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This paper takes up the classical scheme regarding the problems of distribution, accumulation, and growth, first in a closed economy, and then in an open one. It seeks to update such a theory in the light of modern knowledge and to see to what extent it can help to understand contemporary problems in different geographical territories of the world, in particular concerning subsistence wage levels in a scenario of unlimited labour supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el presente trabajo se analizan los efectos del impuesto sobre la renta de las personas asalariadas sobre la equidad vertical y la distribución del ingreso en El Salvador. Para ello, se evalúan sus dos últimas enmiendas --la reforma de 2011 y la modificación de 2015-- a la luz de una metodología comparativa basada en índices de progresividad y capacidad redistributiva de los impuestos. Con técnicas de microsimulación, se estima el impacto de dichas medidas. Los resultados muestran que la estructura del impuesto en 2017 es débilmente progresiva y tiene nulos impactos en la distribución del ingreso del país. Al contrario, el trato diferencial que brinda el sistema impositivo a las altas rentas socava cualquier posible efecto del impuesto sobre la renta en esas variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies Argentina's economic growth trajectory between 1962 and 2019. To achieve this, we analyze the pattern of technological progress deduced from the dynamics of labor productivity and the output capital ratio. Between 1962 and the mid 1980s, technical change was Marx biased (for example, labor saving and capital consuming), which resulted in decreased profitability. From then and until 2008, technological change has been Hicks neutral with increased profitability. Afterward, profitability resumes the negative trend until the end of the analyzed period. The structural change observed since the middle 1970s is associated with a halving of the average rate of capital accumulation, greater macroeconomic volatility, and changes in development models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We formulated a model to analyze the impact of a public policy to incentivize tourist demand in the city of San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro, Argentina). Olivera's structural inflation model is used to demonstrate that the incentive has a positive impact on the benefits for the tourism sector but is regressive in terms of local income distribution. The working population residing in the city experiences the deterioration in real wages due to rent increase of permanent housing which ends up supplying the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the development of Latin America over the past three decades by using growth incidence curves and weighted growth rates calculated on the basis of harmonized microdata from national household surveys. Over the past three decades, Latin America has made progress in fundamental socioeconomic indicators. On average, there has been significant growth in income as well as some educational and housing variables, particularly among the lower income strata. In contrast, progress was slower among the most vulnerable population in other important areas (e.g., higher education, female labor participation). Despite notable improvements in various areas of development captured through household surveys, the evidence reveals that substantial shortfalls and disparities still persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Lecturas de Economia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Household equivalence scales serve a key role in measuring income poverty. This paper analyzes poverty trends and levels under a set of alternative equivalence scales for Argentina and explores how the use of different scales modifies the demographic composition of the poor population. Results suggest that poverty levels are indeed affected by the choice of the scale, although trends are robust. There is evidence of changes in the demographic profile of the poor in favor of certain household types according to the scale employed. Results depend on how the poverty line is set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Income inequality in Mexico is extremely high and the federal states are considerably heterogeneous, which is why a regional analysis allows us to identify the fundamental characteristics, trends, and regional conditions for the implementation of redistributive policies. We used microdata from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) to analyze the evolution of income inequality in the state of Veracruz during the 2008-2020 period; To identify its sources and investigate how it was affected by monetary transfers, the income decomposition method is used to identify the ENIGH income sources and investigate preliminary COVID-19 effects. The results show evidence of a decrease in inequality in the period; relatively and marginally, it is identified that the observed decrease can be attributed to cash transfers. In recent years, transfers represented 30% of the income of the lowest deciles (I, II, and III) and the income elasticity of the Gini coefficient indicates that their increase represents a decrease in inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reflection on the structuralist current through an analysis of the main elements in its original authors, to observe the existence or not of elements of coincidence between the neo-structuralist current and the work of Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado and other important authors of the structural current. Within this exercise, the main contributions from structuralism and neo-structuralism are systematized to verify their fundamental differences, finding that the neo-structuralist scheme of analysis focuses on short-term competitiveness and on policies focused on international insertion, social cohesion and the form of State intervention, as opposed to the structuralist scheme that focuses on an industrialization model centred on long-term accumulation and on the international division of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El modelo teórico de Bhaduri y Marglin (1990) es uno de los trabajos más discutidos con respecto a la acumulación de capital y la distribución funcional del ingreso. Sin embargo, sus análisis no incluyen los efectos