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OBJECTIVE: To determine antimicrobial susceptibility and mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, transversal, descriptive and retrospective study was done to evaluate sensitivity pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation; mortality on infected patients was also assessed. RESULTS: There were included 59 patients, the median age was 57 years (range 41 to 71 years), lung isolation was the most common in 26 cases; 48 cases of infection were hospital-acquired, 20 patients died; 32/59 patients received antibiotic treatment with activity against Pseudomonas and had a favorable outcome. Resistance to ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin was more common among those who died. Risk factors for mortality included SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalacquired, stay in intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and treatment without coverage against Pseudomonas. CONCLUSIONS: In Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, receiving ineffective antimicrobial treatment is the most important risk factor associated to death. Antimicrobial resistance showed no impact on outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tuberculosis is among the infectious diseases with the highest mortality and morbidity worldwide, behind the COVID-19 pandemic. It can affect any organ, although the respiratory infection is the most common. The correct activation of the immune response eliminates or contain the bacteria; however, the active disease is progressive and must be treated under strict supervision. Treatment for tuberculosis is prolonged and consists of a combination of several antibiotics associated with a wide variety of adverse effects. These effects are the main cause of therapeutic abandonment, which facilitates the appearance of drug-resistant strains. Hence the importance of developing new therapeutic strategies to reduce the dose of the drug or its administration time. To achieve these objectives, the use of nano-vehicles, which are controlled and directed drug release systems, has been proposed. Specifically, liposomes are formulations that have advantages when administered by the respiratory route since they facilitate the reach of the respiratory mucosa and the lungs, which are the main organs affected by tuberculosis. This review analyzes the use of nano-vehicles as effective drug delivery systems and the formulations under study. Perspectives for the application of nanotechnology in the development of new pharmacological treatments for tuberculosis are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To map the policies related to the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance from a human health perspective in Brazil and systematize the historical course of these policies. Method. A scoping review was performed following Joana Briggs Institute and PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed in December 2020 in the LILACS, PubMed and EMBASE databases. The terms "antimicrobial resistance" AND "Brazil" as well as their synonyms were used. Using the same keywords, Brazilian government websites were searched for documents published until December 2021. Studies of all designs were included, with no language or date restrictions. Clinical documents, reviews and epidemiological studies that did not focus on antimicrobial resistance management policies in Brazil were excluded. Categories based on World Health Organization documents were used for data systematization and analysis. Results. In Brazil, policies related to antimicrobial resistance such as the National Immunization Program and hospital infection control programs can be traced back to before the creation of the Unified Health System. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the first specific policies on antimicrobial resistance (surveillance networks and programs) and education strategies were established; especially noteworthy is The National Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Single Health Scope (PAN-BR) of 2018. Conclusions. Despite the long history of policies related to antimicrobial resistance in Brazil, gaps were identified, particularly in monitoring the use of antimicrobials and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. The PAN-BR, the first government document prepared from a One Health perspective, represents an important milestone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Today bacterial resistance is a global problem, it is estimated that in 2050 it could reach 10 million deaths per year. Bacterial resistance can be caused by different mechanisms, in the case of beta-lactams they include the production of flow pumps, the modification or reduction of porin production, alteration of penicillin-binding proteins and production of an enzyme capable of inactivating the antibiotic. Objective: To describe the main bacterial agents reported in the Hospital para el Niño de Toluca and their sensitivity pattern. Material and methods: This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective cohort study, evaluated from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, in hospitalized patients under 18 years of age, with confirmed infections from blood culture specimens, urine culture, fluid cerebrospinal and secretions. Results: 599 patients with positive cultures were reported. The five most frequently isolated agents were Staphylococci aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Candida sp and Enterococci sp, Pseudomonas third in frequency in 2019 and fifth in 2020. The main isolated gram positive coconut was S. epidermidis with 52.3% in 2020, while the BGN report an increase in positive ESBL organisms by 21.5% for 2020. Conclusions: S aureus, E coli, Klebsiella, Candida, and pseudomonas remain the main causative agents of infection. The GNBs showed an increase in frequency up to 21.5%, showing high resistance in