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Objective. To evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of Plantago major "llantén" and Piper aduncum "matico" extracts on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of the snake Lachesis muta muta. Materials and methods. We carried out an explanatory study with experimental design. Leaves of P. major and P. aduncum were collected in the province of Huarochirí in Lima, Peru. Then, we prepared alcoholic extracts diluted in distilled water and conducted phytochemical assays, quantification of phenols and flavonoids, thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose and enzymatic activity with PLA2. The ability to inhibit PLA2 with the extracts under study and their fractions was analyzed. The Kruskal Wallis test and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used during statistical analysis. Results. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were qualitatively identified in both P. major and P. aduncum; in addition, P. aduncum presented saponins. The inhibition of PLA2 activity of the venom by the total extract of P. major was 45.3%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition values: 31.1% for LLF-1, 66.3% for LLF-2 and 65.5% for LLF-3. The inhibition values for the total extract of P. aduncum were 86.9%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition rates: 34.3% for MF-1, 67.1% for MF-2 and 54.9% for MF-3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the inhibition of PLA2 (p=0.009) by the extracts. Conclusion. The tests demonstrated an association between the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts and PLA2 inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research was evaluated antifungal effect of aqueous extract of Plantago major L. "llantén" on pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl pathogen growth under laboratory conditions. The increase phytosanitary problems led scientists to develop strategies and methodologies to avoid crop losses, therefore diversus investigations are being carried out with aim contribution by possible solution problems. This work began by preparing a medium made up of dextrose agar and the aqueous extract leaves Plantago major L. in four concentrations (0%, 25%, 30% and 35%). The measurement mycelium's dimensions were made three days after grow pathogen, ending assessing in nine days. Results getting were by Tukey's test, variance analysis (ANOVA) and mycelial inhibition growth index. Concluding, the aqueous extract of Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) limits Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl growth in concentration 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study characterized the water outflow dynamics during artificial drying of plantain (Plantago major L.) and linden (Justicia pectoralis J. var. ‘Pectoralis’). The trials were conducted at 40 °C temperature and 50 % relative humidity. The post-harvest flow and the determination of the initial moisture content of each plant were initially established by the gravimetric method. The kinetic characterization was carried out based on the determination of the drying constants and diffusion coefficients of each species. The drying constants were obtained from the mathematical adjustment of five models and the diffusion coefficient was obtained through the analytical solution of Fick’s second law. The best fitting equation was the Henderson and Pabis equation. That model characterized the moisture loss over time when using a technology with 40 °C temperature and 50 % relative humidity and described the diffusion mechanism occurring in the leaves of the species under study. The drying time of linden in 45 h as opposed to plantain, which takes 77 h, is associated with the few adsorption points with relatively strong bonds that the plant presents. The results constitute a contribution to the knowledge that allows optimizing the drying processes of the species under study in the technological conditions of Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was aimed at determining the effect of Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) on the regeneration capacity of Girardia festae (Dugesiidae), for which 5 concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of aqueous extract of the plant were prepared from a proportion of 4g/L. A completely randomized block experimental design was developed, where 7 types of fragments took the role of blocks and were obtained by 3 different cuts (upper and lower; cephalic, middle and caudal; right and left). After being exposed to concentrations of Plantago major L., the time in hours of complete regeneration of the specimens was evaluated. Optical microscopy allowed the reading of regeneration times, determining that treatments 4 and 5 (75% and 100% of Plantago major L. respectively) significantly promoted the regeneration process in Girardia festae; likewise, it was observed that the upper fragment reached regeneration to a complete individual in less time (131.6 hours). The variance analysis showed the presence of significant differences between the treatments and the mean comparison test established the existence of different homogeneous groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plant diversity study was conducted in the district of Cajatambo with emphasis on