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Background: Breast cancer occupies first place in mortality by neoplasms in women in Mexico; mammography screening (MS) interpreted by BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System), allows suspicion of malignancy, which will be confirmed when having the histopathological result (HPR). Objective: To evaluate whether suspicious findings for breast cancer in MS are associated with malignant HPR in women aged = 40 years. Material and methods: Observational, analytical, crosssectional, prolective study. Patients aged = 40 years, with MS with BI-RADS 4a, 4b, 4c and 5, and RHP of sample obtained by Trucut, excisional or ultrasound guided wire biopsy. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical variables, BI-RADS classification and HPR variables were recorded. Results: 148 patients were included, median age 53 years; these were stratified into BI-RADS 4a, BI-RADS 4b, BIRADS 4c and BI-RADS 5. Suspicious findings of malignancy due to MS were associated with HPR. MS BI-RADS 4c, palpable lesion and late menopause were identified as risk factors for malignant HPR; as well as MS BI-RADS 5 and palpable lesión. Conclusion: MS with suspicious findings of malignancy is associated with the malignant HPR obtained by biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Breast cancer screening coverage in Mexico is limited. It is necessary to configure the Mexican health system to make it capable of producing more mammograms, without neglecting quality and diagnostic opportunity. Objective: To project the coverage of breast cancer screening programs according to the mammographs availability in the Mexican Health System Material and methods: An exploratory study was conducted correlating the number mammographs available in the Mexican Health System with women between 40 and 69 who are the target of screening programs in Mexico. The analysis consisted of calculating the coverage of breast cancer screening programs if each mammograph could perform 6336 screening mammograms per year. All the calculations were made with the information of the year 2020 as the most current data in terms of population density. Results: It was determined that the number of mammographs is enough to raise the offer of screening studies to ≈50% at the national level. There are even states whose coverage capacity is projected above 70%. Some of them are Mexico City, Colima, Durango, Quintana Roo, Zacatecas, Baja California Sur and Coahuila. Also, it was observed that the distribution of mammographs is not equitable in the national territory, suggesting investment both in equipment and in screening strategies for breast cancer. Conclusions: Our data show that it is possible to advance in preventing breast cancer in Mexico, although the improvement of the management capacities of the Mexican Health System is required to improve both the coverage and quality of the breast cancer screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if there is an association between the presence of vascular calcifications detected in screening mammograms and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: The results of the studies carried out on patients who attended an appointment for evaluation by the Check Up department who had a mammogram, and a complete clinical history within the period from October 2018 to October 2019, were included. The association was determined using central tendency measures, odds ratio and Chi square. Results: 23% of the diabetic patients included in the study presented vascular calcifications by mammography. Chi-square tests for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia were 0.405 (p = 0.52), 1.23 (p = 0.26), 0.765 (p = 0.38), and 0.326 (p = 0.56) respectively. Conclusion: A statistically significant association between the presence of vascular calcifications on mammography and the presence of metabolic diseases could not be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the radiological findings in its different image modalities of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Material and methods: An information search was made in PubMed with the words "breast" AND "ductal carcinoma in situ", choosing radiology articles to obtain information. A search of radiological images and pathology reports was done, from clinical and radiological digital files of the hospital. Results: The mammographic features of DCIS were microcalcifications in 80% of cases, being amorphous, pleomorphic, thick heterogeneous and fine branched, and fine linear distribution. On ultrasound, the most common finding is an irregular, hypervascular and hypoechoic nodule, without posterior shadow. In magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography the most frequent finding is non-mass enhancement. Conclusions: DCIS is asymptomatic; screening is very important in its detection. The morphology, distribution, and density of the suspicious microcalcifications motivate the radiologist to request additional images, to categorize the finding and choose the best image guidance method for performing the biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In quasi 3D mammography, it is necessary to have compressible phantoms that simulate breasts for specific quality controls and for research purposes. The available phantoms are not very accessible due to Latinoamerican economy, so a more economical phantom will be developed. The objectives of this work were: to characterize the X ray beam in Molybdenum-Molybdenum quality, to build samples like adipose, glandular, and malignant tissue and to obtain the attenuation coefficients. Samples were built with