fourth grade cephalosporins, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria that cause bovine mastitis can represent a risk to human health, due to high levels of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Eucalyptus globulus in isolated bacteria from cows with mastitis. Eight strains of Gram-positive bacteria (4 Staphylococcus aureus and 4 coagulase negative Staphylococcus) and eight Gram negative strains (4 Klebsiella spp. and 4 Escherichia coli) were used which challenged to Eucalyptus globulus hydroalcoholic extract, determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the inhibition diameters using the Müeller Hinton diffusion method. The CMI in Gram positive bacteria was 48.82 µg/mL, whereas in Gram negative bacteria it was 97.65 µg/mL. For a concentration of 200 mg/mL a diameter of 21.62 mm (SD = 5.01) was obtained for Gram positive bacteria and 9.6 mm (SD = 3.50) for Gram negative bacteria (p=0.0001). In 50 mg/mL of extract it was found 13.75 mm (SD = 4.70) in Gram Positives, which, in Gram Negatives, did not obtain inhibition (p<0.0001). The results show that the hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus globulus has a good antimicrobial effect against bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis, with a greater effect being observed in bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the frequency of microorganisms and the antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria in blood cultures of patients with bacteremia, in a university hospital in Colombia. Methods. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was developed in individuals older than 18 years, where the positive blood cultures were described, isolated in all the services of the University Hospital of the Caribbean. Results. Of the 211 blood cultures analyzed, 53.1% were men. The Gram-positive microorganisms correspond to 49.8%, with a high frequency of S. aureus in 16.1%. Of the Gram negative microorganisms, E.coli was isolated by 18%. Vancomycin resistance was established at 4.4%. K. pneumoniae showed resistance to meropenem in 15.3% of cases. E.coli, P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae are sensitive to carbapenes. Thus, in our study, the bacteria most frequently isolated in the blood cultures were predominantly Gram negative, with resistance to carbapenes for some strains of K. pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii is the Gram-negative bacterium associated with hospital infections due to its great ease of survival in adverse conditions and the development of multi-resistance to various antimicrobials. For years, hospital outbreaks have been registered in different countries associated with this bacterium, which increased the interest in studying biofilms and the genes involved in their production, since an association with antibiotic resistance was demonstrated. Objectives: To establish a relationship between multiresistance to different antibiotics and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Methods: acinetobacter baumannii strains were studied using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of bap, csuE, ompA, oxa-51 genes from 191 samples, in addition to the quantification of the biofilm formed following the technique described by Badmasti and Azizi. Results: this study was carried out on 191 Acinetobacter baumannii strains from two hospital centers for the identification of genes associated with biofilms and subsequent quantification according to the technique described by Badmasti and Azizi. Demonstrating an association between biofilms and Acinetobacter baumannii bacterial resistance. Conclusions: the results demonstrated a positive association between the amount of biofilm formed and antibiotic resistance. Strong biofilm-forming bacteria show greater resistance to carbapenems. Regarding the genes, the ompA gene showed an association with the amount of biofilm produced, bap and csuE are genes involved in the first step of biofilm formation, but they are not associated with the amount formed by the bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of antibiotics in the last century has been one of the examples that history provides of medical interventions that drastically changed the life expectancy of the population. The golden age of antibiotics, where the appearance of new molecules was what usual, has given way to another of drought, in which the development of this pharmacological group is rare due to the long period of time required for research into new drugs, their high cost and the increase in regulatory requirements. This medical progress gained in past decades is threatened by the increase in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, constituting a serious global risk for which it requires greater attention and coherence at the international, national and regional levels. Bacterial resistance has a great microbiological, therapeutic, economic, epidemiological and public health impact; it costs money, livelihoods, human lives, and threatens to undermine the effectiveness of health care programs. This bibliographic review proposes to reflect on the most significant aspects of the development of antibiotics and their impact on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Infectious diseases are the main cause of deaths in the world, antimicrobial resistance is a global problem, and therefore, research of new sources of potentially effective antimicrobial agents, of natural origin is convenient. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi of M. americana and M. oleifera in S. aureus (ATCC® 29213 ™), S. aureus (resistant strain USb003), E. coli (ATCC® 25922 ™) and E. coli (resistant strain USb007). 