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This paper compares the use of unaccented pronouns in accusative and dative function in the narrative production of three groups of students monolingual in Spanish: (a) rural Mapuche, (b) rural non-Mapuche and (c) urban. Our assumption is that the use of clitics is different according to the situation of contact between languages. In this context, we establish three types of uses: "standard use", "rural use" and "ethnical use". The Mapuche group uses the pronouns in different forms from the other two groups. This difference is discussed in the frame of contemporary contact linguistic and functional and typological linguistic. This approach allows us to attribute this uses to indirect transfer porduced by the intense and historical contact between the Mapudungun and Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Lengua y Literatura Catalana, Gallega y Vasca is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

one of the key elements of the rhetorics of Antiquity was puritas. Puritas consists of grammatical correctness in linguistic expression, it is the locutionary quality which tends to maintain the uncontaminated purity of language. This linguistic phenomenon presents from the end of the twentieth century an untimely normative effort in the context of a postmodern era marked by the uncontrollable flows of persons and languages, a phenomenon that is clearly reflected in all its complexity and its constitutive tensions in the gestation and evolution of hybrid languages such as Spanglish and the subsequent production of marginal literary systems like nuyorican poetry. The nuyorican poetry of authors such as Tato Laviera (1951 -) sets a rhetoric of Spanglish as a language of extraterritoriality and interstitiality, a rhetoric of impurity and delight that becomes a "minor literature" in its Deleuzian sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this article I discuss Historiographical reviews concerning Paraguay war and how this theme is approached on Brazilian Didactic Books of History; to that I analyze 12 (twelve) Didactic History Collections which were approved and recommended by National Program on Didactic Book (PNLD 2011). I believe that thinking about these historiographical constructions takes us to reflect on formal education, that is, how this Plata conflict was and is explained by Brazilian researchers and, at the same time, how this academic knowledge was and is transported to Brazilian Didactic Books of History. Analyzing this issue makes us understand many of the conflicts and stereotypes that for years have been prevailing on relations between Paraguay and Brazil; such stereotypes, most of the times, are filled with jargons and value judgments which do not correspond to the many trials of approaching of "me" and the "other", in this case, Brazil and Paraguay, mutually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small lexicon of traditional weaving (telar de cintura), collected in Agallpampa (Otuzco, La Libertad) offers evidence against the idea of any linguistic identity being shared between the area of the now extinct Culle language, and the Cajamarca Valley. Yet, such a link is supported by the isolation of a grammatical element, traced to the Culle language in both areas: diminutive suix --ash--, as in cholasho 'young little man' and chinasha 'young little woman'. These contrasting data shed new light on a discussion begun by Torero (1989) about the existence of particular languages in the central Cajamarca area (languages Den and Cat); and continued by Adelaar with Muysken (2004), who suggest that cases of lexical community between the Culle geographical nucleus and indigenous words of Cajamarca Quechua, which cannot be traced back to Quechua idiomatic sources, suggest that a Culle substratum holds for the Cajamarca Valley. his paper argues that, in order to solve this apparent paradox, it is necessary to focus on this issue in terms of linguistic strata: i.e., different stages of idiomatic hegemony before Quechua and Spanish were established in the region. he oldest stratum would be associated with Den, and the more recent, albeit still prior to the Quechua and Spanish periods, would be Culle. Based upon archaeological research in the area and on the recent association of Cajamarca Quechua with the Huari expansion (Adelaar 2012), I suggest that the chronological distance between both strata must be deep, since Culle would have been established in the region long before the Northern Huari expansion took place. Nonetheless, the existence of Quechua-Den mixed toponyms precludes this hypothesis being applied to the whole Cajamarca territory, especially its southwest area (Contumazá). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nebrija de Lingüística Aplicada a la Enseñanza de Lenguas is the property of Revista Nebrija de Linguistica Aplicada a la Ensenanza de Lenguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nebrija de Lingüística Aplicada a la Enseñanza de Lenguas is the property of Revista Nebrija de Linguistica Aplicada a la Ensenanza de Lenguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kant knew the world's biological evolution, and in this context he identified the evolvement of Modern History. The evolutive progress would be verified from the multiplicity of exclusive groups in the state of nature and would continue on to the civil, legal and cosmopolitan state. The passage or progress of history was guaranteed by the development of dialog processes within the process of decision making. This was so because in every decision making process-regardless of the problem to solve-the expression of existence and the listening another leads one to understanding the other. In addition, it leads to identifying oneself as organism that is contained and obtains the recognition of the other. This process which instructs us to keep our word-not as the other's instrument-; the feeling of dignity or personal value, integrates us in a natural world that does not get disorderly. Such is his concept of a civil, legal, and cosmopolitan society; built from the exercise of the figurative jargon. A symbolic term is the one that always admits news meanings. And, despite the fact that this is the nature of Law, it has been destroyed in the jargon of the individual democracies. Within them, the meaning of law is given by the churches or by the nations that usually consider the law as simple coercive conduct directives. Due to the lack of public discussion the governments have fallen into a crisis of governability. And, this is the reason why they have not fulfilled their purpose of constituting themselves into public democracies, creating a universal civil society not biologically disintegrated by the awarding of improper title of ownership to property. Nowadays we are living the times of the State-Nation crisis because these National States have closed their doors to the universal discourse. Right from that point it becomes evident not only the ingovernability but the world ecological disorganization. However, having as an aim not to change and to keep the power, the governments try to solve the problem by means of an ecological disciplinary discourse that comprises palliatives… and this simulation is carried out through the schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]