace and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica is the property of Revista Argentina de Antropologia Biologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Análisis Filosófico is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Analisis Filosofico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletin de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on intraspecific forest biodiversity. Biological diversity deals with the variety of living things on the planet. Its characterization is the result of millions of years of evolution without man, whose appearance has had a negative influence on the types of biodiversity. Normally, society interprets biological diversity as the number of organisms in a territory.

Leafcutter ants constitute a severe problem in native forests from the province of Entre Ríos. Previous studies reveal that the presence of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex causes damage to the ground cover and foliage in tree species. A survey on ant colonies of the genus Atta was carried out at the facility named El Carayá (Feliciano, Entre Ríos) in order to identify and describe the species, and classify their nests. A transect of 300 m (L) x 100 m (W) was marked. The nests placed in it were described. Samples of entomological material were collected; genus Atta vollenweideri Forel, 1983, was identified as the single specie within the transect. This ant specie builds conical nests with an apparent area of loose soil and no vegetation on the surface. The average nest values were the following: 48.72 m2 (area); 20.15 m3 (external volume). 15 active entrance holes and 14 ant tracks were observed, the latter being 39.47 m (length) and 0.0674 m (width). Active entrance holes (38.93 %), the number of ant tracks (41.53 %) and their length (42.44 %) were the values with the highest variation ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philosophy & History of Biology / Filosofia e História da Biologia is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Filosofia e Historia da Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In medieval tradition, the use of exempla was a common educational method. The exemplum of the man and the bird appears in several medieval works, at times as part of anthologies and at others as a thematic and ideological core of the narrative. This article analyses the motif of three counsels a bird gives to a man, and its reconfiguration in the Barlaam y Josafat, the Disciplina clericalis and the Libro del caballero Zifar. In these three tales there are changes to the order of the counsels and the main elements --the location, the bird, the man and the treasure. The variations are due to the mixture of traditions and the author's intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work provides a detailed list of the specimens of the genus Sceloporus deposited in the herpetological collection of CIIDIR- IPN-DGO. Twenty four species from the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz and Zacatecas, were determined, of which S. albiventris, S. clarkii clarkii, S. heterolepis, S. lemosespinali, S. melanorhinus and S. nelsoni barrancarum represent new state records for Durango, and S. heterolepis a state record for Zacatecas. Additionally, known range and altitudinal records are extended for some species, pointing out variations concerning the typical patterns of scales and color found in specimens of some species, and where appropriate new municipal records are also stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obtaining of new and more efficient and productive varieties of cultures sustain the Cuban sugar industry through programs of genetic improvement. For it, it is needed to make a wider use of the genetic variability, which is achieved with the nutritious solution technique, but its low production of seedling has limited it. The work was carried out with the objective of modifying the nutritious solution technique that is used under sugarcane crossing in Cuba. The study was made among the years 1999 and 2004. This article started from the comparison between the nutritious solution used in Cuba with that of other countries, the addition of a marcotting in feminine stalk before crossing and the comparison among the old and new crossing techniques. It was concluded that the nutritious solution handled in Australia was better than the one used in Cuba, but the best advances were achieved with the addition from a marcotting when mounting the stalk of the feminine flower, the one that triplicated the production of seedling of the previous variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the molecular variability in a collection of Venezuelan isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiont bacteria through the application of RAPD markers. The DNA of nematodes and bacteria were extracted by a modification of the method described by Salazar et al. RAPD assay was developed with the primers from the kits OPA and OPB. Genetic fingerprinting of isolates of the nematode and symbiotic bacteria were determined. The total amplified bands for nematode was 493 and 496 for bacteria, with 99,18 and 100% polymorphism, respectively. The clustering obtained for the nematodes was related to the altitude above the sea level at which they were collected, while for the bacteria, the clustering was in general related to the type of soil from which they came. