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Introduction: Intake of processed meats has been associated with serious health problems that are common among women. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified processed meats as human carcinogens, associated specifically with colon cancer. The increase in intake of processed meats, which are a low-cost source of dietary protein, varies by socioeconomic status (SES) and can impact chronic disease incidence. Objective: Examine the association between processed meats intake and (a) total protein intake, (b) inadequate protein intake, by SES. Methods: This study included a representative sample (N = 135) of women age 25 to 45 years, with one to four children, from three different socioeconomic groups who were residents of two counties from the Greater Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica between June 2014 and March 2015. Using photographs, we examined women’s perceptions of the cost and perceived desirability of 12 different foods, including processed meats. Using 24-hour dietary recalls collected on three different days, and the ValorNut food composition database, we estimated total protein intake, in grams, and determined the intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. Each women’s dietary protein requirement was estimated based on her bodyweight. Inadequate protein intake was calculated as the difference between protein requirement and actual intake. A linear regression model was used to determine the association between total protein intake in grams and intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between low protein intake and intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. Results: Processed meats were perceived as the least preferred protein source but were the third most commonly consumed protein source. Consumption of processed meats differed by SES and was lower in the higher SES group (P < 0.01). The most commonly consumed processed meats by SES were “mortadella” (low-SES), sausages (middle-SES), and sliced turkey/ham (high-SES). Processed meat intake was significantly associated with an increase in protein intake. There was an inverse association between SES and inadequate protein intake. Conclusions: Processed meat intake is associated with SES. Women may consume processed meats because they are perceived to be a low-cost protein source. Educational strategies are needed to help women identify their protein needs and meet those needs with healthier and affordable dietary alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Este documento analiza la convergencia del producto interno bruto per cápita (PIB pc) en Colombia durante el periodo de 1990 a 2013. Los resultados muestran un proceso de convergencia para los años de 1999 a 2006, mostrando evidencia estadística a favor de la existencia de dependencia de error espacial. Para estos años, los choques aleatorios en un departamento determinan el movimiento de las economías y la interacción sobre estas no está sujeta a los límites administrativos. Se puede observar un proceso de crecimiento para la región Andina y Caribe, caso contrario lo que pasa en algunas zonas de la región Orinoquia y Amazonas, lo cual permite concluir que el proceso de convergencia es causado por un proceso de factores espaciales no observables los cuales dieron una transición hacia el crecimiento de la región Caribe y Andina. Además, se mantienen constantes en el tiempo los departamentos con PIB pc alto y bajo. El principal aporte de este trabajo a la literatura sobre convergencia en Colombia es la incorporación en el análisis de los factores espacio y tiempo simultáneamente, así como la validación de la existencia de convergencia para el periodo señalado. This paper analyzes the convergence of Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP pc) during the period 1990-2013 in Colombia. Results show a convergence process for the 1999-2006 period and statistical evidence for the existence of spatial error dependence. For these years, random shocks determine the movement of the economies and their interaction are not defined by administrative boundaries. A growth process for the Andean and Caribbean region is observed, contrary to what happens in Orinoquia and Amazon region. That convergence process occurred due to a process of unobservable spatial factors which gave a transition to the growth of the Caribbean and the Andean region. Besides, over time departments with high and low GDP pc remain constant. The main contribution of this work is the analysis on convergence that includes space and time factors simultaneously, as well as validation of the existence of convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) remains disproportionately concentrated among the poor, yet known determinants of TB reactivation may fail to explain observed disparities in disease rates according to wealth. Reviewing data on TB disparities in India and the wealth distribution of known TB risk factors, we describe how social mixing patterns could be contributing to TB disparities. Wealth-assortative mixing, whereby individuals are more likely to be in contact with others from similar socio-economic backgrounds, amplifies smaller differences in risk of TB, resulting in large population-level disparities. As disparities and assortativeness increase, TB becomes more difficult to control, an effect that is obscured by looking at population averages of epidemiological parameters, such as case detection rates. We illustrate how TB control efforts may benefit from preferential targeting toward the poor. In India, an equivalent-scale intervention could have a substantially greater impact if targeted at those living below the poverty line than with a population-wide strategy. In addition to potential efficiencies in targeting higher-risk populations, TB control efforts would lead to a greater reduction in secondary TB cases per primary case diagnosed if they were preferentially targeted at the poor. We highlight the need to collect programmatic data on TB disparities and explicitly incorporate equity considerations into TB control plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Vivienda y Urbanismo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: to identify the relationship between environmental conditions and health status from the emerging categories of field work carried out in six neighborhoods located in Suba, Bogotá. The stratum 2 neighborhoods Casablanca, Lisbon, Cañiza 3, Villa Cindy, Universal Tibabuyes, and Gaitana were chosen. Materials and methods: qualitative study with descriptive design, carried out in 2010. This research exercise was performed using Participatory Survey methods and their respective analysis drawn from Grounded Theory using several techniques of social sciences qualitative investigation. Results: the work was structured from four emerging categories through which collected information was organized and analyzed as narratives and representations from the behavior of people who participated in the fieldwork. Conclusions: the relationship between environmental conditions and health is dialectic; not only it overcomes the idea that it is limited to the effects of the physical housing structures and environment can have on health disorders, but it is an integrated system, including social, political, cultural, economic, environmental and spatial factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Patología is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)