de una economía con gobierno. El objetivo aquí es encontrar las relaciones existentes entre la acumulación de capital, el tipo de cambio real y la relación entre la deuda pública y el PIB, a partir de una versión modificada del modelo. Los resultados del modelo teórico mostraron que el aumento de la relación entre la deuda pública y el PIB contribuye a un régimen de conflicto entre capitalistas y trabajadores. Los resultados empíricos relativos a un grupo de países de América Latina fueron coherentes. Una mayor depreciación del tipo de cambio real ejerce una influencia positiva en la acumulación de capital. Por otra parte, el aumento de la relación entre la deuda y el PIB influye negativamente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se analizan las principales características de los dos grandes modelos económicos del siglo pasado y lo que va del presente en América Latina. El primero está centrado en el desarrollo nacional, con una estructura de bienestar relativa. El segundo presenta las particularidades distintivas del modelo neoliberal vigente, en cuanto a la ruptura del pacto social entre capital, Estado y clase trabajadora, además de la flexibilización y desregulación como formas de gestión del trabajo. A modo de hipótesis, se exploran algunas de esas singularidades respecto a la aparición de una nueva precariedad laboral, así como de nuevas desigualdades de ingreso y pobreza, considerando las diferencias entre los países que adoptaron el modelo neoliberal y los que optaron por formas de gobierno posneoliberales. Los resultados en todas las dimensiones y variables consideradas mostraron condiciones más desfavorables en los países que con mayor apego siguieron el modelo neoliberal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se evalúan los efectos de las regalías petroleras en la estructura productiva brasileña y sus repercusiones en la desigualdad regional. Para ello, se utilizó un modelo interregional de insumo-producto, con año base 2008, constituido por los 27 estados brasileños y 26 sectores. En la estrategia de simulación se consideró la asignación del 75% de esos recursos a la educación y el 25% a la salud, según lo dispuesto por la Ley 12.858/2013. Para medir el efecto de las regalías en la desigualdad regional, se calculó el coeficiente de Gini ex ante y ex post al análisis de impacto. Los principales resultados indican que los efectos indirectos interregionales e intersectoriales son escasos. Por otra parte, en las regiones Sudeste y Nordeste, la aplicación de las regalías en la educación y la salud podría contribuir a la reducción de la desigualdad intrarregional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este estudio es contribuir a la discusión sobre la viabilidad y el alcance potencial de aumentar sustancialmente las remuneraciones de los trabajadores con menores ingresos. Para ello, se realizan un conjunto de simulaciones con la matriz de insumo-producto que permiten evaluar el impacto en las variables económicas del aumento del salario mínimo. El análisis muestra indicaciones muy favorables sobre la viabilidad del crecimiento con redistribución del ingreso en México, basado esencialmente en el mercado interno de consumo en masa. Al incentivar el crecimiento de la demanda de las familias con menores ingresos, se logra incidir de manera favorable en el PIB y el empleo. Dicho incentivo tiene un efecto relativamente pequeño tanto en términos de inflación como en las importaciones, cuyas variaciones son muy inferiores a las registradas con el modelo vigente en las últimas décadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico's economic development will be analyzed based on recent data and measuring diverse factors reflecting such complex phenomenon. First, we will study the evolution of the standard of live focusing on the income generation capabilities of its population. Then it will be argued that the best explanatory variable for the country's standard of life is the economic growth since it improves the well-being of all population. Consequently the third topic addressed will be the current state of income distribution, allowing us to analyze the country's disparities regarding well-being. Finally, we will investigate the current state of poverty in Mexico as one of the factors summarizing economic growth and as the result of the development of the previous factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the first year of the Alberto Fernández government in Argentina, which began in December 2019. It is a process highly conditioned by two unavoidable elements: the critical legacies in many senses of the last neoliberal trial in the country and the effects generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the text reviews the main legacies in the economic functioning of the Macri government and the dynamics unfolded in 2020. In this last aspect, the focus is placed around the external sector of the economy, the trajectory of the different sectors, the behavior of wages and incomes, and the modalities of state intervention in the pandemic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes three central themes of macroeconomics for development: growth, investment, and income distribution, by combining the structuralist perspective with a post-Keynesian approach based on the consistent treatment of flows and stocks at the macroeconomic level. Sustained by two central premises of structuralist thought, the theorization of reality, and the fact that the institutional framework and distributive relations determine the macroeconomic behavior of an economy, the article argues that the macroeconomic performance of Latin America and the Caribbean is characterized by three stylized facts: the trend towards stagnation in economic growth, increased indebtedness, and high inequality when taking into account its three dimensions (personal and functional income distribution, and wealth distribution). The post-Keynesian approach analyzes macroeconomic behavior based on financial balances for the government sector, the non-financial corporate sector, and the external sector that allow identifying the sectors that promote or discourage economic growth. This approach is superimposed on a classification of countries by production/export and subregional structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La exención tributaria se ha utilizado sistemáticamente en el Brasil para estimular la