Search

Introducción: El trabajo que se presenta al II Congreso Iberoamericano sobre Nutrición en el Niño y el Adolescente es parte de una línea de investigación que nuestro grupo de trabajo viene desarrollando en el transcurso de los últimos años. En este se presenta parte del estudio que estamos llevando a cabo sobre los adolescentes, la lactancia materna y su relación con el estrés. El estrés se manifiesta cuando estamos tristes, cansados e incluso inseguros de nuestras posibilidades. Estos pensamientos pueden inhibir la hormona de la oxitocina, que es la responsable de que las células mioepiteliales se contraigan próximas a los acínos, dando lugar a la expulsión de la leche. De una forma natural, ese reflejo se produce cuando el niño inicia la succión y si la madre piensa en algo relacionado con su bebé1-2-34-5. Material: El material humano y grupo de estudio objeto de este trabajo se compone de 50 madres lactantes adolescentes que tuvieron sus hijos ingresados en la Unidad Neonatal. El grupo de control está formado por 50 mujeres sanas adolescentes que fueron ingresadas en el servicio de puérperas del mismo hospital. Fueron valoradas anteriormente al parto, en el momento y con posterioridad al mismo. Se valora el nivel de estrés en esos tres momentos y la aparición de los síntomas de la lactogénesis. Método: El método utilizado para evaluar el descenso del estrés fisiológico en el postparto ha sido el momento de aparición de la lactogénesis. También el retraso de la lactogénesis lo hemos relacionado con el tiempo total de lactancia materna en meses. Para la validación de la investigación se utilizara el análisis estadístico descriptivo entre las variables con vista a identificar y poder actuar sobre las asociaciones con un nivel de significación alto. Resultados: En este estudio los diferentes resultados indican que la pri mi paridad, un parto largo, el estrés durante el parto, la glucosa alta en el cordón umbilical, la separación del bebé de la madre, así como tener menos de 20 años, son factores de riesgo para el retraso de la lactogénesis. Recomendamos como otros autores, que tas mujeres que presenten estas características tengan una guía de seguimiento especial de lactancia en el periodo posparto temprano de forma que pueda mejorar los resultados de la lactancia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different studies relate that stress increases in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, and consequently their salivary physiological responses (AEA salivary alpha-amylase, cortisol, cytokines, leptin), so in this study we relate these two parameters to see their progress through a program of physical activity. If we manage to reduce overweight or obesity, these physiological responses and stress should also be reduced, thus improving the overall health status of these children and adolescents. The overall objective of the study was to determine the influence of physical activity in obese children and adolescents in perceived stress. An observational, descriptive, prospective and longitudinal study will be carried out. The universe is made up of 60 overweight / obese children and adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years. The assessment will take place from September 2012 to September 2013. To collect saliva samples, the ELISA method will be used. variables such as BMI, lifestyle and diet will also be collected Among the expected results are to lower overweight and obesity in children through physical activity program. To reduce stress and to normalize physiological salivary parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show an alarming increase in the rate of overweight / obesity among the infant - juvenile population. Obesity in childhood is associated with a significant number of complications, such as sleep apnea syndrome, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. It is estimated that the prevalence of sleep apnea in children is 2-3% in the general population, while in obese adolescents, varies between 13% and 66%, according to various studies. It is associated with impairment of neurocognitive function, behavior, cardiovascular system, metabolic disorders and growth. Sleep apnea is a serious public health problem that increases when children and adolescents are overweight or obese. We hypothesize that aerobic endurance exercise can be an effective treatment for obesity and apnea at the same time. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physical activity in children and adolescents with over-weight / obesity in sleep apnea. An observational, descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study will be carried out in children with sleep apnea and obesity. The universe will be made up of 60 children and adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years, attending the endocrinology service for suffering of obesity in the Hospital Clinico San Cecilio of Granada during the period September 2012-September 2013. The sample will consist of children and adolescents that meet these characteristics and to whom their parents/tutors have authorized through the informed consent. Sleep apnea in children will be measured by polysomnography and sleep quality questionnaire. There will also be a nutritional assessment by a food frequency questionnaire and an anthropometric assessment. Among the expected results are the lower overweight and obesity in children through the physical activity program. To reduce apnea and to improve sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pregnancy, the prolonged