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Urban trees provide ecosystem services of great importance to the city. To take advantage of these services, it is important that the trees are in good condition, minimizing the risk to people, goods, and essential activities due to the fall of branches or entire trees. Therefore, their condition must be duly evaluated to favor their presence in the city with acceptable levels of risk. The main goal of this research was to compare assessments of likelihood of failure of urban trees using three levels of risk assessment, as well as to study the combination of visual assessment with results obtained from non-destructive technologies. Thirty-two trees of the genera Eucalyptus and Tipuana, located in an urban park in Montevideo, Uruguay, were evaluated. Two assessors with experience in visual assessment and non-destructive equipment used three levels of assessment according to ANSI A300. For levels 1 and 2, descriptors based on the ISA/BMP method were used. For level 3, evaluations were performed with a drilling resistance equipment and an acoustic tomograph. The basic visual assessments and non-destructive analyses could be linked, especially in trees that had some evidence of structural problems in stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider humanism, more than a current of thought, as a way of seeing reality, a perspective that considers human dignity as the ultimate criterion of evaluations and norms; and as the horizont to wich actions should be oriented. The objective of this work was to collect and analyze our experience of applying the Humanities in teaching of Medicine, within the subject of Neurology with Medicine students and Neuropediatrics in the specialty in pediatrics; and show what the contributions have been when using disciplines such Literature, Narrative and Visual art; by analyzing the results of the following published research papers: 1) From Discourse to Practice; The Perception of Undergraduate Medicine Students about their Clinical Training; and 2) Humanities in Neuropediatrics. Results of an experience in the training of pediatricians. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze the results of both works; in addition, for the development of theme of Art in the second of these. Regarding the use of literary texts or artistic media in medical education, we consider that they are useful tools to understand the human dimension of the patient, essential in clinical practice and the doctor-patient relationship; and to understand more critically their own experience, as well as that of their patients in the attention and care of their health. A medical education with values and ethics is required. For this, it is necessary to recognize and attend to a series of critical conditions since the students enter the Medicine career and later in the specialty of Pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As part of general health, mental health (MH) depends on culture and socioeconomic conditions. Poverty and what it entails: unhealthy conditions, malnutrition, illiteracy, family disorganization, social marginalization, negatively affect MH problems. Objective: To know the morbidity of MH disorders in adolescents, from the outpatient clinic of the Dr. Carlos Nava Muñoz Mental Hygiene Center; in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, from January to December 2016. Material and Methods: 142 record files from the pediatric neurological service were selected for review. For the elaboration of the date capture format and statistical analysis, the statistical package Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 19 was used. In the classification of clinical diagnoses, the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Diseases were used. -CIE10- of the WHO. Type of study: Prospective and observational. Results: It was observed that there are differences in MH disorders in adolescents according to sex (biological entity) and gender (sociocultural entity). According to the male sex, the highest frequency of neurodevelopmental disorders was found, in the first place: the diagnosis of intellectual disability, in a ratio of 28/9 (men/women). Followed by learning disorders in a ratio of 10/5. Regarding those related to gender, in males, it was found: conduct disorders with a distribution of 19/5. The use of substances of various types in a ratio of 18/6. Female gender were: Anxiety/depression 15/6 (women/men); cutting self-harm disorder 15/5; adaptative disorders 8/4. Conclusions: We need a government that really invests in improving the living conditions of a large part of the population: well-paid employment, housing, health, education, generating development opportunities, building a sense of community, respect for human rights, etc. Re-educate, sensitize and train the personnel who work in their institutions: Culture, Education, Health Services, Legal., with a focus on social justice and equity so that this is reflected in the care provided to the people of each increasing vulnerable population. If concrete actions are not carried out in these various areas, we cannot expect improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last five years we have witnessed in our clinical practice in the area of neuropediatrics, the unhealthy use of mobile devices (call computer, tablets, smartphones and video games), both by the children who attend to our consultation as of their own parents. A considerable number of cases show the negative effects of the misuse of such artifacts, ranging from problems of insomnia and irritability, delays and/or difficulties in language, headache, anxiety, inattention and epilepsy due to photosensivity, among others. A qualitative methodology was used, which consisted of a systematization of clinical- practical experiences. The lack of social investment in children; and how technology is covering up other fundamental problems that have to do with abandonment human development are discussed. A program that employs creativity in the development of children is proposed. And a more active participation of pediatricians, not only as educators of the parents of their patients, but in addition to their advocate; to achieve better conditions of attend and care for girls and boys specially those most vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. As a complementary activity to the Neuropediatric course, a series of activities were carried out aimed at improving the teaching-learning of neuropediatric disorders from a social and humanistic approach. Material and methods. Prospective and observational study held in Hermosillo, Sonora, with first-year pediatric residents of the Children's Hospital of the State of Sonora. Strategies employed: a) Reading of texts on neuropaediatric disorders and preparation of an essay; b) Review of five books of Art in Medicine and descriptive-explanatory work; c) Discussion about what was reported in his previous works; and d) Final questionnaire. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze the results. Results. The students identified the need for better physician preparation; a teaching with values and ethics: For this, those in charge of their training today must emphasize the preservation and transmission of this type of knowledge. In addition, understand the students themselves their own limitations and ask for help when they need it. Discussion. It is necessary that the training in terms of teaching-learning of the clinic, not only focuses on the biomedical field, but also that it takes into account the social and human context of the patients. Conclusions. It represents a great responsibility and moral commitment to train academically and humanistically the new generations of doctors; above all, foster a teaching and learning environment that does not harm in principle, if the changes in the medical and institutional culture are not carried out previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In underdeveloped countries, like ours, many children grow up in environments lacking or with limited opportunities for the development of social and emotional abilities (much less creative and positive expression abilities). To offer an alternative approach to the `medicalization' of the problems or difficulties in children's development. A quantitative method was used in the first stage of the study and a qualitative one in the second stage. In the first stage, we compiled a database of the clinical files identified as ADDH. The second stage focused on developing creative expression workshops. Findings from first stage revealed that physicians, by not taking into account the living conditions of the children and their families, and only considering the biomedical model, over-diagnose and inadequately medicate disorders with a social root. Regarding the second stage, we found that the design of a program using the arts and creative activities, leads the children to explore and experiment. This creative self-expression strength their self-confidence and, hence, the desire to learn; by humanizing the life of children we are contributing to an integral education. It necessary to continue raising the awareness of those directly involved (physicians, health personnel, and teachers) of the needs to care for mental health issues in children with a human development approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trying to address the history of epilepsy is a complex task; is to deepen into the history of medicine; few diseases offer a testimony as wide and varied as it is. In our search, we found that the vast majority of publications refer to Hippocrates, citing other important contributions that also marked outstanding guidelines not only on definition, classification and treatment but in the same etiology, which developed since then in the brain very sparingly. This happened much before clubbing texts, which clarifies the concept of its origin was not supernatural; the contribution of Hippocrates is highlighted precisely with this point. Based on the above - and to critically analysis scientific discourses-, we can understand how the reductionism in medical science is a device by which hegemonic sectors they gain control, through an ideology which breaks any analysis with respect to the historic-structurals roots of diseases and their attention; omitting the differentials of the property and power in the societies; that is, the fundamental inequities in terms of class, gender and race; emphasizing an exclusively individual order of health, linked to the disease, thereby manipulating and distorting the reality; and finally, playing the current state of things. Equity/inequity, which enjoys/suffers from a group at a particular historical moment, it is the relations of his history class, ethnocultural and conditions of gender characteristics. These relationships translate to key system and are expressed in a set of practices and beliefs, combining both those related to the hegemony of the dominant sectors, such as those that form part of the cultural history of a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The social determinants of health (DSS), are the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system. They are the result of the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local level that depends in turn on the policies adopted. The DSS explain most of health inequities, that is, unjust and avoidable observed differences in and between the countries in regard to the health situation. Objective: Understand the impact of environments where children are born, they live and grow children with regard to the difficulties that presented in its development, in this case in what has been classified as ADHD. Corroborate patterns at the level of population between the socio-economic circumstances (social vulnerability) and children 's mental health problems. Material and Methods: We selected 100 of the 300 cases with a diagnosis of ADHD, served from january.2011 thru december. 2013, subscribed to the Popular Insurance (Seguro Popular) scheme. A Study retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was made. SPSS program version 19 was used. It is considered a preliminary report. Results: It is noteworthy, the socioeconomic conditions in which families live in this study: socioeconomic level low. More than half of the mothers are responsible for the family (single mothers). The majority of parents (both) are at work, informal or underemployed; they have low schooling, much only completed secondary education. Triple work shifts in women (child care, work of the home, and another activity to gather resources to survive). In relation to their income level, most were in the lower levels. In terms of diagnostics identified that they corresponded much of these to social problems, more to ADHD. Therefore 81% of cases undergoing pharmacological treatment, and of them 63% with methylphenidate varied doses; and 31.5% methylphenidate combined with other medications. Subsequently, 44% of the cases the treatment was suspended by the parents. Conclusions: It is required to take into account the socioeconomic conditions where the children live, and their families, therefore know how these affect their development and behavior, and not only consider the biomedical model, overdiagnose risk and improperly medicating problems that have a root social, without identifying the reason for such behaviour, which is where it should deepen more widely. Is required to increase awareness in the staff of health and education of the importance of the social determinants of health, in order to have a greater understanding; as well as a more responsible and approach suitable for children of these most vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we conducted a human speaker identification to test the hypothesis that certain sounds are more effective during perceptiva identification