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Beer is a worldwide known alcoholic beverage due to many social and economic reasons and therefore the brewing market is expanding. Because of this, the variety of beers with varied organoleptic characteristics and different compositions was increased using different adjuncts like wheat, rice, corn, among others. However, these adjuncts are targets for numerous Fusarium mycotoxins - mainly deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins, these may cause toxic effects to animals and humans. These toxins are also implicated in economic losses, due to worldwide regulations applied for unprocessed and processed food products. Currently, the limits for several mycotoxins have been established for the raw materials involved in brewing, however, there is no specific regulation for mycotoxin contamination in beer; therefore it is essential to apply control measures for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins during the beer processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium mexicanum has been described as the causal agent of mango malformation in several producing areas in Mexico. Isolates of F. mexicanum obtained from mango trees with malformation disease in Jalisco were characterized according to vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Isolates were cultured on minimal medium - supplemented with potassium chlorate (KClO3), NO3-, and L-asparagine, to generate spontaneous nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Mutants are detected as mycelia sectors chlorate-resistant, which are not able to utilize nitrate as a nitrogen source due to mutations at loci associated with the nitrate-assimilation pathway. F. mexicanum isolates generated 239 chlorate-resistant sectors of mycelia, out of 62.3 % were nit mutants. Phenotypic characterization detected 36.91 % mutants nit1, 28.18 % mutants nit3, 19.46 % mutants NitM and 14.76 % mutants nnu. Compatibility pairing tests amongst the mutants detected two VCGs in isolates of F. mexicanum from Jalisco. Isolates in one VCG from Jalisco were compatible with isolates of a previously identified VCG of F. mexicanum from Michoacan. A total of three VCGs were detected in the central Pacific region of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malformation is one of the most important diseases of mango worldwide. Several Fusarium species have been identified as causal agents of this disease. Recently, a new species, F. mexicanum, was described causing malformation in mango orchards located in the central western region of Mexico; however, it was not detected in producing areas along the Gulf of Mexico. During the last years, there has been an increase in mango orchards presenting malformation in Jalisco, a state located north of the area where F. mexicanum has been detected. The objective of this work was to identify the pathogen causing floral and vegetative malformation in Jalisco. Morphological and genetic analyses of the genes ß tubulin, EF-1α, and histone H3, indicated that all the isolates studied were F. mexicanum. This pathogen is confirmed as the main species causing mango malformation in those states located along the central Pacific region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that F. mexicanum may be present as clonal populations whose dispersal could have occurred through commercialization of contaminated plants from nurseries. F. mangiferae, F. sterilihyphosum and F. subglutinans type, species causing malformation in other countries, were not detected in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]