stress and worry felt by mothers can alter the development and function of the right brain hemisphere. For this reason, importance is given to prenatal stimulation programs for pregnant women. Objectives: To determine the perinatal results in the moment of childbirth in mothers who had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. Material. An experimental study was conducted in five health districts in the town of Cienfuegos (Cuba) with a view to identifying the perinatal results at the moment of childbirth in women that had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. Methodology: The study consisted of an intentional sampling of all of the subjects (n = 200 women who were 20-28 weeks pregnant). The variables studied were the following: duration of labor, baby's birth weight, Apgar score at birth, type of childbirth, and opinion of the subjects about the prenatal stimulation program. Results: Of the population sample, 36% of the subjects gave birth in less than six hours; 67.5% had babies weighing 2,500-3,000 grams; and 96.5% had babies whose Apgar scores were between 8 and 9. Finally, 68.5% of the subjects had natural childbirths and 96% were satisfied with the prenatal stimulation program. Conclusions. The results obtained showed that these new prenatal stimulation programs were well received by the subjects in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Broadly speaking, attitude can be defined as one of the basic elements in personality development, which shapes a person's behavior. Objetive: To determine the attitude of nursing professionals to pain in children. Material: The universe of subjects consisted of 121 male and female nurses who worked in pediatric services at secondary-level health facilities in the province of Cienfuegos (Cuba). Method: A descriptive observational study was performed in the pediatric services of these health centers. The subjects were given a questionnaire to identify their attitude towards pain in children. This attitude was related to the variables, work experience and continuing education. The differences between response frequencies of the groups of participants were analyzed by means of the chi square test. Mean values were compared by using the Anova t-test for independent groups. The value regarded as statistically significant was p < 0.05. Results: The results obtained showed that 71.1% of the participants have a negative attitude towards pediatric pain, and that this attitude is significantly related to their training. Conclusions: As nurses received more training, their attitude towards pain in children was found to be more tolerant and positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to its important role in the initiation of breastfeeding, early skin-to-skin contact benefits both mothers and their babies. Objective: To inform all mothers of premature babies about the importance of skin-to-skin contact and breast-feeding in order to foment a closer bond between mother and child (development-centered care). Materials and method: A prospective cohort study was conducted in various hospitals on the West Bank in Palestine during 2008-2011. The universe was made up of an estimated average of 2,500 childbirths per year in each hospital. All of the subjects in the sample population of n = 252 babies had a gestational age of less than 37 GWs, and had weighed less than 2,500 grams at birth. For health reasons, they were hospitalized in neonatal care units. Results: The results obtained showed that in Palestine, young women tend to breastfeed their babies and have skin-to-skin contact with them more often than older mothers. Once the new mothers were informed of the advantages of these practices, they showed greater interest in learning how to care for their babies in the neonatal care units. Conclusions: Breastfeeding premature babies as well as having skin-to-skin contact with them was made possible by informing and teaching new mothers about the advantages of this type of infant care. This research has had widespread impact and has been very well received by the female population in the country. This is the first study of its kind to be carried out in Palestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pregnancy, the prolonged stress and worry felt by mothers can alter the development and function of the right brain hemisphere. For this reason, importance is given to prenatal stimulation programs for pregnant women. Objectives: To determine the perinatal results in the moment of childbirth in mothers who had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. Material. An experimental study was conducted in five health districts in the town of Cienfuegos (Cuba) with a view to identifying the perinatal results at the moment of childbirth in women that had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. Methodology: The study consisted of an intentional sampling of all of the subjects (n = 200 women who were 20-28 weeks pregnant). The variables studied were the following: duration of labor, baby's birth weight, Apgar score at birth, type of childbirth, and opinion of the subjects about the prenatal stimulation program. Results: Of the population sample, 36% of the subjects gave birth in less than six hours; 67.5% had babies weighing 2,500-3,000 grams; and 96.5% had babies whose Apgar scores were between 8 and 9. Finally, 68.5% of the subjects had natural childbirths and 96% were satisfied with the prenatal stimulation program. Conclusions. The results obtained showed that these new prenatal stimulation programs