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The recognition of collective subjects of Human Rights implies tensions and difficulties for the traditional legal theory. The evolution of third generation human rights and reparation to victims of collective and systematic violations of human rights. The International Law of Human Rights puts forward the existence of this type of Subjects. The present work makes an approach to the concept of collective subjects of human rights as a paradigm shift of the western legal tradition on the subject and the subject of rights. for which a bibliographic, documentary, normative and jurisprudential revision on the matter will be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illustrates the characteristics of two Lima-based organizations of persons displaced by the internal armed conflict in Peru (1980-2000), and the way in which these characteristics create opportunities and obstacles for access to the Program of Collective Reparations --a key element of the Peruvian reparations policy--. This program provides funding to a collective beneficiary for institutional strengthening or economic entrepreneurship. Based on bibliographic review, interviews with members of these organizations as well as ethnographic field work, I show that the characteristics of each displaced persons' organization together with the type of collective project they choose create scenarios of challenges and possibilities which pose difficulties to these groups, requiring collective action capacities which they do not necessarily have. This results in a de facto situation that undermines their right to reparation. Therefore, I argue the importance not only of analizing the reparations offer and its quality, but also the characteristics of the demand, that is, of the beneficiary groups of displaced persons and their internal interactions, and how these factors shape access to reparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain the causes and effects of paramilitary violence in the community of Zipacoa (Villanueva, Bolívar), based on the testimony of the victims and the institutional interventions carried out in the process of collective reparation. The consequences of the armed conflict in Zipacoa are analyzed, identifying the victimizing events and their articulation in the construction of reparation measures. Methodologically, the results are constructed from a qualitative approach, articulated to a holistic perspective of social research. Information gathering techniques were used to articulate the systematization of documents and the consolidation of stories by community actors. To meet these objectives, the article is divided into three parts. In the first, we analyze the theoretical assumptions of collective reparation within the framework of transitional justice and restorative justice with regard to measures of rehabilitation and satisfaction. The second part of the work describes Zipacoa as a territory affected by the armed reconflict, specifically by paramilitary violence, the genesis of the rupture of the social fabric of the community. Finally, the third part analyzes the effects and their impact on the comprehensive plan for collective redress. This shows that the lack of conditions to work the land is the problem by which violence persists in the territory. The conclusions of this article show that the effects of paramilitary violence consolidate a series of affectations that historically and culturally have hit the community; Any type of measure that intends to consolidate in the territory, should not only focus on the articulation of processes that strengthen the productivity of this, but to bet on a transformation of the social fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]