25922 ™). Materials and methods: Endophytic fungi, leaves, seeds and stems of the two plants under study were isolated. Their antimicrobial activity was evaluated through the formation of sensitivity haloes by dual tests in vitro and through tests with crude ethanolic extracts from the endophytes, to which they were evaluated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). and cytotoxicity. Results: Three ethanolic extracts of Penicillium sp., Cladosporium (001) and Cladosporium (002), showed greater inhibition halos in sensitive and resistant strains of E. coli and S. aureus. The MIC, CBM found, were statistically significant (P≤0.05), compared with the control of gentamicin, the cytotoxicity tests CC50> 1000 showed that endophytic fungi have bactericidal characteristics without causing any damage. Conclusion: There is a source of active secondary metabolites with antimicrobial and non-toxic properties in the endophytic fungi of M. oleifera and M. americana; these findings are important to continue with chemical identification of the compounds, and research on the mechanisms of action, highlighting that the isolation of endophytes in these plants is scarce or unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of cases of invasive salmonellosis and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of salmonella isolates (2013-2017), in a series of cases of patients with Salmonella spp. isolated from secretions and/or body fluids with or without positive stool culture (n=70). For the evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility, the first isolate was considered in all cases of salmonellosis (n=168). The highest frequency of cases occurred between 0 to 4 years (14.3%) and over 65 years (24.3%). The most frequent symptoms were fever (66.1%), diarrhea (40.7%), and sensory issues (40.7%). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was the most common co-morbidity (42.4%). The frequency of susceptibility was 83.3% to ceftriaxone, 78.8% to cotrimoxazole, and 75.0% to chloramphenicol. Only 50.8% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. We concluded that invasive salmonellosis was more common in young children and the elderly and that HIV infection was the most common comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To describe the microbiological and antibiotic resistance profile in the pediatric department of the Jesús del Norte Clinic, 2016. Materials and methods: A descriptive case series study was designed. The study was carried out in the Pediatric Department of the Jesús del Norte Clinic. Results: 1264 samples of patients <15 years old with positive cultures of urine, feces, blood and pharyngeal secretion were analyzed. 67.7% were in <5 years and predominated in women with 59.22%. The most frequently isolated germ was Escherichia coli with 46.68%. By type of sample the most frequent were: In Coproculture: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Uroculture: Escherichia coli, Blood culture: Staphylococcus epidermidis and in pharyngeal secretion: Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of 105 cases (7.27%) of E. coli ESBL in urine cultures drew attention. Conclusions: The Positive isolated were more frequent in women, in children under 5 years, attended in emergency and stool sample. Appreciating high frequency of resistance to first and second line drugs in various etiological agents isolated in the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last years Acinetobacter baumannii has become one of the germs of higher clinical relevance, which really turns it into a paradigm in the nosocomial multi-drug resistant infections. The present work had the objective of describing the resistance mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii to multiple drugs, so as to explain current therapeutic strategies in multidrug-resistant strains; for that 37 bibliographic resources were consulted. The mechanisms involved in the micro-organism resistance include inhibition to the antibiotic by β-lactamases, decreasing of antibiotic permeability due to porin loses, presence of efflux pumps and drug action site disturbances. It is recommended that the treatment of choice in multi-drug resistant strains is colistin and tigecycline, though other drugs may be used so as their combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The important benefits of antimicrobial agents in disease control have turned them into a fundamental tool in animal production. Nevertheless, its elevated use and, often, misuse, has contributed to one of the main public health problems in the world: resistance to antimicrobial agents. At the animal production level, the applications in terms of health management allow decreasing the need to use antimicrobial agents and, in the cases where they are needed, the good practices reduce their potential to cause resistance to a minimum. Despite this, the application and development of new strategies that allow facing the problem on a trans-sectoral basis are required, integrating all participants in the public and private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance observed in recent decades is associated with the abuse and/or misuse of antimicrobial drugs. In 2014, Argentina's Ministry of Health, in conjunction with other agencies and institutions, rolled out a national antimicrobial resistance control strategy designed to slow or prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. This article describes the action proposed and results obtained during the first implementation period in terms of improving human health surveillance, creating an animal health surveillance network, planning antimicrobial drugs consumption surveillance, monitoring restrictions on sales, adapting dosage forms to treatment needs, updating the antimicrobial drugs registry and diagnostic methods, restricting the use of these drugs as growth promoters, encouraging responsible use, preparing diagnostic and treatment guidelines, creating antimicrobial drugs management programs, and strengthening infection prevention and control programs in health facilities and livestock production. Many of these measures, particularly those related to antimicrobial drugs regulation, control, and management, can be implemented immediately, reducing the unnecessary use of these products, and with it, the impact on antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en Enfermería is the property of Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative and rod-shape opportunistic bacterium that is particularly efficient in the acquisition of resistance mechanisms and its high prevalence in nosocomial infections in cancer patients. Objective: To identify risk factors for mortality in cancer patients with P. aeruginosa infection. Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out in patients with P. aeruginosa infection during the hospitalization service of "Oncólogos de Occidente" in Pereira, Armenia and Manizales during 2015. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed. The survival analysis was established according to the Kaplan-Meier method. A value of p<0.05 was established for it. The analyses were examined with the STATA software. This study was endorsed by the bioethics committee of the "Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira". Results: Fourty-one patients with positive culture for P. aeruginosa were studied. Males (46.3%), anemia (46.3%), febrile neutropenia (41%), thrombocytopenia (29.3%) and previous hospitalization in an intensive care unit (29.3%) were associated with higher mortality risk (p = 0.019); a risk scale was designed with these factors (Cronbach's alpha = 0.72). Patients who presented four of these exposures were at higher risk of mortality with a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 90% at the moment of discharge. P. aeruginosa showed 36.6% of resistance to cefepime, 34.1% to aztreonam, the mortality rate was 26.8%. Conclusion: Male sex, anemia, thrombocytopenia, febrile neutropenia and previous hospitalization in an intensive care unit increase the mortality rate in patients with cancer who were infected by P. aeruginosa. [Cataño-Toro D, Martínez JW, Martínez-Muñoz MA, López-Osorio JJ, Marín-Medina DS, Orozco-Hernández JP, Sosa-Urrea JD, Sánchez-Duque JA. Risk Factors for Mortality Caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection in Hospitalized Patients with Oncologic Diagnosis in three Cities of Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation: Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing problem in hospitals around the world. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the germ responsible for a considerable part of infections both inside and outside hospitals. Objective: To describe the antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: A descriptive study with clinical samples of patients attended at Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital, Cienfuegos, in the year 2014. For the 142 clinical samples analyzed, the service of origin, type of sample and bacterial resistance were studied. Samples were analyzed in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Hospital. Cefoxitin discs were used for the detection of resistance by the Kirby Bauer diffusion method. Results: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was most frequently isolated in hospitalized patients (55.0%), mainly causing skin and mucosal infections (50.6%). He showed greater resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin, both in hospitalized and outpatient patients. 15 patterns of resistance were obtained, of which the pattern azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, was the most frequent (70 isolates). Conclusion: The high antimicrobial co-resistance patterns confirmed the multidrug resistance character of methicillin of Staphylococcus aureus, which showed resistance to more than two types of antibiotics in the analyzed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plasmid-mediated AmpC are enzymes belonging to the group of β-lactamases and encoded by blaAmpC genes. Of these enzymes, those known as type CMY-2 are the most frequently reported worldwide. Detection of enterobacteria that produce CMY-2-type plasmid-mediated AmpC is clinically important since the use of β-lactam antibiotics can result in treatment failure. It is also important from a public health standpoint owing to the capacity for conjugative plasmid transfer to other enterobacteria, both within the community and in nosocomial environments. Thus, bacteria of this kind are considered to have clear epidemic potential. To investigate the circulation of this resistance mechanism among Salmonella and Shigella isolates in Costa Rica, from January 2003 to May 2015 we carried out a retrospective review of the data contained in the laboratory surveillance databases of the National Reference Bacteriology Center (CNRB) of the Costa Rican Nutrition and Health Research Institute (Inciensa). Over this period, 4363 Shigella isolates and 1785 Salmonella isolates were examined. Among them, 15 Shigella sonnei isolates and nine Salmonella isolates (four from human clinical specimens and five of avian origin) displayed a phenotype suspected of carrying plasmid-mediated AmpC. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed that all these isolates belong to type CMY-2. In light of these results, we recommend that the microbiology laboratories in the national network continue to conduct surveillance and confirm any suspicious isolates using phenotypic and molecular methods. This is particularly relevant when dealing with bacterial isolates from extraintestinal infections so as to prevent treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of purchase of antibiotics without prescription and antibiotic recommendation for its use in children <5 years of age in private pharmacies in peri-urban areas of Lima. Materials and methods. An anonymous population survey was conducted among adults who bought an antibiotic for a child <5 years of age from a private pharmacy. Fictitious cases were applied in a subgroup of pharmacies to evaluate antibiotic recommendation practices. Results. The prevalence of purchase of antibiotics without a prescription was 13%, including 1.7% that were chosen by consumers and 11.3% that were recommended by pharmacists. A total of 66.7% of the medications purchased to treat colds were antibiotics, 56.9% of which were prescribed. 