were well received by the subjects in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women today, and its social impact is devastating. The risk factors focused on in recent research are mainly hormonal, genetic, and environmental though toxic habits, overweight, and obesity have also been studied. In contrast, protective factors against breast cancer include breastfeeding and daily exercise. Objective: To ascertain the risk factors for the women with breast cancer in our study sample. Material and methods: A study of cases and controls was performed on 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer and on 115 healthy women, who had been patients at the National Cancer Institute ISSEMYM in Mexico from January to December 2011. Information was collected from the women in the sample pertaining to their family history of cancer, personal background, life style, and body mass index (BMI). Breast cancer risk was estimated with multivariate logistic regression models and the chi-square test. Results: It was found that there was a greater risk of breast cancer in overweight or obese women who did not do any physical exercise and either who had breastfed their children for a very short time or who had not breastfed them at all. No significant differences were found between breast cancer and toxic habits. Conclusions: The results of our study found a direct relation between breast cancer and overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity. Breastfeeding during the first months of the babyís life was found to be a protective factor against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight, obesity, and breast cancer are three pathologies that are endemic in the world today and which have a great impact on society. Many research studies are currently trying to discover possible associations between these factors and to specify the links between them. Objective: To verify whether there is a direct connection between overweight/obesity in women with breast cancer and its relation to age of diagnosis. Materials and methods: The sample population in this study was composed of 118 women (32-76 years of age) who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 2009-2011 at the Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM [National Cancer Institute of Mexico]. An observational, descriptive, and transversal study was performed in which a random sample of n = 60 women was divided into two groups. The first group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were of normal weight. The second group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were either overweight or obese. In both groups, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was applied, and the BMI (weight and height) was determined as well as waist circumference. Results: A statistically significant relation was found between age of diagnosis and weight (normal/overweight/obese) of the subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results obtained show that overweight and obesity are directly linked to breast cancer and age of diagnosis. Breast cancer was diagnosed earlier in women of normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight, obesity, and breast cancer are three pathologies that are endemic in the world today and which have a great impact on society. Many research studies are currently trying to discover possible associations between these factors and to specify the links between them. Objective: To verify whether there is a direct connection between overweight/obesity in women with breast cancer and its relation to age of diagnosis. Materials and methods: The sample population in this study was composed of 118 women (32-76 years of age) who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 2009-2011 at the Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM [National Cancer Institute of Mexico]. An observational, descriptive, and transversal study was performed in which a random sample of n = 60 women was divided into two groups. The first group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were of normal weight. The second group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were either overweight or obese. In both groups, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was applied, and the BMI (weight and height) was determined as well as waist circumference. Results: A statistically significant relation was found between age of diagnosis and weight (normal/over. weight/obese) of the subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results obtained show that overweight and obesity are directly linked to breast cancer and age of diagnosis. Breast cancer was diagnosed earlier in women of normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women today, and its social impact is devastating. The risk factors focused on in recent research are mainly hormonal, genetic, and environmental though toxic habits, overweight, and obesity have also been studied. In contrast, protective factors against breast cancer include breastfeeding and daily exercise. Objective: To ascertain the risk factors for the women with breast cancer in our study sample. Material and methods: A study of cases and controls was performed on 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer and on 115 healthy women, who had been patients at the National Cancer Institute ISSEMYM in Mexico from January to December 2011. Information was collected from the women in the sample pertaining to their family history of cancer, personal background, life style, and