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The article is about gravitational waves and the exact solutions of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. It emphasizes that gravitational waves are fundamental tools for astronomical exploration and the study of gravity. It mentions the discovery of gravitational waves in 2015 by the LIGO/Virgo collaboration, which is considered a great scientific achievement. Additionally, the development of new interferometers is discussed, and the question of whether there are exact solutions of General Relativity that allow for the interpretation of gravitational waves is raised. The importance of continuing theoretical study and numerical resolution of Einstein's equations is highlighted in order to better understand the fundamental laws of the universe. [Extracted from the article]

Aim. To conduct a visual characterization of the Cuban fighting cocks (GLCC). Materials and methods: A total of 1514 adult birds (1227 females and 287 males) belonging to 158 farmers from the western, central, and eastern regions of Cuba were observed, according to five qualitative variables: plumage coloration, crest type, eye color, beak color, and tarsus color. The occurrence frequencies were determined for each variable using FREQ from SPSS 25®. The Chi Square test was used to evaluate the effect of sex on the eye color, crest type, and tarsus color based on the exact method and Bonferroni correction for pair comparison proportions; the binomial test method was used for the crest type. Results and discussion: The proportion of animals with a simple crest was higher (83.12%), with a predominant indigo color (54.28%); the birds with red eyes, yellow tarsus, and yellow-brownish bills showed the highest percentages. Conclusions: The dark plumage colors were predominant as they were associated with each breeder’s preference. The Cuban fighting rooster has a defined morphological pattern which is similar to the Spanish fighting breeds that originated it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in molecular biology techniques, such as PCR testing, and the use of polymorphic sequences of mitochondrial DNA in the d-Loop region, have been frequently used to describe maternal lines in animals, especially in birds. Aim. To conduct a review of laboratory techniques applied to molecular genetics, and their importance in the preservation of zoogenetic resources. Development: Molecular markers, especially microsatellites, became more useful and profitable, as protocols and technology were optimized; genetic methods provide reliable information that helps in the preservation of zoogenetic resources, particularly when the most traditional methods are inadequate. Conclusions: The utilization of molecular techniques offers objective measurements of the diversity among, and inside races, which permits to study their genetic relations, and to provide evidence of unique genetic attributes or genetic isolation phenomena from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: there is currently great concern about the sugar content of food and beverages as excessive consumption is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. In addition, there is a great deal of confusion both in published scientific data and in media reports about various concepts such as free sugars, intrinsic or endogenous sugars, and sugars added to food, as well as the type of monosaccharides and disaccharides that are part of them. The term "free sugars" refers to public health aspects whereas the term "added sugars" relates to the nutritional information included in the labelling covered by Regulation 1169/2011 as applicable to food information provided to the consumer. Material and methods: an analysis of the legislation in force in the European Union and Spain, as well as in the United States and Mexico, together with the position statements of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), as well as their Scientific Committees on the definition and declaration of total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars. Results: added sugars are declared on the label in countries such as the United States and Mexico. In the case of the United States, there is a proposal to modify the percentage they should contribute to the diet from 10 % to 6 %. In the case of the European Union, only the reference intake for carbohydrates is established: 45-65 %, as has already been done by the Scientific Committee of AESAN. Only in the case of the ANIBES study is there an approximate figure for the consumption of added sugars by the Spanish population: 7.3 %. Conclusions: reference intakes for added sugars should be established and declared in the information provided on food product labels in order to work with reliable data in the food composition tables, and to assess their real intake by the Spanish population, and thus implement public health measures to reduce their intake in all food products containing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica is the property of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In nature there are societies of living beings that coordinate their actions in a non-centralized way. For example, emergent processes that combine the actions of individuals in the achievement of a common goal occur in ant colonies. This paper describes a management layer that facilitates emerging coordination processes in multi-robot systems, which together with other two layers (one of individual management and another of knowledge management), manage the processes necessary for the operation of the multi-robot system. In particular, this layer allows the appearance of emergency and self-organization in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization has proposed that health be promoted and protected through the development of an environment that enables sustainable actions at