silicones, gels, silicone oils, glass microspheres, quartz powder, polylactic acid and thermoplastic polyurethane. Half value layer measurements were performed for X ray equipment and samples at 22, 25, 28, 30, 32 y 35 kV. Values of half layer and equivalent energy for the voltages mentioned above were 0.26, 0.30, 0.32, 0.34, 0.35 and 0.37 mm of Aluminum and 13.95, 14.61, 15.03, 15.28, 15.52 y 15.77 keV, respectively. Among the results obtained we can mention that the half value layer for the samples of gel + Thinner + microspheres, gel + Thinner + quarts and gel + silicone + Thinner + microspheres, for 15 keV, were 7.03 mm, 7.16 mm and 3.97 mm, respectively. It was concluded that the simples of gel + Thinner + microspheres and gel + Thinner + quartz could simulate adipose tissue and the sample of gel + silicone + Thinner + microspheres could simulate malign and glandular tissue, changing the microspheres proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Edge detection takes importance in image processing systems for computer-aided diagnosis, where sharp changes in pixel intensity are analyzed to obtain fast and accurate information about regions of interest to the specialist. A method for feature enhancement and edge detection in medical images was developed using image processing by analyzing the pixel distribution histogram and morphological gradient operation. Images from the MINI MIAS dataset and the COVID-CT dataset were used. The method is based on image processing and is applied to mammography and chest CT images, where blur filtering steps are accompanied by morphological gradient filtering, in addition to obtaining the threshold for edge detection by analyzing the point of maximum pixel concentration according to the distribution histogram. The processing is presented in a graphical user interface developed in Python language. The method is validated by comparison with other edge detection techniques such as the Canny Algorithm, and with deep learning methods such as Holistically-Nested Edge Detection. The proposed method improves image quality in both mammograms and CT scans compared to other techniques. It also presents the best performance considering internal and external edge detection, as well as an average response time of 1.054 seconds and 2.63 % of Central Processing Unit requirement. The developed system is presented as a support tool for use in computer-aided diagnosis processes due to its high efficiency in edge detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INSPILIP. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion en Salud Pública is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. To quantitatively document the degree of compliance of institutional messages broadcast on social networks with the recommendations of the National Cancer Institute (INC) in Argentina during October 2019, in the context of breast cancer prevention campaigns, and to qualitatively analyze the pictorial and textual elements that make up their dissemination pieces. Materials and methods. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 171 dissemination pieces issued during October 2019 by 54 institutions, based on the evaluation of their compliance with INC recommendations, the description of the main discordant recommendations (quantitative analysis) and the qualitative analysis of 30 pieces. Results. None of the issued messages mentioned potential screening harms. Only the messages of the National Ministry of Health complied completely with the INC recommendations, while the remaining ones recommended mammograms at younger ages or at shorter intervals. Breast self-examination was the most frequent recommendation among those who didn't comply. The images of female bodies linked to common stereotypes of sex and beauty, and paternalistic discourses appealing to fear and guilt were predominant. Conclusions. The messages broadcasted in the analyzed diffusion pieces did not comply with the INC recommendations, despite the fact that the latter are supported by scientific evidence. On the other hand, the messages reinforce sex and beauty stereotypes, guilt and the medical-hegemonic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the validity of mammography and ultrasound for the diagnosis of breast cancer compared with the histopathological result in patients who attend the National Medical Center "November 20" during the years 2015 to 2019. Material and methods: A diagnostic test validation study was carried out, consisting of the patients categorized as BI-RADS 4 (A, B and C) and 5 in ultrasound and mammography compared with the result of the core biopsy histopathology as gold test, in the years 2015 to 2019. Results: 72.78% were between 35 and 64 years old. 51.54% were diagnosed with a malignant histopathological result, and 48.46% had benign results. 