of speakers can be sustained in the case of languages like Spanish. According to Amino & Arai (2006, 2007, 2008, 2008b, 2009) and Amino, et al. (2005, 2006, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) some sounds are more effective during perceptual identification, they report that nasal consonants are more effective than oral ones; they also suggest that the articulation's place is crucial in the identification. Experiments by these authors used stimuli of Japanese, and most of these were monosyllabic words with meaning. In our study, the stimuli consist of disyllabic words with semantic content, and mono and tri-syllabics meaningless words, we also use sentences including the above words. The results showed that in the identification of Spanish speakers the nasal consonants were more effective than oral obstruent consonants, but the articulation's place was determinant for nasal consonants but not for orals. The length of the stimulus was a determining factor for effectiveness in identifying voices contrasting CV structures vs. sentences but not CVCV structures vs. sentences. In cases where of the data showed a significant difference, it did not have a high confidence level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is one of the most frequent and furthermore, chronic neurological conditions that affect fifty million persons in the world, most of them living in developing countries. Following a methodological proposal designated socio-cultural epidemiology a study was conducted in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico from 2005 to 2008. Objectives: to analyze the condition at the location where it occurs and is cared for in order to learn how those who suffer it experience and face it: the children and adolescents, their mothers and other relatives, as well as the health-care staff accountable for their care. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies by means of two strategies: first, through an analysis of medical records from a local children's mental health unit in order to gain knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the disease; second, through interviews with 20 parents regarding the sociocultural aspects thereof. Afterwards, six families residing in the city's peripheral area were interviewed, in order to become acquainted with the main problems found in the care of their children's epilepsy, as well as the physician specialist who evaluated the cases. Results. The findings reveal the problems experienced by those suffering this disease, mainly by the non-insured population; in addition, the limited capacity of the health systems to face and to help this population was exposed. Also, the precarious conditions under which these families live, and the work overload and lacks experienced by the physicians who help this population were detected. The impact on families living in the poorest areas due to the disease's high treatment cost was reflected. Conclusions. This study highlights the precarious conditions under which these families live and how it exerts an influence on the control of the disease. Also, the commitment of the institutions (public health, medical, educational) is underscored within a perspective focused on prevention (primary health care) due to the large number of epilepsy cases with preventable etiological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is one of the most frequent and furthermore, chronic neurological conditions that affect fifty million persons in the world, most of them living in developing countries. Following a methodological proposal designated socio-cultural epidemiology a study was conducted in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico from 2005 to 2008. Objectives: to analyze the condition at the location where it occurs and is cared for in order to learn how those who suffer it experience and face it: the children and adolescents, their mothers and other relatives, as well as the health-care staff accountable for their care. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies by means of two strategies: first, through an analysis of medical records from a local children's mental health unit in order to gain knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the disease; second, through interviews with 20 parents regarding the sociocultural aspects thereof. Afterwards, six families residing in the city's peripheral area were interviewed, in order to become acquainted with the main problems found in the care of their children's epilepsy, as well as the physician specialist who evaluated the cases. Results. The findings reveal the problems experienced by those suffering this disease, mainly by the non-insured population; in addition, the limited capacity of the health systems to face and to help this population was exposed. Also, the precarious conditions under which these families live, and the work overload and lacks experienced by the physicians who help this population were detected. The impact on families living in the poorest areas due to the disease's high treatment cost was reflected. Conclusions. This study highlights the precarious conditions under which these families live and how it exerts an influence on the control of the disease. Also, the commitment of the institutions (public health, medical, educational) is underscored within a perspective focused on prevention (primary health care) due to the large number of epilepsy cases with preventable etiological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work are presented results of a local investigation, in which children and adolescents with absence seizures were invited to participate, with the objective to know from their perspective how they live their illness in their everyday. The model in where it is to rely on is the experience of illness; this approach integrates the mind-body dichotomy within the social context, acknowledging that people are more than physiological entities; overcomes the limitations inherent in the medical model and ensures that patients are treated as persons and not as objects. The fundamental of this work is that provided the opportunity to participants to express free and creatively about their emotions, difficulties, point of view, etc. who scarcely are take in consideration. This because the children have been regarded as the passive recipients of adults' protection and care; have been the invisible and voiceless objects of concern, and not understood as competent, autonomous persons who have a point of view .We utilized for this work a methodology (novel, in which we are starting to research in our country). It employs humanities (in this case drawing and narrative) in neurology pediatric area, to explore one of the disorders of more frequency in this subspecialty. We conclude that like child health professionals interested in to promote the children development and well-being, as well as to achieve an eager patient compliance, is essential that the