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The article discusses historiography concerning the descendants of Africans in New Spain under the social groups that made up the heterogeneous viceroyalty mosaic. Topics include historiography around blacks and their American descendants around an alleged racial solidarity between blacks and mulattoes; and underline the relationship of sexual, emotional and even economic domination as well as Sexual relations between members of the same sex and domination over Afro-descendants.

In this paper we made some reflections about that, despite trade liberalization in Mexico, this has not led to high economic growth. A. P. Thirlwall establishes the importance of manufactured exports to generate greater economic growth. Assuming Thirlwall's law, we establish a measurement to verify contribution of exports to economic growth efforts. The main result is that is very low the growth obtained with restriction of balance of payments, and ranges between -1 and 2 per cent. Additionally, the evolution of investment relative to gross domestic product is displayed and is performed an econometric estimation to evaluate the impact of increased investment to economic growth, finding also that the context of openness and given the economic dynamics, does not favor the investment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing exhibits nonlinear trends in production levels, one being an active state and the other a passive state. We use a Markov model to estimate these two states, which are tied to United States imports of Mexican products. A regression is made in order to estimate whether there is an expansion or contraction in order to show which sectors have a greater propensity to expand or to decrease, there are several cases where the contracting level of output lasts longer than the expansionary alternative. This method of analysis can be applied to any Latin American economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analiza la evolución en general de la industria maquiladora, la cual es un sector prioritario generador de exportaciones, divisas y empleos. El análisis se divide en tres etapas: la maquila tradicional (1965-1984) es ensamble. La fase de consolidación y expansión (1985- 1994) son procesos productivos de mano de obra calificada, técnicos e ingenieros. La fase de modernización tecnológica (1995 a la fecha) es la puesta en marcha del centro de investigación en autopartes, además de la apertura de áreas de ingeniería y diseño. La integración comercial con EUA y Canadá, a fin de impulsar el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), es revisada mediante un análisis de cointegración, con la siguiente pregunta ¿existe una liga de largo plazo entre la serie de maquila de exportación y la serie de importaciones que realizan los EUA de bienes y servicios provenientes de México, sujeto a la productividad como variable exógena? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]