individual, community, national and global levels. Indeed, food-based dietary guidelines, i.e., food pyramids, have been developed in numerous countries to disseminate nutritional information to the general population. However, wider recommendations are needed, with information on an active, healthy lifestyle, not just healthy eating. The objective of the present work is to propose a three-dimensional pyramid as a new strategy for promoting adequate nutrition and active healthy lifestyles in a sustainable way. Indeed, the Iberomerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT) pyramid of healthy lifestyles has been designed as a tetrahedron, its three lateral faces corresponding to the binomials food and nutrition, physical activity and rest, and education and hygiene. Each lateral face is divided into two triangles. These faces show the following: 1. food-based guidelines and healthy eating habits as related to a sustainable environment; 2. Recommendations for rest and physical activity and educational, social and cultural issues; 3. selected hygiene and educational guidelines that, in conjunction with the other two faces, would contribute to better health and provide measures to promote environmental sustainability. The new FINUT pyramid is addressed to the general population ol all ages and should serve as a guide for living a healthy lifestyle within a defined social and cultural context. It includes an environmental and sustainability includimension providing measures that should contribute to the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants — one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are critical for infant growth and development, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). ARA and DHA are components of cell membrane phospholipids and play an important role in cell division, differentiation, and signaling; and DHA is the n-3 fatty acid predominant in the developing brain and retina. During the third trimester of pregnancy, LC-PUFAs increase substantially in fetal circulation, and a "biomagnification" process in the fetal brain is observed. Moreover, LC-PUFAs are precursors of eicosanoids and metabolites, which modulate the intensity and duration of the immune response. LC-PUFA synthesis implies complex desaturation and elongation processes on their principal precursors, linoleic acid (LA) (18:3 n-6) (series n-6) and α-linolenic acid (LNA) (20:3 n-3) (series n-3), where fatty acid desaturases (FADS) and elongases (ELOVL) are competing. It is important to notice that during the first months of life, as a consequence of low enzymatic activity, LC-PUFA synthesis from LA and LNA is reduced, especially in those infants carrying variations in the FADS and ELOVL genes, which are involved in LC-PUFA synthesis, and so they are unable to supply their own DHA and ARA needs. Homozygote infants for FADS haplotype A (97 % of the Latinoamerican population) show low levels of ARA (only 43 %) and DHA (only 24 %) when compared to those carrying haplotype D (more prevalent in Europe, Africa and Asia). Human milk is the only source of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA for the neonate and infant till complementary feeding (CF) is introduced. Infants fed with infant formulas must receive enough amounts of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA to cover their nutritional requirements. The new guidelines by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2016) recommend that infant formulas and follow-on formulas must contain 20-50 mg of DHA/100 kcal (0.5-1 % of total fatty acids, which is higher than in human milk and the majority of infant formulas in the market), and it is not necessary to add ARA. This new regulation, which is already applicable since February 2020, has resulted in profound controversy because there is no scientific evidence about its appropriateness and safety for healthy children. Then, different international expert groups have revised the research already published about the effects of ARA and DHA addition to infant formulas, and discussed different emerging questions from this European directive. The expert group led from the University of Granada (Spain) recommends the addition of ARA in similar or higher concentrations than those of DHA, at least equal to those present in human milk (0.3 % of total fatty acids), although preferably 0.5 % and up to around 0.64 % of total fatty acids, since new studies confirm the optimal intake of ARA and DHA during the different developmental stages. This recommendation could be of particular importance for infants carrying the haplotype A of FADS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: promoting healthy lifestyles already from the pediatric age for prevention of diseases at a short, mid and long-term is compulsory worldwide. Objectives: to know eating patterns and dietary habits, physical activity and sedentary behaviours in urban Spanish children aged one to nine years old, no vegan, by evaluating the differences between standard milk consumers (RS) and milk formula (AMS). Methods: prospective, observational, cross-sectional study with 1,514 children. A food frequency questionnaire, a physical activity and sedentary behaviour questionnaire, and two 24-hour dietary recalls (one face-to-face and one by phone) were used. Results: the daily energy intake was significantly higher in the RS group (1,503 Kcal vs 1,404 Kcal). The contribution of protein and fat to the total caloric value of the diet is high, being for the first one significantly higher in RS (16.5 % vs 15.6 %). However, for carbohydrate is low and significantly higher in AMS (46.7 % vs 45.5 %). The contribution of the food groups to the energy intake present significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Spanish children between 1-9 years old have an adequate, but slightly elevated energy intake than the recommendations. There is a high