practitioners in their clinical practice to get more involved to obtain knowledge not only of the disease also of the illness experience. It will extend their knowledge and it will improve the attention process too, creating better conditions of childhood in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material and Methods. This study was carried out in Hermosillo, Sonora, México with the participation of third grade medical school students at the University of Sonora, strategies utilized in this investigation where: a) Literary text essays and reports on their clinical practice experience.. Type of study a prospective and observational Objective. To bring near students to humanistic areas of medicine and into clinical practice. Results. Medical students were able to identify in literary texts in accordance to themes propped, problems that they relate to with our everyday reality that they live actually; It allowed to reflect in aspects like; the deficiencies of the medical system and the way it effects their clinical practice in a context predominant of materialistic culture focused in technology. The present work was complemented with a revision of their experience in medical clinical consultation: they detected the necessities in better development for abilities and deficiencies in their learning Discussion. Two aspects are relevant in this study. We reemphasize the identification of deficiencies and necessities that the medical students perceived about their learning: lack of clinical practice, to relate with other persons (patients), learning limited to textbooks only, professor instructors that work like guides and role models. Conclusions. We consider unpostponable to design and incorporate into medical schools curricula subjects to cover better with basic necessities of clinical practice that require more resources in learning and investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I analyze the processes of representation and self-representation of the Yucatec Maya in Sáastal: The Children of the Sacred Grace, a 55-minute video-fiction. Sáastal presents a dramatic account of the everyday life of a Yucatec Maya Family as imagined both by the Maya and non-Maya participating in the production. I examine how this imaginary is influenced by the coexistence of the Mayan culture with the diverse civilizatory politics, such as the politics of development, modernization, and globalization. It is argued that this coexistence has led us, the Yucatec Maya, to adopt "soft identities" which allow us to act according to the circumstances. In Sáastal we therefore perform, recreate and instrumentalize our culture and, in this way, convert our own identities into fictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phonological awareness has been suggested as the basic problem in learning disabilities (LD). Objective: To analyze the characteristics of the phonological awareness and the verbal skills in a sample of children aged 7 to 10 years with LD compared with a control group without LD. Material and methods: A nonrandom sample of sixty four - 7-to- 10-year-old - children of both genders, which were studying in Medellín city (Colombia), was selected. The sample was classified in 2 equal size groups: 1) LD and 2) a control group without LD. A questionnaire of LD for teachers (Spanish abbreviation: CEPA) was used as grouping classification. The cut-off point for the cases was a T-score = 60, and for the controls T= 55. The groups were compared in six tasks of phonological awareness and 5 tests of verbal skills. Results: The LD group had a statistically significant lower performance on phonological segmentation than the control group (p = 0,032); and significant lower scores on the verbal skills tests of comprehension (Token Test), narratives and inferences (p = 0.000). Conclusion: LD children presented lower performances on tasks of phonological segmentation, verbal comprehension and narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) have cognitive impairments and intellectual deficiencies compared with normal people. Objective: To analyze the neuropsychological characteristics in adult patients (18 to 65 years old), belonging to a dialysis program in the Instituto del Riñón [Kidney Institute] of Medellín-Colombia. Subjects and Methods: A non-randomized sample of 59 patients, aged between 23 to 64 years old, a neuropsychological tests battery was applied to patients, which assessed attention, memory, language, visual abilities, motor skills, executive function and intellectual level. Comparisons with means from general population were done, and analysis comparing gender, age, school grades, socio economic stratum, and some clinical characteristics (type of dialysis, time from the starting dialysis, number of hospitalizations, Kt/v level, hematocrit, depression, and number of hospitalizations). Results: Patients had significant low performance in almost all neuropsychological functions, compared with general population. Comparisons between age, education and socioeconomic strata groups showed differences on executive function, visual-motor, visual perception, attention, and intelligence tasks. None difference was found between the clinical groups. Conclusions: Patients with CRF had disseminated cognitive impairment compared to general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mycetoma is an infectious, granulomatous, chronic disease that affects the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue and bone. It is caused by filamentous bacteria (actinomycetoma) and fungi (eumycetoma). In Mexico, the most frequent causative agent of actinomycetoma is Nocardia brasiliensis, followed by Actinomadura madurae. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of mannose (MRC1) and complement (CR3) receptors in human neutrophils infected with N. brasiliensis and A. madurae. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An experimental study performed from June to December 2017 was done in which human neutrophils from peripheral blood were infected with N. brasiliensis and A. madurae, the kinetics were followed post infection of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. The total RNA was obtained for its subsequent retro-transcription, the quantification of the genes of the receptors was carried out by qPCR and the expression at the protein level was corroborated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: In human neutrophils infected with N. brasiliensis and A. madurae, a high expression of the MRC1 receptor was detected which was increased from the first hours of infection with both strains, with respect to the CR3 receptor, we found that the neutrophils expressed a discreet way in early times of infection. CONCLUSION: Neutrophils infected with N. brasiliensis and A. madurae on express the mannose receptor MRC1; however, the levels of expression of complement receptor CR3 are low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]