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Cast-in-place bridges built using the cantilever method have been studied and evaluated. Also the theories used for their pre-dimensioning from 1978 to the present were compared, like the evolution of its design. The data were collected and obtained of transverse and longitudinal sections of 124 cast-in-place bridges built using the cantilever method in 29 countries and were subsequently evaluated. These 124 bridges are condensed into three groups by chronology, free span and by countries. These data are processed statistically and compared with classical values used in design. The analysis of results allows for parametric graphs associated with the design conditions. The conclusions shows how varying the geometric design parameters in time and how they will obtain optimal values that allows to design and build safer and economic bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a nonlinear programming (NLP) model is formulated for the design of selective effluent treatment systems containing traces of amoxicillin. The presence of antibiotic in surface water bodies or groundwater generates an important environmental problem due to its bio-accumulative potential and the development of antibiotic resilient bacteria. Current methods employed in the removal of drugs and antibiotics include chemical oxidation by Fenton reagents, flocculation and photochemical treatments. However, their removal efficiencies are still limited and studies are required for the optimization of the treatment costs. An electrochemical technology is incorporated in the system for the degradation of amoxicillin. The NLP model developed is built from a basic network superstructure that expands the space of alternative treatment possibilities, minimizing the total flowrate that is sent to treatment. Four illustrative examples are solved to show the versatility and usefulness of the model proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of optimization techniques in the design of water supply systems has advanced over the years. However, complexity of these algorithms has prevented its general use in practice. In this study an algorithm was developed for the optimal design of pumped water mains including determination of number, capacity and location of required pumping stations, applying a dynamic programming algorithm. The pipeline is divided in sections with a probable pumping station at the beginning of each section. The algorithm calculates capital and energy costs for each possible diameter for every section. The chosen alternative is the one with minimum total cost. To verify the proposed algorithm a case of the literature optimized with a model of Ant Colony was tested which produced similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing the design of water supply networks systems has advanced over recent years. Despite this advance, the programming complexity of these algorithms has prevented these techniques from being settled in the practical field. To date, the design of supply networks remains dependent on the experience of the designer. Two tools have been identified in Latin America to find the optimal design: ROKO, elaborated by CIH of CUJAE in Cuba and Lenhsnet, developed by the Laboratory for Energy Efficiency of UFPB in Brazil. The objective of this research is a comparative analysis of the optimal design provided by these tools, in order to determine which one offers better results using several indicators: costs of pipelines, energy costs and homogeneity of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the most efficient trajectories of networks, installations or transportation roads is a problem to a lot of investigators of different fields: Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics, etc. Solutions should be carried out taking into account a high integration of information in the analysis and study process of the task, the application of the modern methods of preparation and decision making, as well as the rational organization of the procedures of engineering calculation. Several conditions regarding the surroundings are taken into account in engineering projects while defining the layout of trajectories. These trajectories, in spite of their different designations, can coincide at certain parts and share limited spaces. For this reason, any system for the automatic generation of possible trajectories should consider space limitations when establishing the type and dimensions. This paper shows a procedure that, aided by a computer system, allows to immediately get closed trajectory possibilities which, depending on the network's application, will be optimized under efficiency criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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