contribution of protein and fat, and low of carbohydrate to the total caloric value. AMS children have a higher adherence to dietary guidelines and nutritional recommendations and, therefore, a suggested higher diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the economic losses resulting from condemnation of affected livers and the presence of Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered cattle in the provinces of Camagüey and Holguín, Cuba. Materials and Methods. This study was based on the results from an anatomo-pathological examination performed at Felipe Fuentes and César Escalante slaughterhouses between January 2012 and December 2018. The losses, which totaled $ 80 312 USD (Holguín) and $ 327 152 USD (Camagüey), were estimated from the number of slaughtered and affected animals throughout the period. Analyses for the comparisons of proportions were made to animals affected by F.hepatica, whereas the economic losses due to liver condemnation were analyzed by Chi-square to determine the existence of significant differences among the proportions. Analysis of means (ANOM) was made to determine the significantly different proportions within the general average. Results. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed in animals from different slaughterhouses in 11 months, excluding July. Meanwhile, the total losses due to condemnation of affected livers underwent significant differences (p<0.001) in all the months of the evaluation period. Conclusions. The highest values of economic losses and prevalence due to condemnation of livers affected by F.hepatica were observed in the province of Camagüey, which may have been linked to varying climatic conditions. Hence, evaluation of intermediary host dynamics and the larval stages of the trematode in the two provinces studied were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective to determine the existence of seasonal patterns of infection with Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered bovines in Camagüey province, monthly records were used for the 13 059 slaughtered bovines carried out in Chacuba slaughterhouse, a basic unit belonging to the Terso Cattle Commercializing Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, from January 2008 to December 2014. There were 2 387 animals affected by F. hepatica according to the anatomic-pathologic diagnosis carried out at the slaughterhouse. The disease prevalence in slaughtered and infected animals was determined for the whole period to be of 18.25 %. The process of seasonal decomposition with an additive model revealed for the first time in Camagüey, the existence of a seasonal pattern for affected bovines with Fasciola hepatica, as well as for the amount and the prevalence. The seasonal patterns were characterized by peaks in February, October and December for the two studied variables. It’s recommended to evaluate the dynamics of the intermediate host and larval stages of F. hepatica to correlate with the observed seasonal patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Returning process to the everyday life context for a person with spinal cord injury after their Hospitalization period has been defined as a moment of difficulties and personal challenges. In this article we show the most prominent factors contributing to improve quality of life from the perspective of the injured people. Two discussion groups, one formed by 12 people with paraplegia, and another formed by 6 people with tetraplegia, have been carried out. Content analysis carried out indicates that participants related quality of life quality once leaving the rehabilitation hospital with to dimensions: a) closer context need of attention and, b) real world preparation. On conclusion, to design integral rehabilitation programme, physical rehabilitation, learning abilities to allow maximum autonomy and, family assessment must be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with developing criteria to find proper use of different types of diffusers, to evaluate irrigation quality and to determine the possible relationship between the working emitter type and irrigation uniformity to the potato crop yield. Results show that the emitter type is neither related to the irrigation quality nor related to crop yield. On the other hand a tight dependence is clearly observable between the irrigation uniformity and the crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of finding criteria that define the appropriate use of different kinds of sprays, of evaluating the quality of the irrigation and of determining the possible relationship of the type of emitters used and the uniformity irrigation on the yield of the potato crop is carried out the present work. The results don't demonstrate a relationship between the type of spray and the quality of the irrigation, neither with the yield. On the other hand it is evidenced with clarity a narrow dependence between the irrigation uniformity and the yield of the potato crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of Arsenicum album at 6 HC in treating piglets with diarrhea was evaluated according to their general health conditions. To this end, affected piglets from 3 to 7 days old and 1 kg initial mean weight were assessed on a farm affiliated to the swine breeding center from Camagüey, Cuba. The whole population comprising 70 individuals received five sublingual drops of A. album every 8 hours the first day, and every 12 hours from the second day up to the fifth day. Hematologic parameters (Mann-Whitney nonparametric test) before and after treatment were measured in 30 piglets. Despite significant differences (P < 0,05) concerning values for neutrophiles, monocycles, lymphocytes, and total leukocytes, as well as hemoglobin, no symptoms were observed at the fifth day of treatment clearly indicating the homeopathic therapy effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]