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Objective. To evaluate the effects of changing the algorithm for serological diagnosis of T. cruzi infection in departmental-level public health laboratories and in the National Reference Laboratory of Colombia, from the perspective of access to diagnosis. Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, based on secondary sources between 2015 and 2021, consolidating the number of serological tests carried out by the laboratories. A survey was developed to identify benefits and limitations in the implementation of the new algorithm for serological diagnosis. Totals, proportions, and averages of the number of tests were estimated by comparing two different periods. Results. Information from 33 public health laboratories was analyzed, 87.9% of which processed serological assays during the period under study. The use of serological tests increased after the publication of the new guideline in 2017, and the capacity to perform the second test increased from four to 33 public health laboratories. In absolute terms, ELISAs for antigens and recombinant antigens became the most performed tests in Colombia after 2017. Conclusions. The change in the algorithm for serological diagnosis of Chagas disease in Colombia in 2017 had positive effects on access to diagnosis since it facilitated the use of the second test. This change resulted in increased diagnostic coverage. The country's laboratories have access to a simple, timely, quality algorithm that could be implemented in almost any clinical laboratory in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Relate standardized age distribution of COVID-19 deaths in 22 countries in the Americas and Europe to different indicators of population characteristics and health systems. Methods. Distributions of COVID-19 deaths by age group in 22 countries of the Americas and Europe were standardized based on the age pyramid of the world's population. Correlations were calculated between the standardized proportion of people aged <60 years among the deceased and each of six indicators. Results. Standardization based on the world age pyramid revealed considerable differences in age distribution among countries; the proportion of people aged <60 years was higher in Latin America and the United States than in Canada or Western Europe. The standardized proportion of people aged <60 years among persons who died of COVID-19 is strongly correlated to the existence of universal quality medical coverage (r=-0.92, p<0.01). This relationship remained significant after being adjusted for the other indicators. Conclusion. We propose that weaknesses in medical coverage of the population may have created higher case-fatality in populations aged <60 years in Latin America and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Characterize health system reform processes implemented in eight Latin American countries and evaluate their results in terms of health access and coverage conditions. Methods. Data from nationally representative household surveys were used to characterize health system reform processes in Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay and to assess resulting conditions governing health care access and coverage. Results. Five countries introduced changes to expand financial coverage, with a perspective on primary health care limited to the expansion of health service packages, while three countries prioritized changes in health service organization based on a more comprehensive approach to primary health care. Countries in the first group increased insurance coverage but saw no improvement in access to health services. In the second group of countries, important barriers to access continue to exist despite improvements. Conclusions. Health system reforms can be described in terms of the type of transformations promoted. Reforms that focus on expanding insurance coverage improve financial protection but do not result in positive changes in access. Reforms that prioritize transformations in the organization of health services lead to improved access, yet a large proportion of the population continues to report barriers to access in the countries studied. The socioeconomic conditions of the population and unstable policies stand in the way of achieving more significant progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise knowledge of the hepatitis B vaccination coverage is a key element for the epidemiological surveillance and interruption of the infection transmission chain. The objective of that study is to analyze the accession and the vaccination status against hepatitis B in the general population. It is an integrative literature review. They sought for articles in databases of the Virtual Health Library (VHL) - Nursing and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Articles published in Portuguese, available online in full text and published from 2005 to 2013. At the end, 17 of the selected articles to review were included. A low vaccination coverage ranging from 14% to 99% between the groups was found. The main factors related to non-accession to vaccination were: not to like needle, to be treated for HIV, low income, lack of knowledge about the vaccines, among others. We conclude that the immunization coverage for hepatitis B is below of the recommended by the Brazilian Department of Health. In this sense, it is suggested greater role of the Family Health Strategy, in the target population of the vaccine, especially schoolchildren, and increase in permanent education health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]