64.4% of medications purchased to treat bronchospasm, 96.4% of the medications to treat watery diarrhea and 90.9% of the medications to treat pharyngitis were antibiotics. Amoxicillin (51.5%) and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (20.6%) were the most commonly purchased antibiotics. A pharmacist suggested an antibiotic in 60% of the fictitious common cold cases, 76% of the bronchospasm cases, 44% of the watery diarrhea cases, and 76% of the dysentery cases. Conclusions. The purchase of antibiotics for children <5 years of age in private pharmacies primarily occurs with a medical prescription. The pharmacist commonly recommended an antibiotic in cases lacking a prescription. Measures are needed to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics at medical facilities and in pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a significant public health problem and it is associated to the indiscriminate and irrational antibiotics use, which affects treatments effectiveness. Objective: To estimate bacterial resistance to the antibiotics through in vitro susceptibility tests results in a third level health institution at Villavicencio, Colombia. Materials and Methods: An observational study, descriptive, retrospective study was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed, calculating means for the variables susceptibility, resistance, antibiotic, microorganisms, and type of sample obtained from 485 susceptibility tests carried out using the Kirby-Bauer technique at the health institution. Results and Discussion: More frequently isolated microorganisms were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ss. Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus ss. Aureus conforming 49% of total results, higher resistance reports on in vitro tests showed Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ss Saprophytic, and Enterobacter cloacae, showing a mean resistance higher than 50%, and a susceptibility lower than 40%, higher mean resistance was presented for the following antibiotics: Cefalotin 72,2%, Cefazolin 59,9%, Nitrofurantoin 54,4%, Ceftriaxone 52,7%. Conclusions: Antibiotics such as Cefalotin, Nitrofurantoin, Cefazolin and Ceftriaxone lose their therapeutic utility due to the high resistance demonstrated by the microorganisms isolated in in vitro tests; reinforcement of measurements for appropriate use of antibiotics is needed to diminish the possibility of adaptation and resistance. Bacterial resistance happens outside hospital environment evidencing the need to start infections control and surveillance in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. To determine the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of healthy nasopharyngeal carriers younger than 2 years in seven regions of Peru. Materials and methods. Between 2007 and 2009, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected among 2123 healthy children aged 2-24 months in growth and development medical practices (CRED) and vaccination offices of hospitals and health centers in Lima, Piura, Cusco, Abancay, Arequipa, Huancayo, and Iquitos. The resistance to ten antibiotics through disk diffusion sensitivity testing of isolated pneumococcus strains was determined. Results. 572 strains were isolated. High rates of resistance to co-trimoxazole (58%), penicillin (52.2% non-sensitive); tetracycline (29,1%); azithromycin (28,9%), and erythromycin (26,3%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was low (8.8%). Multiresistance was found at 29.5%. Resistance to azithromycin and penicillin was different in all seven regions (p<0,05), the highest percentage of non-sensitive strains being found in Arequipa (63,6%), whereas the lowest percentage was found in Cusco (23.4%). Conclusions. High levels of resistance found to penicillin, co-trimoxasole and macrolides in isolated pneumococcus strains of healthy carriers in all studied regions, and their association to a previous use of antibiotics, represent a significant public health problem in our country. This emphasizes the need to implement nationwide strategies to reduce the irrational use of antibiotics, especially among children. It is necessary to complement data of resistance to penicillin with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration to make proper therapeutic recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the risk factors of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) by multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDR-PA) at a high-complexity hospital. Methods: Case-control study in adults with a first isolation of HAI by P. aeruginosa admitted for ≥48 hours to a Medellin, Colombia hospital between 2005 and 2006. Case was defined as infection by MDR-PA resistant to ≥3 types of antibiotics, and control was defined as sensitive infection determined by Vitek-1 automated system. Demographical information, medical history, admission diagnoses, hospitalization service at time of infection diagnosis, hospitalization time prior to infection, invasive procedures and antibiotic therapy were all identified from medical records. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated and Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors independent from MDR-PA infection. Results: Fifty-four cases and 85 controls were included, without differences in demographic information, comorbilities, admissions diagnoses, or previous surgery. Associations were observed between MDR-PA, hospitalization service at time of infection diagnosis, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, carbapenem, vancomycin, open abdomen, urinary catheter, central venous catheter, radial catheter and mechanical ventilation. Median hospital stay prior to infection was higher in cases than controls, P value=0.005. The use of β-lactams OR 4.55 (CI95% 21.24-16.70), quinolones OR 7.23 (CI95% 2.71-19.82) and mechanical ventilation OR 4.85 (CI95% 2.04-11.49) were identified as independent risk factors for HAI by MDR-PA. Conclusion: the use of β-lactam antibiotics, quinolones, and mechanical ventilation increase the risk of HAI by MDR-PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the frequency and associated factors of nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a marginal suburban population Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among population of all ages from a marginal suburban district in northern Lima. The study used a convenience sample. Each person was surveyed and provided a swab sample of the nostrils. The swab samples were analyzed to identify Staphylococcus aureus, determining the susceptibility pattern by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results. From the 452 participants recruited, ages between 1 and 84 years, the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization was 24.6%, with 0.9% of them resistant to methicillin. The only factor associated with nasal colonization was age equal or less than 11 years (OR: 3.80, 95% CI 1.42 to 10.16). Most strains were resistant to penicillin (96.4%) but also to erythromycin (10.9%), clindamycin (7.3%) and gentamicin (4.5%). Conclusions. The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization was similar to other studies worldwide, with predominance of methicillin-sensitive strains [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Compare mortality in multidrug-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii-infected patients and multidrug-resistant A. baumannii-infected patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) in Colombia. Methods. A prospective, observational, and multicenter study. A total of 165 patients admitted to the participating ICUs from April 2006 to April 2010 were included. On day 14 and day 30 of hospitalization, mortality in multidrug-resistant patients with clinical isolates of A. baumannii was compared with that in multidrug-susceptible patients. Results. Of the 165 adult patients who had health care-associated infections (HAI) caused by A. baumannii, multidrug-susceptible bacteria were found in 62 patients and multidrug-resistant bacteria in 103. Statistically significant differences in mortality on day 14 of hospitalization in the ICU were not found. On the other hand, significant differences (P < 0.05) in mortality on day 30 of hospitalization were observed between patients with multidrug-resistant isolates and those with multidrug-susceptible isolates. This difference was maintained when the patients' risk factors were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Conclusions. The presence of multidrug resistance is the primary risk factor for mortality in patients with HAI caused by A. baumannii in Colombian ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica de Risaralda is the property of Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Determine antibiotic resistance of community-acquired uropathogen Escherichia coli and infer therapeutic options. Material and Methods. E. coli strains isolated from urine during a one-year period were studied. Identification and susceptibility tests were performed. Results. A total of 652 isolates were included from patients in two institutions, a healthcare clinic 303 (46.5%) and a hospital 349 ( 53.5%). The antimicrobials with higher resistance rates were ampicillin 67.2%, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole 59.2%, cefazolin 35.6% and ciprofloxacin 24.7%. Conclusions. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin used for empiric treatment in community urinary infections is high, and there are few available treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inappropriate use of antibiotics signifies a risk for individual health and a waste of health resources. It triggers the development of antibiotic resistance, which increases expenditures and mortality related to infectious disease, and is hence considered a serious public health problem. The World Health Organization has thus recommended a series of strategies to be included within national pharmaceutical policies. In Mexico, diverse factors related to the inappropriate use of antibiotics have been documented. While the response has been mainly in the form of educational and managerial interventions directed toward physicians in public health services, as well as epidemiological surveillance, there is a paucity of research and interventions focused on consumers, pharmacies, and the private sector. Fundamentally, a comprehensive national strategy for antibiotics is not incorporated into health and pharmaceutical policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste waters is presented, as one of the alternatives sources for irrigation in the urban agriculture. This keep in mind, a group of questions around its management and the possible affectations that they can cause to what is yielded; to the soil and to the environment. The informations that are presented, are only the first results of the introductory studies accomplished up today. The waste waters that are available in the Luyanó Affluent, in the Arroyo Naranjo municipium, according with the laboratory analysis that has been carried out, are classify as waters of low pollution (according with the BOD5 y QOD that has been obtained). From the toxicological point of view, these waters, additionally, do not represent a risk of pollution not for the soil, neither for the environment, although it is better not to use these waters, without previous treatment, in the case of crops that are used without cooking because of its microbial charge. The experimental parcels that were stablished, with carrot, radish and Marigold flower, showed in the first harvests, that it was possible to achieve in them, high agricole yields, because of the fertilizer content of this water. The results of the radish harvest, according with the bacteriological analysis that was carried out, do not show any type of contamination. The soil and the agricole environment, do not presented any affectation at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción. Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico después de una cesárea son una causa global importante de morbilidad y mortalidad maternas. La cesárea es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos practicados con mayor frecuencia en el mundo y, en Colombia para 2015, se utilizó en 46,5 % de todos los partos. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia de la infección del sitio quirúrgico después del parto por cesárea, en Colombia durante 2018. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos notificados de infecciones asociadas con procedimientos médico-quirúrgicos al Sivigila en 2018. Se calculó la incidencia del evento a partir de los partos registrados en el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza, y se estimó el índice de riesgo NNIS (National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance). El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS versión 25. Resultados. La incidencia de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico fue del 2,0 % (IC95% 1,8-2,2); la mediana de tiempo del diagnóstico fue de siete días posoperatorios. La categoría de infección más frecuente fue la superficial; el 35,0 % fueron operaciones de emergencia; el 15,0 % de los casos excedió el percentil 75 del tiempo quirúrgico; 7,8 % de los casos no recibió profilaxis antibiótica, y hasta 25,0 % de las mujeres tenían un riesgo NNIS moderado de adquirir la infección. Conclusión. Los esfuerzos para reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad maternas deben centrarse, no solo en ampliar la cantidad y disponibilidad de atención, sino también, en mejorar la calidad de la atención en la salud maternoinfantil existente. El país requiere directrices que mejoren los procesos de atención del parto y los programas de control de infecciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus colonizes mucous membranes and skin causing severe infections in humans and animals. It is important to determine carrier status of enterotoxigenic strains of this microorganism in food handlers to prevent food poisoning. Objective: To establish the correlations among classic enterotoxigenic genes, tsst-1 gene, the production of toxins in cultures and antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from women who handle the food, feed and take care of children in their communities. Materials and methods: Nasal swab and finger samples were cultured and S. aureus was identified using routine methods and automated systems. DNA extraction was done by the CTAB modified method, and superantigen detection by simple and multiplex PCR, while toxins were detected using commercial kits. Results: We found that 22.0% of subjects were S. aureus carriers: 17.0% corresponded to nose samples, 5.0% to hands and 6.7% to both nose and hands. The prevalence of superantigens was 73.7%. The most frequent genotype was sea-tsst-1 with 10%. Resistance to one antibiotic was 74.7%, and to four antibiotics, 3.2%; 93.7% of the isolates were betalactamase-positive. Classical genes and tsst-1 gene were detected by PCR in 48.4% of samples and toxins in supernatant were detected in 42.1% of them with 95.7% of correlation. The highest correlations were established for TSST-1 and SEA with 100% and 94.4%, respectively. The correlation of tsst-1 gene with toxin production and resistance was 100%. All isolates with genotype sea-tsst-1 were toxin-positive and resistant. Conclusion: The rate of toxigenic and resistant S. aureus isolates from women in charge of feeding and taking care of children was higher than 70%, which demonstrates its high virulence. This requires the strict application of hygienic and sanitary regulations in order to avoid the risk of food poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Colombian National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for the surveillance of healthcare-associated infections was set up to meet this problem in the third quarter of 2012. Objective: To describe resistance profiles and laboratory-based surveillance based on the information collected by the System. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study of the information notified to the Colombian Public Health Surveillance System (Sivigila), and in the Whonet databases covering the period from July 2012 to December 2014 provided by the primary data-generating units in the country, as well as laboratory surveillance results from 1,642 phenotypic and genotypic tests on carbapenemase isolates (927 from Enterobacteriaceae, 614 from Pseudomonas spp. and 101 from Acinetobacter spp.). Results: There was a significant increase in Escherichia coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (reaching 26.3% in ICUs and 22.5% in other hospital wards), and Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to ertapenem also increased (reaching 14.6% in ICUs). Acinetobacter baumannii carbapenem resistance exceeded 50% in ICUs whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa had lower carbapenem resistance (38.8%). KPC (n = 574) and NDM (n=57) were the most frequently occurring carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae, VIM (n=229) and KPC (n=114) in P. aeruginosa, and OXA-23 in A. baumannii (n=87); several carbapenemase combinations were identified, KPC + VIM being the most common in Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusion: The data from the surveillance of healthcare-associated infections revealed significant carbapenem resistance profiles and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms circulating in Colombian healthcare institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]