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The paper presents a detailed evaluation of indicators used in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in river basins. Introduction: IWRM is critical in a context where climate change and increasing water demand complicate the sustainable management of water resources. However, the lack of robust and widely accepted indicators limits the effectiveness of this management. Objective: We sought to conduct a comprehensive review of the scientific literature to identify strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches and propose a conceptual framework to guide future research. Methodology: A literature review was conducted in Scopus, analyzing studies from the last two years. In addition, VOSviewer was used to identify patterns and trends in research. Results: Indicators related to sustainability, water quality and socioeconomic aspects stand out as the most relevant. However, limited adoption of ecological indicators is observed. Discussion: The main limitations include the lack of standardization of indicators and the complexity in integrating socioeconomic and ecological variables. Conclusion: It is crucial to develop and standardize indicators that integrate hydrological, ecological and socioeconomic dimensions, supported by advanced technologies, to improve water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the problem of environmental degradation in natural ecosystems, highlighting its impact on biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. The main objective is to understand the mechanisms and magnitudes of this degradation in order to mitigate its effects and promote habitat restoration. The methodology employed includes a comprehensive literature review and correlation analysis using tools such as VOSviewer to identify key issues. The results indicate that biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation and invasive species are the main drivers of degradation. The discussion highlights the need for effective conservation and restoration strategies, integrating advanced technologies and robust environmental policies. The conclusion underlines that a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach is vital to protect biodiversity and ensure environmental sustainability, highlighting the importance of payment for environmental services policies and the promotion of renewable energies as key measures to address these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic solar energy is one of the renewable energy options that allows us to reduce the effects of climate change. Furthermore, it is an inexhaustible source available on the planet that contributes to sustainable development. This research adopts both a qualitative and quantitative approach, with global irradiance data having been collected during the years 2012-2021, obtaining an average of 4.19788030 W/m² along with peak solar hours, which resulted in variations in the results. Subsequently, the number of photovoltaic solar panels, the inverter, the batteries and the controller required were calculated. The scheme of a photovoltaic module for a water pumping system for crops was also designed, using the Wondershare EdrawMax software. In addition, a survey was conducted among farmers to determine the daily consumption and power of the water pump they use to irrigate crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the uses in legal language of the terms allegality or allegal. Recently these terms have been incorporated into the Dictionary of The Royal Academic Spanish Academy of Language, however, there is a use of them in doctrinal, jurisprudential and even legal language. Firstly, the very definition provided by the Dictionary and its confusing or contradictory nature is studied. Next, the relationship of legality with the principle of permission is raised, that is, if in any case the absence of express regulation of a matter implies that there are a series of behaviors that are allowed by the legal system. On the other hand, it is evaluated if the allegality, the lack of a legal norm that regulates an area of social life, means that we are facing a legal gap or before spaces that cannot and should not be regulated by law. That is to say, if the behaviors not regulated by the law necessarily have to be resolved through the integration of the law or if they are aspects that do not belong to the legal sphere. We also study the fact that the allegal may represent a problem not so much of integration of legal norms but of interpretation of law, in which the attribution of meaning to normative statements may imply a lack of legal response. An analysis is made, below, of the use of terms «allegal» and «allegality» in the legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal discourse. From the legislative point of view, there are few cases in which the normative statements contain the terms allegal or allegality. Very exceptionally, in norms with a lower rank, and in general in the Statement of Reasons, these expressions are used. These terms are used in this speech as a synonymous with illegal. In the jurisprudential discourse we find that our courts make more frequent use of the terms allegal or allegality, even long before its incorporation into the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language. In this language, a plurality of meanings is given to the these statements, perhaps predominating their identification with the assumptions of illegality, the allegal is illegal. However, in other cases these expressions are used to refer to a legal situation with legal significance and the judge integrates the law to provide a legal response. The gaps in the law are resolved through the self-integration mechanisms provided by the legal system itself. But there are also cases in which legality is understood to be those cases that have no legal significance and therefore are unrelated to the judicial decision. The judicial discourse refers to these cases as cases that do not have to be regulated by the legal norm. As for the doctrinal language, it is necessary to point out that terms allegality o allegal also have a plurivocal character, probably having a greater weight than that in which the regulation of a matter is requested, de lege ferenda, citing reasons that would improve insufficient regulation. In most cases, the regulation and prohibition of certain behaviors is postulated. In this sense, the authors allude to the allegal as a pathology of the legal system that must be remedied by the legislator. Notwithstanding this, there are also cases in which conducts contrary to law and, therefore, punishable are indentified with illegality. This plurality of meanings and their redundant nature in some cases mean that we must reconsider the incorporation of these terms into legal language. From our point o view, they do not provide security and create confusion in different legal discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work was developed in the urban center of the Bolívar canton (Calceta parish), which had the objective of determining the levels of Carbon Monoxide in said study area. For the purpose of this study, it began with the identification of the areas that generate higher levels of Carbon Monoxide (CO) within the urban area of the canton in question; For this, the field method was used, applying an observation sheet; and, for the monitoring of CO levels, a calibrated Crowcon tetra 3 portable gas meter was used. Likewise, the polluting factors that affect the emission of CO in the study area were identified, through a survey applied to a sample of 200 people. Finally, the results obtained were compared with the permissible limits of Carbon Monoxide (CO) proposed by the current environmental regulations of Ecuador. As results, it was obtained that the highest levels of CO were 3810 µg/m3 corresponding to the Civic Square and 3708 µg/m3 in the Terrestrial Terminal; while, in the Central Market area, values of 2708 µg/m3 were recorded and in the Municipal GAD of 2436 µg/m3; with lower levels, the University bus stop was determined with 2217 µg/m3. Consequently, the recorded data derives from the high vehicular flow in these areas, which occurs especially from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM, on Fridays and Saturdays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current legal system endows directors with the right or the duty to request the presence of a notary public to keep the minutes of the shareholders meeting. This paper examines some cases in which the possibility to admit the intervention of a notary without a request by the directors is raised. Such possibility is repealed as illicit as it could provide cover for void meetings and resolutions under notarial minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Sauce and conserve industries are a part of the food sector. They elaborate, transform, prepare, conserve and pack human consumption food, in this case pineapple sauces, pulps and marmalades, from agricultural raw materials 1-2. The solid organic waste from this industrial sector's productive activity must be treated in a proper way, in order to reduce its negative environmental impact. Objective. The implementation of an integral solid waste management plan in an agricultural industry of sauce and conserve production. Materials and methods. An internal plan for the integral management of solid waste was proposed, including campaigns of waste reduction in the sources, with flyers with information of consciousness and training. Besides, colorful bins were installed in order to incentivize the classification of materials. The possibilities of commercialization of the recyclable materials obtained were evaluated and, finally, a better model for the disposal of pineapple peel was proposed. This is an organic remain generated in the cut process and it was usually sent to the landfills. Results. The plan was implemented in the company, creating a new environmental consciousness. A better use of the organic waste was achieved by sending them to a worm culture. Besides, along with the efficient separation of materials, a monthly earning of COL $ 176.920 was obtained. Conclusion. A reduction of negative environmental impacts was achieved. Besides, the plan brought new economic benefits for the company and the first steps were taken for executing cleaner production policies and management systems which can be useful for more certifications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large public works have an important social function and should, subsequently, be communicated to the general public. The Digital Humanities Library at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts) has employed the latest technological tools to establish how engineering should be expressed in new forms of graphic media. The object of the study was the Constitution Bridge in Cadiz, designed by Ingenieros Carlos Fernández Casado S.L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]