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we propose a revision of the concepts of developmental constraints and variation, in consideration of recent empirical and theoretical work, particularly on Hox genes, phylotypic stage, and morphogenesis. We argue that the notion of isotropic and unlimited variation associated to Darwinian and Neo-Darwinian theories must be rethought in the light of recent contributions that come from developmental biology: variation would be constrained and biased. This conceptual reformulation of variation goes in hand with a reformulation of the concept of developmental constraints: they should be understood as positive causal factors in evolution, in contrast with the way they are usually understood in biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclocephala mannheimsi Endrödi, 1964 is recorded for the first time in Colombia, currently known from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. Species redescription is provided based in 103 exemplars. Color patterns observed are described and illustrated analyzing dominant forms and discuss possible causes that influence the variation of pigmentation in that species and other Cyclocephala species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colony patterns were described for eight P. palmivora strains isolated from avocado orchards located in the western Cuban region, that were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (AM), V8 agar (AV8) and carrot agar (AZ). The sporangia shapes observed in the P. palmivora strains were also described. The intraspecific variability was evaluated based on the size of sporangia and papillae. The strains showed a uniform colony pattern on each of the culture media used, arachnoid on PDA and AM media and stellate on AV8 and AZ media. A wide diversity of types of sporangia was observed, mostly ovoidellipsoid, obpyriform, spherical and distorted with short pedicels (2-5 μm). Sporangia shape ranged between 25 μm and 80 μm long (average 48,8 μm ± 9,1 μm) and 17,5 μm to 52,5 μm in breadth (average 31,8 μm ± 5,5 μm) with prominent papillae ranging from 2,5 μm to 10 μm long (average 5,7 μm ± 1,7 μm) and between 2 μm to 10 μm in breadth (average 6,5 ± 1,6 μm). The Principal Component Analysis showed a great variability considering both the sporangia and papillae sizes with the length and breadth of the sporangia and their ratio, the width and the length/breadth ratio of the papillae as the most variable characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We performed the evaluation of different formulations of compost from crop residues of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), using four T1: 24% dolomite lime, T2: efficient microorganisms (EM), T3: The combination of EM and dolomite lime and T4: traditional composting, which served as reference for the formulas mentioned. 1m3 the composting were built in bamboo and under plastic cover emissions. Manure samples were taken at 8, 40, 48 and 56 days, which were sent to the laboratory. Data were recorded internal temperature of each battery twice a week, humidity, temperature and precipitation, additionally conducted a dump each week. The analysis of variance showed no significant differences between treatments or replicates (p> 0,05), but there are variations in the T2 values for variables such as pH, organic matter, ICC, percentages of N, P, K , Ca, Mg, in some cases with values to the NTC 5167, despite not include alternative sources of nitrogen to improve the composting process and the product that this is achieved. Simultaneously performed cost analysis for each of the formulations, where you can choose any of the fertilizers obtained for each treatment. Additionally positive correlations were found between these variables and environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the Phrynosoma orbiculare complex six subspecies have been described that are distributed from the north to the southeast of the Mexican Plateau. Since, the description of the group, the taxonomic status of the subspecies of P. orbiculare has been debated. The objective of this study was to assess the morphological variation of the subspecies described; using analysis of linear and geometric morphometrics combined with principal component analysis and canonical correlation. The linear morphometric analysis showed a clear definition, but with geometric morphometrics, using canonical variance analysis, significant differences were obtained for three subspecies, P. o. orientale, P. o. durangoensis and P. o. boucardi. The thin plate spline showed that main deformation is in the snout and horns combined. Phrynosoma. o. orientale is distributed in the Sierra Madre Oriental and P. o. durangoensis in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Both subspecies are isolated by the Central Mexican Plateu and diverged as a result of Neogene vicariance. So if subspecies are isolated can be considered as separate entities since there is no gene flow between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to study the level of variation of PMTV isolates from Colombian potato crops through 2010 and 2011. Genes encoding for the viral coat protein (CP, ARN 2) and the Triple Gene Block (TGB2, ARN 3) were sequenced from PMTV isolates obtained in the provinces of Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca y Nariño. Additionally, RNA 2 and RNA 3 from two isolates were almost sequenced to completion (>83%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the CP sequence revealed the presences of two clades. The first clade included PMTV reference strains from all over the world and 19 Colombian isolates used in this study. The second class grouped only Colombian isolates and shared less than 76% identity with clade 1, suggesting a new pomovirus species. Complete genome sequencing is required to confirm this hypothesis. Phylogenetic analysis using the TGB2 gene grouped all sequences in a single clade. Sequence analysis of segments 2 and 3 of the viral genomes revealed >94% sequence identity with PMTV isolates from Czech Republic and Sweden. These findings will be helpful in the development of diagnostic tools for PMTV in the Andes in order to support tuber-seed certification and genetic improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to identify morphologically the fungi associated to symptomatology present in leaves, stems and blueberry fruits and determine its seasonal incidence in the main producing area of this berry