economía. En 2009, en un intento por contener la desaceleración económica, el Gobierno brasileño adoptó una política económica anticíclica, en la que se destacó la exención tributaria a los precios de los vehículos. ¿Por qué se escogió ese sector y no otro? Este artículo busca analizar los efectos de esa política sobre la economía brasileña en 2009, comparándola con una política de exención tributaria focalizada en el sector agropecuario. Sobre la base de un modelo de equilibrio general computable interregional (TERM-BR), se simulan y comparan las dos políticas de exenciones. Los resultados muestran que la reducción de tributos a los productos agropecuarios puede considerarse superior a la de los vehículos desde el punto de vista de sus efectos sobre el empleo, los ingresos, el consumo de las familias, el PIB y, especialmente, la distribución regional de la actividad económica y la distribución de los ingresos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews South Korea's economic experience, defining it as a successful case of economic convergence. It highlights a leading role of public intervention to promote export industrialization, with initial phases of protection and then with others of promotion of export of manufactures, adapting education to the economic strategy's challenges. The result shows relevant achievements in productivity, innovation, technological leadership, and a considerably better income distribution than that of Latin America. Finally, the article tries to detect the main axes of this strategy, by discussing the possibility of separating them from the authoritarian political regime that promoted them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La globalización económica que se inició a finales de la década de 1970 y principios de la década de 1980 ha generado un estado de inseguridad laboral para los trabajadores. Este estado de inseguridad laboral coincide con dos tendencias: la reducción de la participación salarial en el ingreso y la precarización del empleo, ambas observadas en la mayoría de las economías de mercado desde principios de los años ochenta. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una explicación sobre cómo la creciente inseguridad en el empleo ha provocado que la participación de los salarios en el ingreso se reduzca y que el empleo se precarice. Para cumplir con este objetivo se propone un modelo de salarios de eficiencia, en un escenario de equilibrio restringido por la demanda. Dicho modelo, además, tiene la virtud de explicar algunas características propias del mercado laboral de México en las últimas décadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clivajes - Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La desigualdad social producto de la actual distribución de los ingresos en Chile mantiene el interés por conocer sus tendencias en diversos contextos. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar, a nivel comunal, la desigualdad y la polarización como consecuencia de la distribución de los ingresos, utilizando los ingresos autónomos y totales per cápita. Se analizaron 78 comunas pertenecientes a 5 regiones del norte, centro y sur de Chile. Los resultados confirman una significativa desigualdad en la distribución de los ingresos y una marcada polarización a nivel comunal. Estos hallazgos justifican la necesidad de crear políticas de redistribución de ingresos focalizadas y pertinentes a nivel de comunas, ya que la desigualdad y la polarización se han vinculado con sentimientos de malestar en la población producto de las situaciones de conflictos e injusticias sociales que se generan y potencian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, out-of-pocket and catastrophic spending are persistent across the income distribution spectrum, and affiliation with health institutions does not safeguard individuals against such possibilities. This study estimates tobit models to analyze the determinants of out-of-pocket and catastrophic health expenditures, and finds that regional, individual, and household characteristics cause heterogeneity in health spending behaviors. The data suggest that the effective use of public services reduces, albeit insufficiently, the probability of incurring excessive expenditures. Public policies should focus on health promotion and disease prevention, as well as on reducing the gaps in the quality of public health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the causal determinants of income distribution in Peru (IDP) during the period 1985-2017. There is empirical evidence suggesting that the GDP per capita and the slowed and unsustained economic growth of the economy have negatively impacted IDP. This can be conceptualized as a W-shaped causal relationship, in contrast to Kuznets' inverted-U hypothesis, thus reflecting a dual economy with productivity differences, low levels of human capital, and institutional weakness. This article contributes to the debate by making several recommendations, namely: balancing the market-state-society relationship with free-market and non-rentier economic policies, human capital investment policies, innovation and technology, and strengthening the social capital (geared towards endogenous economic growth) of inclusive and sustainable human development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos de Economia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se propone aquí un modelo para estimar la riqueza de los grupos más ricos de la sociedad y diseñar un sistema eficiente de impuesto patrimonial. Para las consideraciones de diseño e implementación se revisa la experiencia internacional comparada y se presenta una discusión analítica de los efectos del impuesto patrimonial, examinando las principales críticas que han recibido por parte de economistas ortodoxos. La metodología asociada al cálculo del patrimonio considera aproximaciones de primer orden y el criterio de Pareto para abordar las limitaciones en los datos, y se plantea un sistema impositivo que corrige los problemas que se han presentado en la implementación de este tipo de tributos en otros países. El modelo se aplica a la realidad de Chile que, al igual que otros países de la región, presenta una desigualdad estructural en la concentración del ingreso y la riqueza que se ha visto amplificada por los efectos del COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las economías de América Latina y el Caribe