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Toxicity of four pesticides in ecosystem services of terrestrial arthropofauna in cocoa cultivation was evaluated. Cypermethrin (T1), carbofuran (T2), copper oxychloride (T3) and chlorpyrifos (T4) were applied in a cocoa farm in San Martín, Peru. Forty pitfall traps were placed for each treatment to capture terrestrial arthropofauna in four evaluations. It is concluded that the families that presented the greatest abundance of individuals were Formicidae, Entomobryidae and Poduridae. For the global evaluation, significant differences were found in the predators for the specific richness index, being T3 the one that presented the lowest numbers; while for the Margalef index, the lowest value was T3. For the analysis by evaluations, significant differences were found in the detritivores during the second evaluation for the number of individuals, with T4 being the lowest number. Significant differences were also found in the predators during the first evaluation in the Margalef index, with the lowest value being observed in T4. The trophic guild that allowed the most efficient evaluation of the toxicity were the predators, T1 is the most compatible pesticide with the terrestrial arthropods associated with cocoa cultivation, and the alpha diversity indices showed significant differences between the applied pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: The clandestine sale of chemical substances, such as rodenticides, is a manifestation of poverty and social exclusion. It reflects the effects of economic inequality, which, in turn, establishes consumption patterns. The rodenticides acquired in these circumstances are accessible, have an efficient distribution channel, the sellers sponsor them effectively and their price is low. On the other hand, they imply a potentially lethal health problem due to content, falsification, adulteration and inadequate or absent labeling. This manuscript places in perspective the complex work of the pediatrician before scenarios of this magnitude. CLINICAL CASES: Two non-lethal clinical cases are presented in previously healthy children who ingested unlabeled rodenticidal products obtained from illegal street vendors; the first case with intoxication due to difethialone, second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (intoxication is reported in 2 children in the literature). The second case presented intoxication by carbofuran and developed a cholinergic toxin syndrome (there are limited bibliographic reports in children). Tools to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on the available literature are shown. CONCLUSIONS: From this work it is concluded that the significant advances in medicine and the tools of diagnosis and treatment are always complementary to the social responsibility of the Pediatrician in the Emergency Department; It corresponds to recognize the clinical and social problem, warn the population about the lethal risks of the products acquired by clandestine sale and the mechanisms to prevent them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The use of pesticides in agriculture has generated important impacts: on one side, the increase of agricultural production and, on the other, a big source of environmental pollution. This fact has brought the consciousness of the importance of studying the dynamics of such pollutants in the environment and the possible alternatives to degrade them. Objective. To study the carbolysis of carbofuran in waters confluent to the crops from the East of Antioquia, by the use of a sun radiation simulator, toxicity tests and determination through liquid chromatography -with an ultra-violet detector with a diode array-.Materials and methods. To establish the best photolytic degradation conditions a 3×2×2 factorial design was used, evaluating three variables: pH (5, 7 and 9), types of water (ultra-pure and surface water) and carbofuran concentration. The response factor defined was de degradation percentage. Results. As pH increases the carbofuran's degradation percentage is more significant, with 30% and 20% of degradation at a pH of 9 during 90 minutes of irradiation in ultra-pure water and surface water, respectively. It can also be seen that under natural pH conditions -represented by water from the Ríonegro river- the removal percentages of a 10 mg L-1 and 30 mg L-1 samples, when irradiated, 9,5% and 21% of degradation are respectively obtained, which means that with low carbofuran concentrations the effect of neutral pH tends to have a lower influence on the degradation. Conclusions. The photolytic processes as primary degradation mechanisms in the environment have a significant contribution to the degradation of carbofuran when this carbofuran is at relatively high concentration rates. For the Rio Negro river waters, neither the dissolved organic matter nor a neutral pH value, had an effect on the carbofuran's degradation. Nevertheless, basic or acid pH values tend to increase the degradation of the carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to increase the performance of agriculture, pesticides are applied at different stages of cultivation to provide protection against pests. However, its use can generate waste pose a risk to the environment and human health. Carbamates are used in our pest control, they are a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant is absorbed by the roots and from there distributes to other organs; in recent years they have become very important, because of their broad spectrum of activity and low mammalian toxicity, but since they are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are considered toxic to the environment and to humans. The detection of residues in food has aroused great public concern that the carbamates are used in agriculture on a large number of crops especially in the peach. The contamination of food and the environment by pesticides has become of great interest because of the potential adverse effects of prolonged exposure to these compounds. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify soils peach crop and the fruit a toxic pesticide as carbofuran belonging to the family of carbamates, in order to ensure food security of a fruit widely consumed in the Pamplona-province of Colombia. Methods: Carbofuran studied in soil and crop fruit peach was extracted ultrasound dichloromethane as solvent. Carbofuran identification was performed by gas chromatography using an electron detector microcapture (ÁECD). Results: The presence of carbofuran one of the most toxic carbamate pesticide was found on the floor of peach crop, but the fruit (peach) the presence of carbofurano was not found. Conclusions: When not detected the presence of carbofuran in the fruit of peach, ensures that the fruit does not absorb this toxic and thus guarantee their food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]