in Michoacán, Mexico. Between March 2009 and February 2010, some leaves, stems and fruits with symptoms attributed to fungi were randomly collected from 5% of the plants of three commercial orchards. Isolates in PDA were made from damaged tissue and the pure fungal strains were obtained. Specialized keys were used for fungi identification at genus level. Twelve fungi were identified associated to 12 symptomatologies, among them: fruit rot (Alternaria, Colletotrichum), leaf spot (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Neofusicoccum, Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta, Stemphyllium), rust (Pucciniastrum), blighting and stem canker (Alternaria, Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Neofusicoccum, Phomopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma) and bud blight (Chaetomium, Phoma). The rust showed the highest incidence (84.39 %), mainly during spring. The most frequently isolated fungi were Colletotrichum and Alternaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agora (0211-6642) is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universitas Médica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to characterize a collection of 17 genotypes of roselle that were collected in Guatemala. During July 2010/ May 2011, twelve selective combinations of AFLP were amplified at Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA), to identify clusters and to analyze the genetic diversity within the collection. A 98% of polymorphic loci was observed, nine per amplification in average. Five selective primer pairs were high informative and are recommended for future investigations. No duplicated genotypes were identified. The clustering and correspondence analysis identified three closely related groups. A fourth group included accession 205, characterized by early maturity and high yield. The clusters formed were similar to those identified in a previous agromorphological characterization. Probably, there is a genetic linkage between AFLPs and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that can be used in marker-assisted selection. The genetic diversity (Nei) was high (0.3053). The genetic differentiation (GST) between groups was 57.62%. The genetic variability within clusters was lower (42.38%) and probably due to the low genetic flow (Nm=0.3678) commonly found in inbreed species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine bivalves are a very important food source for human consumption, and species that has not been of traditional use as a fishery resource are gaining interest. Seasonal variation in proximate composition, condition index and energy or caloric content of the mussel Tagelus peruvianus were studied in the Gulf of Nicoya, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. From November 2007 to October 2008, a total of 35 to 40 specimens per month were collected. The proximate composition using the AOAC methods was determined. Results showed that the condition index during December, January and May decreased, indicative of two spawning periods and one gonadal resting phase. Soft tissues were respectively characterized by protein (61.9±4.3%), carbohydrates (15.7±2.4%), ash (14.0±1.9%) and lipids (8.5±1.7%). The average caloric content was 5.0±0.1kcal/g. The results showed that the decrease in protein and fat percentage, and calories content, occurred during the spawning seasons. We suggest that T. peruvianus has an optimal nutritional value for human consumption because of the low-fat and moderate protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is the first record of a species of Stenopodid shrimp along the Chilean margin, associated with a hexactinellid sponge. The specimens were collected at two sites in central Chile (31°12'S, 71°52'W and 36°00'S, 73°38'W; 922 to 1000 m depth). The sponges were attached to the substrate with probable origins in methane seepage. Spongicoloides sp. aff. to S. galapagensis constitutes the first record of the family for the eastern south Pacific continental margin. The specimens coincide with the ranges of morphological variation of S. galapagensis, although they differ in the number of brachia described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of this study are part of an investigation to determine whether the cognitive-emotional process of emotional recognition is deficient as a function of the clinical condition and alexithymia in subjects with somatization. This investigation applied the self-assessment of emotion and used a procedure that minimizes the use of verbal skills and verbal comprehension. The specific goal of this study was to verify whether there were differences in the covariation between alexithymia and self-evaluation of the emotional reaction in clinical and nonclinical subjects. The results of this study highlight the significant differences between clinical and control subjects. There were inverse significant correlations with the affective valence in clinical subjects, whereas in the ratings of the TAS-20 in control subjects, there were direct correlations with activation. In the conclusions, we discuss whether the variability of the results of previous research of the relationship between alexithymia and emotional recognition is a characteristic feature of this relationship or an effect of the different sampling and procedures utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our country, the corn is cultivated from the time of the aboriginal ones and it constitutes a basic food in the human nutrition, of the livestock and the birds; it is thesecond cereal of importance and has high consumption preference for the population. In Cuba, six races of corn existwith a high diversity, which has been broadly studied. The present work was carried out in a sample of 106 local varieties, these local varieties were included conserved in situ inpeasants' properties and conserved ex situ. The objective of the study was to evaluate