26.77% of category 4A presented malignancy in the histopathological result, 4B 46.27%, 4C 86.36% and 5 96.88%. Specificity and PPV for BI-RADS 4A (E: 45; 69%, PPV: 26.77%), 4B (E: 53.04%, PPV: 46.27%), 4C (E: 95.51%, PPV: 86.36%) and 5 (E: 99.25%, PPV: 96.88%). Conclusion: The application of the BI-RADS categories by mammography and ultrasound show high specificity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of suspicious breast cancer lesions, increasing successively from 4A, 4B, 4C and 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mammography quality is directly related to the ability to detect an abnormality and quality control is necessary in diagnostic imaging centers. Objective: Evaluate the quality of image, reading and mammography service of some diagnostic imaging centers in the city of Manizales Colombia. Materials and methods: In the study, four diagnostic imaging centers participated voluntarily and under confidentiality agreements. Out of a total of 520 women, 318 were mammographic. The infrastructure, technology and human resources of the unit were evaluated on the basis of a visual inspection of the service. A radiologist expert in reading and clinical interpretation of mammary images evaluated the quality of the image and the quality of its reading. Statistical analysis was carried out using the ANOVA methodology, kappa and percentage of disagreement. Results: Images of diminished quality were found mainly due to the presence of artifacts in 75% of the images evaluated, non-compliance with identification criteria and image labeling. Difficulties in the acquisition of the lateral median oblique projection due to the absence of inframammary angle. The level of agreement in the BIRADS report is low in the 4 centers, with important differences in the report and description of findings. Conclusion: The city's diagnostic centers are authorized for their operation, however, there are important deficiencies in image quality and reading, which highlights the need to seek quality standards, starting from those aspects that can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Breast cancer is the main cause of death by cancer in Mexican women. High mammographic breast density is a well-established breast cancer risk factor that also increases the risk of death. However, there is limited data of breast density patterns among Mexican women and their association with breast cancer incidence and mortality. Objective: To determine the distribution of breast density patterns and BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) among women from Torreon, Coahuila. Method: Observational and retrospective study. Mammographic reports of women from Torreon, Mexico, were analyzed. Reports came from IMSS HGZ#16, Sanatorio Español and a private radiological office. Only mammographic records which described age, breast density and Bi-RADS reports were included. Differences on breast density distribution were analyzed with the Chi-Square test according to age, economic sectors and BI-RADS classification. Results: A total of 2,187 women were included, representing about 1% of the total adult women population of Torreon. The mean age was 54.4 years, and the mammographic density patterns distribution was: 19.15% fatty, 47.76% fibroglandular density, 27.10% heterogeneously dense, and 5.99% extremely dense. Conclusions: The main pattern in this Mexican population is the fibroglandular density, and extremely dense breast was only 6%. Our results suggest that non-dense breast tissue could increase breast cancer risk. Further studies on related risk factors, like body mass index are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In Mexico, breast cancer represents the leading cause of death due to malignant pathology in women, presenting itself at a younger age. Due to an increase in BI-RADS 0 mammograms, the question arises as to what is the incidence of said result in mammograms performed during 2014 and 2017, determine the factors associated with variations in the BI-RADS determination and validate the diagnostic utility of this scale. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, comparative, retrospective study. Population of 1358 women eligible 40 to 69 years in 2014 and 1650 women of the same age group in 2017. The means were compared with Pearson's Chi-square statistical test to compare proportions in order to determine significant differences in the incidence of inconclusive results of mammography and thus estimate the usefulness of mammography as a screening test. Results: In 2014, 9.50% of the patients studied obtained a BI-RADS 0 result, compared to 2017, in which it was 35.4% with a Chi-square value of 278.31, which shows a higher probability 99% that there is an association between the year in which the study was conducted and the number of BIRADS 0 reported. Conclusions: The mammograms with inconclusive results from the years 2014 and 2017 showed a significant difference, for which it was determined that mammography is a highly useful diagnostic method for mass detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To identify and collect the guidelines, methods and analysis and evaluation criteria for the control of mammogram imaging and reading at the worldwide, regional and local levels. Methods: A meta-narrative review was carried out, taking into account the pragmatic approach to health care services. We included scientific articles that incorporated the analysis and evaluation of image quality and clinical interpretation in mammography. It is a system of classification by categories and variables that face the documents with the greatest impact. Key results: Guidelines and quality control protocols have been adapted worldwide according to the standards of the European and American guidelines. It is recommended to establish a guideline that includes the following criteria: personal training, technology evaluation, visualization of anatomical areas, acquisition techniques and breast positioning, dose level and patient exposition and report quality. Conclusion: Even though there are internationally standardized guidelines for the quality evaluation, it is suggested that each country or region have guidelines adapted to their needs and which include higher significance criteria established in this revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present one case of Paget's disease (PD) of the breast without associated ductal carcinoma, and to conduct a review of the literature on its diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: A 59-year-old woman with a two-year history of a chronic erythematous, ulcerated, itchy lesion in the left nipple, initially treated dermatologically with topical steroids with no improvement, finally visits a primary healthcare institution in the city of Tunja, Colombia for diagnosis. A biopsy and histochemical testing were performed to make the diagnosis and the lesion was then treated with central quadrantectomy. The post-operative pathology testing was negative for malignancy, without recurrence at one-year followup. A search was conducted in the PubMed, SciELO, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases using the terms "Paget´s Disease," "Breast Neoplasms," "Mammography," "Ultrasonography," Mammary," "Biopsy," and "Mastectomy," tracking bibliographic review articles, editorials, reports and clinical case series in English and Spanish, without time limitation. Results: Overall, 11 publications were included consisting of 5 case reports, 3 case series, 1 review of the literature based on a clinical case, and 2 letters to the editor describing cases related to Paget's disease of the nipple with no associated carcinoma. The diagnosis was based on the clinical suspicion of the disease and a biopsy of the lesion. Histochemistry was useful for the differential diagnosis: treatment options ranged from mastectomy to nipple-areolar complex resection. Radiotherapy has also been used. Conclusions: The diagnosis of Paget's disease with no associated ductal carcinoma is based on early clinical suspicion and histopathology of the nippleareolar complex. There is no consensus regarding surgical management of this lesion. Follow-up studies of this subgroup of patients treated with radiotherapy or conservative surgery are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Mammography is the reflection of normal breast anatomy and disturbances caused by pathologic processes, and will depend on the proportion of its components. Currently, the most used classification of mammographic patterns is the BI-RADS® classification, however its pattern distribution has only been described in North American population and women from Latin America have not been considered. Objective: To learn the prevalence of breast density in Mexican women and confirm whether the rates described in BI-RADS® are applicable to our population. Material and method: 2,000 women between 40 and 81 years of age were evaluated with diagnostic or screening digital mammography in the Hospital from 2013 -2015. Mammographies were read by a certified radiologist with additional qualification in breast reading, using the fifth edition of the BI-RADS® classification to establish the category of the mammographic pattern. Result: The frequency of the 4 mammographic patterns was analyzed, with an overall distribution for the 2,000 women sample revealing the following results: 226 with Type A pattern (11.3%), 1,296 with Type B pattern (64.8%), 400 with Type C pattern (20%), 78 with Type D pattern (3.9%). Conclusions: We found that the predominant breast density in our population is the scattered fibroglandular pattern, and when compared to the rates described by BI-RADS®, as well as other studies from US female population, we conclude that they are not applicable to our own population since the factors associated to breast density are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Técnica Industrial: Revista Cuatrimestral de Ingeniería, Industria e Innovación is the property of Fundacion Tecnica Industrial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) falls into a heterogeneous group of tumors, whose diagnosis has increased with the use of mammography as screening method. The Van Nuys Prognostic Index, mainly based on histological nuclear grade and presence of necrosis, is the most reproducible histopathological classification system. The most common abnormality observed during a mammography are microcalcifications, which coexist with other lesions such as masses and architectural distortion, and represent low-grade lesions. The initial diagnosis should be performed by anamnesis and a detailed physical examination to help determine the morphostructural characteristics of the lesion. Then an imaging and dynamic approach should be achieved by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) complemented by immunohistochemistry to characterize the tumor. The presence of morphological segmental distribution is typical of malignancy (DCIS). The kinetics of the lesions using a dynamic MRI varies, with the washout and late enhancement pattern being pathognomonic for DCIS. However, the dynamic pattern seems to be correlated with mammographic findings. Multidetector CT and MRI findings may be useful in combination with breast MRI for preoperative mapping. Nevertheless, there are complementary techniques such as spectroscopy and weighted diffusion that improve the specificity of the MRI and are useful in predicting response to adjuvant chemotherapy. These future applications will improve the ability for early diagnosis and treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Worldwide, mammography is the imaging method most commonly used for early detection of breast cancer, decisive for prior to the onset of symptoms diagnosed. The malignancy that is recorded more frequently in women is breast cancer, regarded worldwide as a major public health problem. By implementing the BI-RADS manual seeks to standardize mammographic report. Objective: To determine the radiographic and anatomic-pathologic concordance of mammographic findings in women of thirty years and more, who consulted in the Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social-Paraguay, during the first semester of 2015. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective study. The variables age, reasons for seeing a doctor, mammographic findings, histopathological diagnoses obtained from breast biopsy and reporting BI-RADS were studied. Results: The sample consisted of 138 women. The age range of the patients was 30 to 89 years, with an average of 55 years. The annual routine check represented the most frequent reason for consultation (52.0%). 71.0% of the findings corresponded to dense nodules, and they were 75.0% malignancies. Conclusion: The agreement was moderate with Kappa index. In patients with BI-RADS 3, there were found 30.62% malignancies, so it is suggested to consider from this level for pathological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: analyze the usefulness of ultrasound in detection of breast cancer, at a mammary gland imaging center, focusing primarily on nodules not seen in digital mammograms and tomosynthesis, in a prospective study of 1,600 mammograms for screening. INTRODUCTION: the mammogram, in its analogic or digital mode, is well known as an effective imaging method for early detection of breast cancer and the only screening method which proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer; however, superimposition of mammary tissue, added to its high density, are obstacles to interpreting and detecting lesions even when using digital mammogram by tomosynthesis, for which reason complementary use of ultrasound is imperative to detect lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1,600 asymptomatic patients who took part in a screening study to detect mammary gland cancer, in an age range of 40 to 65 years, were included. All of them underwent digital mammogram, tomosynthesis, and ultrasound, including in this report only those in whom BIRADS category 3 and 4 nodules detected by ultrasound were confirmed, without representation or not seen in digital mammograms or tomosynthesis. All the studies were evaluated by 5 radiologists with sub-specialization in mammary imaging. RESULTS: of 1,600 patients, BIRADS category 3 and 4 nodules were confirmed in 270, 52 of them detected only by ultrasound and not seen by digital mammogram or tomosynthesis. CONCLUSION: in a dense breast there are greater probabilities of overlooking calcifications, asymmetries, or nodules in digital mammogram or tomosynthesis, which underscores the importance of adding ultrasound to mammogram screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety experienced by women during their participation in breast cancer screening programs can condition their adherence to the program. The aim was to determine whether a brief nursing intervention could reduce anxiety before screening mammography. Method: A randomized controlled trial carried out with 436 Spanish women aged between 50-69 years, who attended a population breast cancer screening program. The experimental group received an ad-hoc tailored intervention, which consisted of offering information about the screening program and the mammography exam, as well as of providing personal emotional support. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Fear of screening outcome and fear of breast cancer were also assessed. Results: Women of the experimental group had 60% less probability of having a high anxiety state (OR = 0.40; 95%: CI [0.25, 0.65]), after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Regarding trait anxiety, no differences were observed between groups. The stratified analysis showed that this positive impact was greater in women who did not fear the screening outcome (OR = 0.24; 95% CI [0.11, 0.52]) or breast cancer (OR = 0.07; 95% CI [0.01, 0.41]). Conclusions: A protocolized nursing intervention reduced the probability of being anxious when undergoing a screening mammography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the balance between beneits and risks of population-based mammography screening programs in Peruvian women. We followed the criteria proposed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) working group. A generic search strategy for published studies was performed using Medline and other sources of national data (gray literature). The evidence of beneits, risks, costs and preferences of the population was used in order to state a recommendation in favour, or against, screening. We found ive systematic reviews (SR) that evaluated the balance between beneit and risks, two economic evaluations based on Peruvian data, and one study that reported the preferences of Peruvian women. The quality of evidence of the SR was moderate in favour of screening in women aged 50-69 years. The balance of risks and beneits showed a higher probability of overdiagnosis compared with the reduction in mortality. The most cost-effective strategy was the triennial mammography. Perceived barriers could seriously compromise the participation of women. In conclusion, the recommendation of mammography screening for Peruvian women is weak, even more if we take into account other health necessities of the population. However, if implemented, triennial mammography in women aged 50-69 years could be the more suitable screening strategy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 36% of breast cancer diagnosis are in advanced stages (III and IV). According to this it is important to establish strategies for early diagnose, and identify clinical variables able to estimate the risk to develop this neoplasm, among these variables is the breast parenchymal density. It has being reported that a high breast density increases the probability