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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UHD) is a common medical-surgical emergency that must be treated early due to its high morbidity and mortality. It corresponds to bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or proximal duodenum, and is divided into non-variceal and variceal etiology. Among the non-variceal, the peptic ulcer stands out as the most frequent, being this produced by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. On the other hand, in variceal hemorrhages gastroduodenal varices stand out, are a consequence of increased portal pressure. The incidence of HDA worldwide varies between 37 to 172 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and mortality between 5 to 14% according to different studies. Unfortunately, there are no reliable national statistics of incidence and prevalence. The physician must have a good understanding of the clinical presentation and pathophysiology to be assertive in the suspicion, diagnosis, and management of this pathology. Regarding treatment, the confrontation is divided into emergency management and then endoscopic, because early intensive resuscitation can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with UHD. This is an updated review which will be focused on the most relevant aspects of the management of this pathology. Data were obtained from Pubmed and Scielo, specifically searching for original articles and systematic reviews with the words "upper gastrointestinal bleeding", "peptic ulcer", "esophageal varices" and other related words. The criteria used were articles preferably less than 5 years old in scientific journals with a high impact index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Esophageal duplication cysts are rare congenital anomalies. Most cases are asymptomatic and their diagnoses are often incidental findings. In the past, surgery was considered to be the treatment for these lesions because of the possibility of complications such as hemorrhaging and infections as well as the fear of malignant transformation. However, the extremely low rate of malignancy and the possibility of an inadequate outcomes of surgery have made it necessary to consider other alternatives that taking both risks and benefits of the surgical procedure into account. We report the case of a 56-year-old patient with an endosonographic diagnosis of an esophageal duplication cyst who underwent endoscopic marsupialization of the cyst followed by complete resolution of symptoms, without complications, and with immediate reintegration into daily life. Endosonography (EUS) has been widely used as a tool for evaluation and diagnosis of duplication cysts. It is the diagnostic method of choice for investigating this pathology since it can distinguish between solid and cystic lesions. The question of whether or not to perform EUS guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of a lesion suspected of being a duplication cyst is controversial since these lesions can be infected with significant consequences. Nevertheless, EUS-FNA is often required to make a definitive diagnosis that rules out ominous lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variceal bleeding is a medical emergency which has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Up to 10% of these patients treated in hospitals do not respond to conventional hemostatic measures. For this reason, the use of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) has been proposed for management of these patients. It has had promising results. This paper discusses the literature available internationally about experience with the use of SEMS, their efficacy for acute control, long-term patient prognoses, types of stents, alternatives, complications, and challenges for the use of SEMS for patient management that should be considered in our environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)