han venido rezagándose en la economía mundial, lo que constituye un reflejo de problemas estructurales que comprometen su capacidad de crecimiento y de absorción de la tecnología. La pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) no solo ha visibilizado esos problemas estructurales, sino que los ha exacerbado, y ha reforzado las tendencias negativas en el crecimiento, el empleo y la distribución de los ingresos. El artículo analiza dichas tendencias y plantea que la crisis hace necesaria una respuesta inmediata, que debe, al mismo tiempo, apuntar a superar las restricciones de largo plazo. Se argumenta que son necesarias políticas fiscales muy fuertes para sostener la demanda agregada, y que dichas políticas deben contar con un componente importante de inversión destinado a la creación de capacidades tecnológicas, una mayor diversificación y mayores encadenamientos de la matriz productiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo retoma la tradición ricardiana de entender la distribución del ingreso como la articulación de un conflicto "antagónico", con multiplicidad de agentes y luchas, en que la historia, la política y las instituciones importan tanto como los "fundamentos" económicos. Por pertenecer a "lo político", en este conflicto no hay soluciones meramente lógicas, sino opciones en un escenario de equilibrios múltiples. En mercados desregulados este conflicto favorecería la supremacía de las rentas no productivas (en especial las de "ineficiencia"), en desmedro de las utilidades operativas, afectando la inversión y el crecimiento de la productividad. Además, las instituciones disfuncionales tendrían "capacidad para persistir", transformando el régimen de dominación en un "proceso estacionario": los impactos desestabilizadores solo tendrían efectos temporales. Para esto, cuando en democracia la oligarquía latinoamericana limita el cambio y debilita al Estado imponiendo amarres constitucionales buchanianos, rediseña sus estrategias distributivas y absorbe elementos de ideologías opuestas para mantener la hegemonía de la suya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existen diversas opiniones en la literatura sobre cómo repercuten las pandemias en la desigualdad de los ingresos. Mientras que en la literatura económica se sostiene que las pandemias aumentan la desigualdad, la literatura histórica y de las ciencias políticas señala que las pandemias podrían ocasionar quiebres institucionales y, en un contexto de cambios a nivel de las élites y de presiones desde los estratos más bajos, mantener las desigualdades. Tras examinar los datos actuales sobre las repercusiones de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), hemos constatado que se están produciendo transferencias de los ingresos hacia las clases más altas y determinados cambios a nivel de las élites en la región. Sin embargo, dado que las élites han controlado las medidas económicas que se han adoptado para mitigar y enfrentar la crisis, hay pocos indicios de que se esté produciendo un quiebre institucional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se plantea la urgencia de avanzar hacia un nuevo modelo de desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe ante la crisis sanitaria actual. Las estadísticas indican que la región ha sido la más afectada por la pandemia y también la más dañada en términos económicos y sociales. Esto se debe a factores estructurales de larga data que han prefigurado su disfuncional estilo de desarrollo. La región creció a un exiguo 0,4% anual entre 2014 y 2019, en un contexto de profundización de la brecha de productividad externa, heterogeneidad estructural, senderos de baja productividad y un progresivo descenso de la participación de la masa salarial en el producto. Ello ha derivado también en un retroceso en el proceso de desarrollo socioeconómico. Así, la reactivación económica deberá cursar, a la par, significativas reformas estructurales productivas, fiscales e institucionales, para avanzar en la configuración de un estilo de desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we estimate the probable magnitude of changes in income distribution, poverty and extreme poverty in the country, in the metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara and Monterrey, as well as in Mexico City, according to different behavioral hypothesis of labor income, based on information available until the start of the pandemic, which considers the closures of so-called nonessential activities and their impact on specific occupations. The pandemic stroke in the context of an incipient process of real wages and employment growth, which began in 2019, and our results show that the slowdown in activities derived from the health emergency, both in Mexico and in the world, caused an increase in poverty and extreme poverty, in addition to the growth of inequality measured by the Gini index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magis: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay explains the Keynesian theory of wages and tests it. As an example, it lays out a hypothetic free competition economy in order to analyze the consequences of a rise of a cut of wages in production and employment. The article is based on the assumption that paid employees don't save their income, so their wages equal the income of the capitalists. So it finds that a salary award can have effects on the income distribution: it tends to reduce the monopoly degree, and it produces a rise on real wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of high poverty levels in Latin America, after a decade of retraction, brings the issue back to the center of the regional social agenda. This paper examines various factors that reproduce poverty, based on the Argentinian case. Using a quantitative design and multivariate techniques, this study explores the effects of structural heterogeneity of occupational systems in household economic reproduction under different political-economic phases. The results demonstrate the persistence of marked inequalities in occupational structure -even after a period of high growth- and the rigidity of the labor income distribution pattern. The heterogeneity of the occupational structure determines the reproductive capacities of households and causes selective processes of impoverishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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