to develop breast cancer by 3 to 5 times. This study describes the breast density distribution among women from Lima, Peru; compared to age and menopausal status. Methods. Breast density was analyzed in a random set of 1100 breast images (from a craniocaudal view taken from right breast), 600 were from women attend-e d at Oncosalud and 500 women which underwent a mammography in the Mamamovil. Comparison and description was done between both groups under the Chi-square test. Breast density was analyzed in relationship to the group each woman belonged and adjusted to age using the logistic regression model. Results. The breast density from women who underwent the test was classified: 32.3% belonged to ACR I, 45.3% belonged to ACR II, 19.7% belonged to ACR III and 2.7% belonged to ACR IV. It was observed that breast density was linked to menopausal status (60% of premenopausal, and 19% and 15% from postmenopausal, respectively, belonged to ACR III or ACR IV) (p<0.001). Among the postmenopausal woman, it was found a significant relationship between breast density and age (p=0.011) and the group (Oncosalud vs. Mamamovil) (p=0.038), a higher breast density was reported among women screened in Oncosalud. Conclusions. In this serie, ACR II classification was the most frequent. Breast density was higher among premenopausal, and among postmenopausal women, breast density decreased with age, as reported in studies from other ethnic group. The group of women screened in the Mamamovil had lower breast density compared to the group screened in Oncosalud, this might be related to other factors not included in our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been accepted that preclinicall detection of breast cancer by means of the routine practice of mammography could discover the disease at its initial stage; therefore, practicing a mammography annually became widespread as a preventive health measure to diagnose the disease and prevent death due to breast cancer. Over time, the benefit of detection tests has been questioned and demonstration of their benefit, as well as that of the undesirable effects they might cause, has been demanded. There is recent information with regard to an absence of difference in terms of breast cancer mortality as final index between women with or without routine mammography. Additionally, a 20 % frequency has been observed in false-positive diagnoses, with high numbers of women undergoing unnecessary diagnostic procedures due to suspicion of a non-clinically apparent presumed cancer. In Mexico, from 2004 on, the popularity of mammography to detect and effectively cure cancer has increased. Acceptance can be attributted to how easily detection campaigns can be promoted, since most women accept that mastography can offer the opportunity of receiving an early treatment that reduces dissemination and prevents early mortality. The age at which it is convenient to perform the first mammography, how frequently it should be repeated and even the age for its discontinuation is still under debate and no consensus has been reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Identify the characteristics associated with correct utilization of self examination (SE), clinical exam (CE) and mammography (MA) for breast cancer (BC) early detection. Materials and methods. Interviews were undertaken with 1 030 Mexican women (n=1 030), 20 to 88 years of age, regarding their reproductive and sociodemographic characteristics. An index of correct utilization was constructed based on the form and frequency practice of those techniques. Results. The prevalence of correct utilization of SE was 11% and 5.4% for CE. Further, 7.6% of women 40-49 years of age with 2 or more BC risk factors had MA during the two years prior to the interview, and for 31.6% among women ≥50 years of age the MA was annually. The main determinant of MA utilization was having financial protection from either IMSS, ISSSTE or Seguro Popular. Conclusions. It is necessary to improve the correct utilization of BC detection techniques in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment had evolved over the past quarter century. From self-examination to mammography as main suspicion tool and from radical to conservative surgery plus radiotherapy as prefered treatment. The aim of this review was to assess the evolution of presentation and local management of breast cancer at a Chilean radio-oncology center. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 1.204 breast cancer patients who received postoperative irradiation on two four-years periods. The first period included 223 patients and coincides with the introduction of mammography and conservative surgery. The second included 981 patients managed according to current guidelines. The variables analyzed were type of clinical suspicion, time between clinical suspicion and diagnosis confirmation, type of surgery, histology and tumor size. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed using STATA 12. Results: In the second period mammographic suspicion reached 39.8%. Time between clinical suspicion and histological diagnosis was reduced to 50%, the proportion of tumors larger than 2 cm was reduced from 61 to 45%, the proportion of DCIS was tripled from 6 to 18%, use of conservative surgery has an absolute increase of 28%. All of these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The introduction of mammography and conservative management allowed early diagnosis of breast cancer in the analyzed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The new and important advances in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the breast and specially in reconstruction after breast cancer, have lead the radiologist to observe multiple unknown images we were not used to see. Nowadays, lipofilling has replace other older techniques because of its results and advantages in front to mammary implants, autologous reconstruction and filling with hialuronic acid. However it's a technique with drawbacks or disadvantages we consider important that both surgeons and patients know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the mammographic findings and carcinoma detection rate in asymptomatic women of Mexico City, that participated in an opportunistic screening program. Materials and methods. 