body mass index (BMI). Breast cancer risk was estimated with multivariate logistic regression models and the chi-square test. Results: It was found that there was a greater risk of breast cancer in overweight or obese women who did not do any physical exercise and either who had breastfed their children for a very short time or who had not breastfed them at all. No significant differences were found between breast cancer and toxic habits. Conclusions: The results of our study found a direct relation between breast cancer and overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity. Breastfeeding during the first months of the baby's life was found to be a protective factor against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain has become the country in the European Union with the fourth highest number of overweight and obese children. This condition directly affects physical health as well as mental health. The objective of this research study was to evaluate motivational aspects in one group of obese or overweight adolescents and another group of normal-weight adolescents. For this purpose a descriptive observational study was carried out in an educational institution in Guadix (Granada). The universe was composed of 200 children of ages 10 to 14. A sample of 24 children was selected by means of proportional random sampling with an error of 0.19, and was divided into the following groups (i) 12 normal-weight children; (ii) 12 obese children. Motivation was measured by means of the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT), a multidimensional measuring instrument based on Cattell's dynamic model of motivation and emotions. Our study evaluated five motivational parameters: TAO (total autism-optimism), TGI (total general information), TIN (total integration), TPI (total personal interest), and TCO (total conflict). Our results showed that for each of the SMAT variables, the overweight and obese children obtained an average value of 4.5 in contrast to the normal-weight children, who obtained an average value of 5.9. This indicates that overweight and obese children have low motivational states and a higher level of frustration. They also tend to distort reality by alleging the existence of obstacles that prevent them from achieving their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: España se ha convertido en el cuarto país de la Unión Europea con mayor niño con sobrepeso y obesidad. Esta enfermedad afecta directamente tanto aspectos de salud física como psicológicos. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la influencia de la actividad física, en niños y adolescentes obesos, en el estrés percibido1-2-3. Los mecanismos biológicos que vinculan la obesidad y la reactividad al estrés, son poco conocidos. El tejido adiposo es ahora reconocido como un importante órgano endocrino que segrega moléculas de señalización que desempeñan un papel central en la inflamación, la regulación del peso y la función metabólica incluyendo las citoquinas. La leptina es secretada en el torrente sanguíneo, en proporción a la masa del tejido adiposo, y se une a los receptores en los núcleos hipotalámicos específicos para regular el equilibrio de energía al reducir el apetito y estimulando la actividad del sistema nervioso simpático (SNS) .Del mismo modo, la infusión crónica de leptina aumenta la frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial y las catecolaminas circulantes. Material y método: Se realizará un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal. El universo estará constituido por 60 niños y adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 18 con sobrepeso/obesidad. La valoración tendrá lugar desde septiembre de 2012 hasta septiembre de 2013. Para la recogida de las muestras de saliva se utilizará el método ELISA6. También se recogerán variables como el IMC, hábitos de vida y alimentación. Resultados: De entre los resultados esperados están el bajar el sobrepeso y obesidad en los niños mediante el programa de actividad física. Disminuir el estrés fisiológico y normalizar los parámetros salivares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El dolor del niño comporta una serie de cambios importantes que afecta a su forma de vida y que provoca una serie de emociones y conductas, en muchos casos inadaptadas. El sobrepeso y la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para padecer dolor sobre todo osteo-articulares. Objetivo: Comparar el dolor músculo esquelético en niños y adolescentes con sobrepesos y obesidad con un grupo de niños y adolescentes de la misma edad y género con normopeso. Material y método: En el presente estudio observacional de casos-controles participaron 120 niños y adolescentes, 55 % varones y el 45% hembras con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 18 años. Se dividieron en un grupo de 60 niños con sobrepeso/obesidad y en un grupo control con 60 jóvenes con normopeso. El dolor músculo-esquelético se evaluó mediante entrevista, exploración y historia clínica. Se recogieron datos demográficos, historias clínicas, antecedentes familiares, status social, nivel económico, índice de masa corporal y valoración nutricional, nivel de ansiedad, motivación y síntomas de dolor. La valoración tuvo lugar desde septiembre de 2011 hasta septiembre de 2012. Resultados: El grupo con sobrepeso/obesidad tenían niveles de dolores músculo-esqueléticos mayor comparados con el grupo de normopeso con un nivel de significación de p < 0,05. No hubo diferencias en relación a las otras variables estudiadas, parta todas p > 0,05. Los niveles de motivación también eran menor en los grupos de sobrepeso y obesidad comparados con el grupo de normopeso con una p < 0,05. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio indican que el dolor músculo-esquelético es prevalente en jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Según la organización mundial de la salud (OMS) más de mil millones de personas sufren sobrepeso en todo el mundo y trescientos millones de personas se consideran obesos. En Europa, en la actualidad, uno de cada seis niños, es decir el 20% tiene sobrepeso, y orto de cada veinte adolescentes, es decir el 5%, es obeso. Se estima que la prevalencia de apnea en niños es de un 2-3% en la población general, mientras que, en adolescentes obesos, varia entre el 13% y el 66%, según distintos estudios. Se asocia con la afectación de la función neurocognitiva, comportamiento, sistema cardiovascular, alteraciones metabólicas así como del crecimiento. Se postula que el ejercicio de resistencia aeróbica es un tratamiento efectivo para disminuir la obesidad y a apnea del sueño. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer si la actividad física en niños con sobrepeso/obesidad disminuye la apnea del sueño. Material y método: Se realizará un estudio observación al, descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal con niños que padecen apnea del sueño y obesidad. El universo estará constituido por 60 niños y adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 18 años que acudan a la consulta de endocrinología por tener obesidad en el Hospital Clínico San Cecilio de Granada durante el período de septiembre 2012-septiembre 2013. La apnea del sueño se medirá en los niños mediante una polisomnografía y un cuestionario de calidad del sueño. También se hará una valoración nutricional a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario y una valoración antropométrica. Resultados: De entre los resultados esperados están el bajar el sobrepeso y obesidad en los niños mediante el programa de actividad física. Disminuir la a linea y mejorar la calidad del sueño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show an alarming increase in levels of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The main objectives of this research were the following: (i) to carry out an anthropometric evaluation of the nutritional status and body composition of school children in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to compare the nutritional status of this population sample with national and international reference standards. The results obtained in this study showed that the general prevalence of overweight in both sexes was 22.03% and that 9.12% of the children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found between the variable, weight for age and sex (p < 0.05) and the variable, height for age and sex (p < 0.05). Regarding the body mass index, no statistically significant differences were found for the variable, sex (p = 0.182). This contrasted with the variable, age, which did show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, the results of our study highlighted the fact that these anthropometric values were much higher than national and international reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have analyzed the possible association between the development of obesity and hormone levels, as well as their relation with the early development of breast cancer. As part of this study, we performed a retrospective collection of data from the clinical histories of 524 women in Granada (Spain), who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The objectives were to verify an association between the nutritional state of the women and their age at breast cancer diagnosis as well as a possible relation between their nutritional state and serie levels of estrogens. The results obtained in this study show that obesity and the levels of certain hormones, such as estrogens, are closely associated with the early development of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show an alarming increase in levels of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The main objectives of this research were the following: (i) to carry out an anthropometric evaluation of the nutritional status and body composition of school children in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to compare the nutritional status of this population sample with national and international reference standards. The results obtained in this study showed that the general prevalence of overweight in both sexes was 22.03% and that 9.12% of the children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found between the variable, weight for age and sex (p < 0.05) and the variable, height for age and sex (p < 0.05). Regarding the body mass index, no statistically significant differences were found for the variable, sex (p = 0.182). This contrasted with the variable, age, which did show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, the results of our study highlighted the fact that these anthropometric values were much higher than national and international reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) regards obesity as one of the most serious public health problems in the world that can affect young children and adolescents. Accordingly, a major priority is to find ways to more effectively study and analyze the various methods used to diagnose and evaluate the nutritional state of the pediatric and adolescent population. The nutritional indicators currently