the degree of variability of the collection; using for it 16 characters. The obtained results allowed to detect the existence of variability in the sample. It was demonstrated that the evaluated collection of cornpresented variability due to the difference among genotypes, to the plurality of origins, handling and environmental conditions in that this cultivation is developed in Cuba. Also,in the studied collection, the variability of the evaluated characters is moderate, due to the selection that the peasantscarry out on them. The most variable characters were the incidence of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), height to the superior ear and weight of a hundred seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was carried out with the objective of identifying and characterizing the races of maize, from the morphological and agronomic point of view, keeping in mind the strategy and status of conservation of the samples, as well as to establish the dynamics of races in the time, and to offer a working strategy for the evaluation and conservation of the genetic pool of maize crop in Cuba. In order to do that, they took the data of characterization of the ex situ collection, integrated by 92 accessions of the Cuban National Genebank,and 55 accessions evaluated in situ in two rural areas of Cuba.In both conservation forms, 14 characters were evaluated (nine continuous and five categorical ones) corresponding to the ear and the grain. They were analyzed using the strategy in two steps Modified Local WARD-method (MLM) with the statistical package SAS 9.0. In the accessions corresponding to the Cuban National Genebank, the Creole (Criollo) and Argentinean (Argentino) races stand out, and in the study carried out in the farms, races Tusón and Canilla were the most abundant. It was also showed that races Amarillo Reventador and Sweet (Dulce) were only present in the collection of the Cuban National Genebank. The characterized diversity found in the ex situ collection, is not entirety located in the in situ areas of the studied households, and vice versa, what suggests that it is necessary to collect in those areas, providing this way the enrichment of the ex situ collection and on the other hand to guarantee the conservation of the genetic pool of this crop in Cuba, through both forms. These elements demonstrate the necessity of the complementation in both conservation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizobial taxonomy and systematics have progressed substantially, nevertheless, few studies have been developed on venezuelan species. This study evaluated the phenotypic and genetic variation between 12 venezuelan indigenous rhizobial isolates and 10 international referential strains, by phenotypical traits and DNA molecular markers. in this regard, a PCR-RFLP of the 16S rDNA gene, the presence of large plasmids, metabolic assays in solid media, salinity resistance, pH and temperature growth conditions, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance were assayed. in reference to the phenotypic attributes, we recognized three main groups: A group i, which comprised all the strains metabolizing between 67.5%-90% of the C and N sources. They were also acid-tolerant, as well as acid producers, capable of growing at 40°C and in high salinity conditions (2-2.5% NaC1). With regard to the antibiotic sensitivity, this group was susceptible to a 30% of the antibiotic assayed. Strains belonging to Group ii exhibited a lower salt tolerance (0.1-1.5%NaCl), as well as a lower acid tolerance, since they grew well at pH values equal or higher than 5.0. This group appeared to be resistant to all of the antibiotics assayed and only metabolized between 52.5%-82.5% of the C and N sources. Group iii was represented by a single bacterial strain: it has a extremely low salt tolerance (0.1% NaC1). This strain grew at a pH equal or higher than 5.6, was susceptible to 50% of the antibiotics assayed and metabolized 72% of the C and N sources. On the basis of a PCR- RFLP of the 16S rDNA, three groups were also obtained. Members of the group A showed a close resemblance to Rhizobium tropici CiAT 899 and Sinorhizobium americanum CFN-Ei 156, while Group B was closely related to Bradyrhizobium spp. Group C, was also represented by only one isolate. The Trebol isolate, was the only one strain able to form nodules and does not appear to be related to any of the referential rhizobial strains, suggesting a possible symbiotic horizontal gene transfer. Finally, in this work, there are evidences of a genetic diversity in the venezuelan rhizobial strains. A different geographical origin is perhaps an important factor affecting the diversity of the indigenous rhizobia in this study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1017-1036. Epub 2011 September 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to characterize the morphological and productive variability of Jatropha curcas provenances. For that purpose the following indicators were measured or estimated: height; diameter of primary branches and stem; height of the first branch; diseases; number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches; fruit number and weight; seed yield; weight of 100 seeds; seed size and oil content. In order to interpret the results PCA and cluster analysis were used. Height was the most variable indicator, followed by diameter of primary branches, number of secondary and primary branches and stem diameter, which accounted for 57,7% of the variability. Based on these indicators six groups were formed. The highest values, in all morphological indicators, were found in group I (SSCS-3), and the lowest ones in group IV (SSCS-7 and SSCS-6). Only six from the ten seeded provenances produced fruits; while the planted ones did it in all cases. Among the seeded ones the following stood out: San Miguel, D-1 and SSCS-3, with estimated yields of 2 325; 243 and 169 kg of seed/ha; and in the planted ones: Cabo Verde, SSCE-10 and SSCE-7 with 814; 327 and 93,2 kg of seed/ha, respectively. In SSCE-10 and Cabo Verde the oil percentage reached 32,8 and 35,0%, respectively. The results allowed identifying the outstanding provenances, in the morphological (SSCS-3) as well as the productive indicators (Cabo Verde, SSCE-10 and San Miguel). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of the present study were to determine cardinal development temperatures (minimum threshold [base] temperature Tb, optimal temperature To, and maximum threshold [ceiling] temperature Tu) and to identify a method for estimating with accuracy thermal requirements for the planting-emergence (E) stage of 11 forage grasses. One hundred and twenty (120) seeds of each species were planted in containers under controlled conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications at constant temperatures from 15 to 46 °C in the controlled environment chambers at the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Cardinal temperatures and thermal requirement were estimated through both bilinear method (MB) and curvilinear method (MC), and their fitness was evaluated by means of direct comparison with development values observed in the controlled environment and through the coefficient of variation of E length expressed as accumulated heat units (UCA). Results showed that MB was best for estimating Tb and To, while MC proved better for estimating Tu. Tb (°C), To (°C), Tu (°C) and UCA values for planting-emergence for each species were: Lolium perenne 9, 31, 41, 80; Festuca arundinacea 10, 31, 41, 78; Hyparrhenia rufa 12, 32, 42, 62; Eragrostis curvula 13, 32, 47, 40; Chloris gayana 13, 31, 47, 40; Melinis minutiflora 13, 31, 43, 50; Pennisetum clandestinum 12, 32, 43, 65; Brachiaria mutica 14, 32, 43, 57; Andropogon gayanus 12, 37, 48, 66; Cynodon dactylon 14, 29, 44, 48; Pennicetum ciliare 13, 30, 42, 61, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to identity the origin and distribution of the circt, mflex femoral arteries (CFA) at the time of vascular reconstructive surgery. The femoral triangle contents in 92 lower extremities of formolized adult male cadavers of differen! ethnic groups, were dissected uncovering the femoral artery (FA) and its branches originating at the level of the femoral triangle. The origin of each CFA was identified determining the origin type and location. The medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) originated from the FA in 43 cases (46.7%); from the profunda femoris artery (PFA) in 41 cases (44.6%); from a common trunk formed by the PFA and CFA in 7 cases (7.6%), and in one case (1.1%) from the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). In 75 cases (81.5%) the MCFA was most proximal than the LCFA, and in 9 cases (9.8%) it originated at the same level. The LCFA originated at the PFA in 68 cases (73.9%): from the FA in 17 cases ( 18.5%): from a common trunk formed by the PFA and CFA in 7 cases (7.6%). The origin of the LCFA was considered regardless, whether the descending branch originated therein or from the FA. Considering the presence of a number of important elements it is essential to identify the precise origin of the arteries and its eventual variations in procedures carried out in that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many biological processes such as reproductive and migratory behaviours have been associated with moon cycles. In this study, the nocturnal light levels associated with lunar cycle (INT) were correlated with daily catch rate of lobster P. argus, during seven lunar months of 2002 fishing period, to determine a possible relationship between these variables. The lobster catches were obtained from three fishing companies that develop their activities in the Gulf of Batabanó: EPICOL that fishes in Coloma area; PESCAHABANA in Batabanó area and PESCAISLA in Isla area. Daily catch per boat (CDB) was used as a measurement of daily catch variations (catch rate). The correlation was analyzed showing it in chronological graphs based on average of CDB per lunar phases, comparing lobster catch rate per lunar phases -with the Kruskal-Wallis test-. Spearman rank correlation coefficient and cross correlation techniques were also applied. Similarities between lobster catch rate and the lunar cycle were not found. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was modularly smaller than 0.1 in all cases and demonstrated quantitatively that correlation between CDB and INT does not exist. Kruskal-Wallis test detected differences only in Batabanó area but not when making the analyses for the whole Gulf of Batabanó. Finally, the cross correlations do not detected significance in any zone, as well. It is concluded that, in opposition to what other authors have reported, the catch rates of P. argus and the lunar cycle did not show significant correlation in the Gulf of Batabanó. This trend was independent of the fishing art, which varied according to the time of the year that was analyzed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 207-216. Epub 2011 March 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In West plains of Venezuela, the traditional land use of the Trachypogon savannah, has been the extensive grazing. The pressure over these savannahs to obtain a major animal productivity has stimulated the introduction of exotic forage plants, such as Brachiaria brizantha and Andropogon gayanus. In spite that great savannah extensions have been subject to this land use change, information about the effect that pastures and grazing activity have on microbial activity in these soils is scarce. So the objective of this study was to determine the impact that the extensive grazing and cover substitution have on microbial activity. The soil sampling was carried out during the dry and rainy seasons. The employed parameters to determine changes in soil microbial activity were the substrate induced respiration (SIR), basal respiration (BR), the dehydrogenase activity (DHS), the fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA) and the arginene ammonification (AA). The similarity of the structural soil characteristics studied allows us to infer, that the differences in the microbiological parameters are determined by climatic conditions and soil management. The results show that there is a low microbial activity in these soils. The rainy season caused an increase in all the microbiological parameters determined. B. brizantha made a greater contribution to soil carbon and promoted a greater heterotrophic activity. The extensive grazing and the low stocking rate in the West plain savannas did not affect the microbial activity in these soils. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 1-15. Epub 2011 March 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clam Megapitaria squalida is a fishing resource with increasing importance in Northwestern Mexico. Nevertheless, this fishery has shown important variations that could be related to environmental factors. To assess this, monthly landings of M. squalida were analyzed during 2002-2005 for Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S., and were related with monthly time series of sea surface temperature, derived from MODIS-Aqua Sensor. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between sea surface temperature and clam landings. The likely impact of anomalous conditions of sea temperature on this resource is discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 151-157. Epub 2011 March 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre variación de la región ribosómica nuclear en el género Crataegus en México. Se exploran las relaciones genéticas entre las especies de Crataegus, y se analizan patrones de sustitución de nucleótidos en las especies. También se examina las especies por sus funciones agronómicas.

Teeth development results from a complicated interaction between oral epithelium and underlying mesenchematic tissue during odontogenesis. Abnormal interaction between this tissues could result in development and eruption of an ectopical, anomalous teeth or with an anatomical variation. This report shows three cases of teeth with anatomical variations at root and pulp canal in mandibular canine and bicuspid, and maxillary first bicuspid. Diagnosis of these cases was performed through radiographical analysis. Mandibular canine and bicuspid shown two root and two pulp canals, maxillary first bicuspid presented three roots and three pulp canals. Considering that maxilar tooth showed caries closer to pulp chamber, patient was derived to an endodontic specialist to perform an endodontic treatment and rehabilitation. Idealizing root canal as a simple and invariable structure is a mistake. Clinicians always ought to take into consideration potential anatomical variations in teeth, especially in those that require endodontic treatments or any kind of procedure inside root canal system. Timely and adequate indication of imagenological complementary exams allow an adequate diagnosis of anatomical variations that will decrease chances of accidents during treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation is a central and widely discussed concept in modern evolutionary biology; however, it is necessary to rethink its significance given the complexity of the adaptive phenomenon, the development of biology and the emergence of new disciplinary fields in recent years. In this sense, we address the need to develop new conceptual perspectives that may provide a better understanding of this phenomenon. This paper aims to analyze the advantages of a modular approach in developing a more comprehensive notion of adaptation. A modular concept of adaptation would solve diverse kinds of problems, for example, the integration between the different levels of biological organization that are involved necessarily in every adaptive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine if the introgression of exotic sorghum lines increases the variability in the size of the glume and in the percent of uncovered grains. The sorghum population NESC7 (P1) was formed during four agricultural cycles (2005-2007) with an introgression cycle, and beginning on the fifth agricultural cycle (2008), the genetic variability for these traits was estimated in the 120 half-silb and 110 self-sib families. The methodology of incomplete block design was used at two locations, the Faculty of Agronomy at the University of Nuevo Leon (FAUANL) in Marín Nuevo Leon and INIFAP in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. The introgression of exotic lines with smaller glume size and reduced grain cover into the population NESC7 (P1) reduced the size of the (13%), increased the percentage of uncovered grain (28%), and increased the proportion of both characteristics in the additive variance (5% and 1%), the heritability in a narrow sense of 22 % and 1% and higher response to selection (4% y 0.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prescription "natural selection of random variations", has been challenged by Developmental Systems Theory (DST), announcing the formulation of an expanded evolutionary theory that would surpass Neo-Darwinism. Notwithstanding, Darwinism maintains its validity since its theoretical body based on three principles, Variation (V), Heredity (H) and Natural Selection (S), is susceptible to ever wider and deeper interpretations. DST provides a foundation for a semiotic interpretation that shows how the three irreducible connected terms V, H and S are specific realizations of the three universal categories (Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness) formulated by C. S. Peirce. Evolution by "natural abduction" or "individual choice structurally determined and executed with insufficient information", is a consequence of the irreducibility of this triadic relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]