39 491 participants were included, with mammograms performed and interpreted in the National Cancer Institute, from 2008 to 2011. The mammographic findings, type of lesion and true positives (TP), are described by age groups. We calculated the crude effect of age on the classification BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) 0 and the type of lesion. Results. The median age was 50 (45-57) years. 80.5% were classified as BIRADS 2, 11.4%(0), 4.1%(1), 3.5%(3), 0.5%(4) y 0.1%(5). Malignant lesions were detected in 1.3 and 3.3 per 1000 and the proportion of true positives (TP) was 8.2% and 20.6%, in women of 41-50 and 51-70 years, respectively. Conclusions. Although some cases are detected in women 40 to 50 years, in women over 50 years the screening by mammography is more efficient, with a higher proportion of cases detected and fewer false positives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. One way to monitor the efficacy of therapies in bone disease is by digitally subtracting two images, one taken before starting treatment and the other after completing it. This article describes a method based on a more practical photographic process, which does not require as much care in taking x-rays. The graphs illustrate what is happening with bone density, so that the evolution of the disease can be rapidly inferred. Material and methods. The x-rays and mammograms analyzed were obtained from a patient with breast cancer and metastasis in the humeral head of the right shoulder. To show the efficacy of the method, the humeral head and the surgical neck were analyzed. The time interval between the first and second x-rays was one year and for the mammograms the difference was 6 months. Discussion. To obtain the images used in the analysis no restrictions were imposed, and even so the results obtained are encouraging to use the technique in monitoring diseases, therapies, or drugs related to the bone system, in cases where the density of an organ changes as a function of time. The graphs clearly show when and where there is loss or gain of bone density. The method also solves the problem that the resulting difference may be a negative number, in which case flat surfaces are obtained indicating the need to invert the difference. Conclusion. The technique is fairly robust, to the degree that it could be used to monitor bone diseases where there is simultaneous bone growth and degradation, as in cases where there is a combination of osteolytic and osteoblastic metastasis, and also where there are changes in tissue density, as in the breasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the utilization patterns of cancer prevention programs in women during the period 2000-2012 in Mexican women who participated in three national surveys. Materials and methods. We analyzed data from the ENSA 2000, ENSANUT 2006 and ENSANUT 2012 that are representative of the Mexican population. Prevalences were obtained, trend tests and Poisson regression were used to determine the possibility of having more coverage. Results. The coverage of Papanicolaou use in the last 12 months in 2012 was 45.5%, HPV testing in the last four years was 11.9% and mammography use in the past two years was 29.4% and 17.2% in women aged 50-69 years and 40-49 years, respectively. Conclusions. Although there was an increase in the coverage of screening programs, there should be a boost in the service quality and universal coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the scope of breast clinical exam and screening for cancer mammogram in a group of women under the subsidized health regime in the municipality of Manizales. Materials and Methods: Observational, transversal type study. Telephone interviews were carried out with 352 women in ages between 50 and 69 years old, resident in the urban and rural areas of the municipality of Manizales during the fourth trimester in 2010. The scope of screening was assessed as the proportion of women with mammogram and clinical breast exam history and women with personal record of breast cancer were excluded. Life frequency, frequency in the last two years and in the previous year was estimated. Factors associated with the screening practice were analyzed using the adjusted OR calculation. Results: Frequency of useful life of the clinical exam was 56% and mammogram was 42.3% from which 3 and 7% were diagnoses respectively (asymptomatic women); the rest were done for screening purposes. Through screening, 53.1% had had clinical exam during the previous year and 24.7% had had mammograms during the last two years. Relationship of the different variables with the carrying out of mammograms was not found. Conclusions: There is low coverage of mammogram and clinical breast exam through screening in women under the subsidized health regime in spite of the recommendations generated by Social Protection Ministry and the National Study of Cancer Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología is the property of Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)