employed for this purpose are the body mass index and body-fat percentage. However, there is a certain controversy related to the body-fat percentage since it tends to overestimate overweight and obesity. The main objectives of this study were the following: (i) to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population of primary and secondary school children between 9-17 years of age at 13 educational centers in the city and province of Granada; (ii) to verify possible differences regarding the accuracy of the body mass index and the body-fat percentage in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a general consensus that obesity is an eminently inflammatory process. This is justified by alterations observed in obese patients, which affect the secretion of certain cytokines such as ceruloplasmin, leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), among others. In a parallel way, other research has also pointed out alterations in the composition of fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane of overweight adults. The results obtained in our study confirm the existence of a significant correlation between the serum levels of some of the cytokines studied and the nutritional state of the sample studied. This means that for the population of children evaluated in our study, the serum concentrations of these biomolecules can be an important tool for the prediction of cardiovascular risk when they become adults. Furthermore significant differences were found regarding the composition of saturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and breast cancer are two very frequent pathologies in the world today, which have a strong impact on society. Various research studies have tried linking the two. For this purpose, data was collected from the medical histories of 524 women who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer from January 2009 to September 2010. The objectives of the study were to find and verify a possible association between the nutritional state of these women and their age when they were diagnosed with the tumour (p < 0.0001) as well as a statistically significant association (p < 0.0001) between the age of the first menstruation and the nutritional state of the patients. The results obtained showed that obesity was closely related to breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Also known as ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin belongs to the family of inflammation-sensitive proteins, and its main function is to transport copper in the blood. Although, in addition to this transport function, at present, there are numerous studies that have attempted to use the determination of serum concentrations as a predictive indicator of cardiovascular risk in patients who are overweight or obese. The results of this study confirm the existence of a significant correlation between serum ceruloplasmin and nutritional status of the subjects, which means that for the population of students assessed, serum levels of this protein are an important predictor the risk of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in a population of school children and adolescents, and to verify the effectiveness of an educational intervention, as reflected in the variation of their body mass index values. Materials: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, belonging to 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain). Methodology: This longitudinal cohort study was analytical, muticentric, and observational. It was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved the evaluation of the nutritional state of the sample population by means of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, six skin folds and four body perimeters) as well as arterial blood pressure. The second phase entailed an educational intervention focusing on good nutritional habits and physical exercise. The third and final phase evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: A higher obesity prevalence (15.1%) was found in school girls between 12 and 13. In the case of boys, obesity prevalence was lower up to age 13 though afterwards, it progressively increased (12.6%). The educational intervention produced an important reduction in body mass index values in both sexes though this reduction was more significant in young females. Conclusions: There is a currently an alarming increase in obesity and overweight prevalence among the population evaluated in this study. The significant reduction in body mass index values resulting from this research confirmed the effectiveness of the educational intervention to reduce excess weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excess weight that characterizes much of the population of the world today has led the World Health Organization to declare an obesity pandemic. The number of overweight and obese children in Spain is among the highest in Europe, and this number is even higher in Andalusia. The health consequences of excess weight for children are not as evident as for adults. However, child obesity is now being associated with pathologies, such as metabolic syndrome, which were previously believed to be only found in adults. Resistance to insulin is an important risk factor in subjects with severe obesity, which along with visceral obesity, make postprandial triglyceridemia more severe. This increases cardiovascular risk. However, in our opinion, this phenomenon has not been adequately studied in children. The hearthealthy properties of olive oil, the main ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, have been clearly highlighted in various studies. These properties include an improved postprandial lipid pattern. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of a Mediterranean-diet breakfast on the postprandial lipid parameters in a study group of overweight and obese preadolescents (age 10-14) in comparison to a control group of subjects with no weight problems. The results obtained provide greater knowledge of the physiopathology of child obesity and contribute to the elaboration of dietary recommendations for the maintenance of child health. Additionally, our results give information regarding the development of atherogenesis during the postprandial period, which can begin at a very early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common gynecological tumor in young women in Western countries. Its profound implications for health and an increasingly early age of diagnosis have led to a careful analysis of its causes and possible preventive measures and have made it a primary object of epidemiological research. Sample and methods: We reviewed medical records pertaining to 504 female patients aged 19 to 91 years. All of them were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer between 2003-2008 at the Hospital Universitario "San Cecilio" of Granada (Spain). Results: We found a significant correlation (p = 0.001) between the age of cancer diagnosis, length of breastfeeding, and the existence of personal and family history for cancer. By contrast, there were no statistically significant differences test (t-test) between the average age of diagnosis of cancer and having had offspring or not (t = 0.559, p = 0.576). Conclusions: Breastfeeding for periods of longer than six months, not only provides children with many health benefits, but may also protect the mother from serious diseases, such as breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El parto prematuro es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad neonatal a corto y a largo plazo. Por ello, cada vez adquiere más relevancia la detención precoz de posibles factores de riesgo asociados a este tipo de parto. La dieta materna influye en el desarrollo fetal y en la salud de la madre, tanto en la etapa gestacional como en la etapa de lactancia. Objetivos: Analizar el estado nutricional de las gestantes y su influencia en el parto prematuro. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo y descriptivo. El universo fue 274 historias clínicas de las madres de los recién nacidos ingresados entre enero de 2010 a septiembre de 2012 en la Unidad Neonatal del Hospital Universitario "San Cecilio" de Granada (España). Con una muestra aleatoria de n = 51 mujeres. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, nutricionales y gineco-obstétricas. Resultados: El 60,8% declara un consumo alto (bastante/mucho) de dulces, el 51% consumo alto de golosinas, el 33,3% de refrescos y el 53% consumo alto de fritos o precocinados. En el análisis bivariante se encontró un mayor consumo de golosinas en las mujeres con parto prematuro (< = 33 semanas), 78,4% vs 38,5% (p = 0,014); menor consumo de pescado, 18,96% vs 46,2% (p = 0,073). El % de madres que cocina con aceite de oliva es significativamente menor entre las que tienen parto prematuro que en aquellas con parto a término, 51,4% vs 92,3% (p = 0,009). Conclusiones: La dieta de la gestante es un factor determinante en la prematuridad, influyendo la escasa ingesta de pescado y elevada de bebidas hidrocarbonatadas, bollería y alimentos fritos o precocinados. Las mujeres no suelen consumir frutas, verduras, ni comidas tradicionales y elaboradas, como son los guisos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Del 2% al 14% de los niños nacen de madres con diabetes gestación al, y este porcentaje continua aumentando. Aunque la mayoría de los bebés de madres diabéticas son asintomáticos en el nacimiento y parecen desarrollarse normalmente, hay estudios que han mostrado déficits en el neurodesarrollo. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática ha sido valorar si la condición metabólica de diabetes durante el embarazo está asociada con retrasos en el neurodesarrollo del niño. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática sin limite por fecha ni idioma. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron MedLine, Embase, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination y la Cochrane Library. Los términos MESH usados fueron: "pregnancy in diabetics", "infant, "child development" y "neorobehavioral manifestations". Como criterio de inclusión se seleccionaron estudios comparativos con grupo control. La calidad fue evaluada con la lista de comprobación CASPe. Resultados: Se localizaron 142 referencias, seleccionándose 6 estudios comparativos que cumplían tos criterios de inclusión. Estos estudios analizaban áreas como el lenguaje, inteligencia, aspectos motores, aspectos sociales, funcionamiento cognoscitivo y problemas emocionales. Se apreció un empeoramiento de todas las áreas evaluadas en los hijos de madres con diabetes gestacional en comparación con los grupos control. La calidad metodológica de los estudios evaluados fue moderada. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que los cambios metabólicos en el ambiente fetal generados por la presencia de diabetes gestacional afectan el proceso normal de desarrollo y maduración neurona) del niño, ocasionando a largo plazo un compromiso marginal a nivel del funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]