the agricultural and shrubland ecosystems. The records were made during 2015 and 2016 using 44 transects of 30 meters, in 9 plant formations. The alpha diversity in agricultural areas such as Parientana, Urpaycocha and Tizapampa grass were highly variable over time, but with low plant diversity, while the scrublands near the quarry and mine and the grasslands of Tocanca and road to Viconga were less variable and with higher diversity. The results suggest that an important factor for this behavior is the degree of human intervention. Beta diversity showed two large groups separated by altitude: one with agricultural zones and scrublands and the other with high Andean ecosystems. Both the agricultural zones and the scrublands showed that only in the dry periods of each year were some transects again quite similar (more than 80%), although others were less similar (62%). The presence and persistence of species during both dry seasons such as Trifolium repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Plantago lanceolata, Medicago sativa, Medicago polymorpha and Taraxacum officinale in the agricultural areas, as well as Minthostachys mollis, Ophryosporus peruvianus, Austrocylindropuntia subulata, Ribes viscosum, Acaena torilicarpa, Mutisia acuminata and Muehlenbeckia volcanica in the scrublands, is of great importance not only in the dynamics, but also in the management of the system because it includes species that are used by the inhabitants of Cajatambo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a diseases that most affect the plantains and bananas (Musa spp.) cultivation. Until now, the chemical and cultural methods used for its management have been ineffective. However, a promising alternative could be the use of antagonist bacteria. This work had the objective of determining the antagonistic capacity of Bacillus spp. strains against Foc race 1. By means of dual culture, the antagonistic activity of the bacterial strains was determined and quantified, as well as their capacity to produce volatile and diffused antifungal metabolites. Of the 17 strains studied, nine showed antifungal capacity. Among then, one did not produce either diffused or volatile (CCIBP-B4), seven presented diffused metabolites and only one (CCIBP-A5) both types of metabolites. Of all the strains studied, CCIBP-A5 shows the best potential for possible use in Foc race 1 management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is part of an intensive Program of Genetic Improvement in Musa spp. through hybridizations, which holds the Research Institute of Tropical Viandas (INIVIT). For this were conducted pollen fertility tests in different cultivars of bananas and plantains and it was studied a set of combinations from preselected male and female parents from National Germplasm Bank of Musa, it is conserved “ex situ" in areas of Institute, with the objective of to determine male and female fertility in some clones and the most efficient combinations to obtain new hybrids. It was obtained as a result that the highest rates of fertility were for bananas cultivars (AA) ‘SH-3142' (95.1 %), ‘SH-3362' (94.4 %). ‘Calcuta–4' (99.1 %), ‘Paka' (96.5 %) and ‘Pisang Jary Buaya' (98.1 %), the latter reported by first time under our conditions as a new male parent and they were successful in obtaining hybrid most combinations made between cooking bananas and synthetic diploid or improved (‘SH- 3362' and ‘SH-3142'). Triploid cultivar ‘FHIA-25', to show fewer fertile grains (17.6) and produce seeds in all combinations, reaffirms its status as maternal line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The somatic embryogenesis response is close linked with the development phase of the explant donor plant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the effect of male flower position in the plant on the embryogenic responses in plantain cv. 'FHIA-21' (Musa AAAB). In this study male flower were collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 cm from the last female flower. After 20 weeks on culture, the number of callus with somatic structures was evaluated. Thereafter, the effect of the callus morphology in the establishment of embryogenic cell suspensions was assessed. The results showed that the development phase of immature male flower (measured by the distance to the last female flower) was an important factor on the embryogenic callus induction. The best response on embryogenic callus formation (8.77%) was obtained with explants collected just after the last female flower (0 cm). Although, it was possible to assess that 85.0% of the callus composed by pro-embryogenic masses and somatic embryos in the early stage of its ontogeny development, resulted in embryogenic cell suspensions with the major volume of settled cell aggregated. As a result, it was possible to conclude that the age of the male flower play an important role on the somatic embryogenic process in plantain cv. 'FHIA-21'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This experiment was carried out in CárdenasTabasco Mexico, in a plantain plantation, in soil with loamy texture, ph moderately acidic, organic matter and total nitrogen low, in order to evaluate the response at the Establishment of Arachys pintoi Krap y Greg, as living mulch. The experimental design was in entire randomized block with three repetitions. It was evaluated three percentages of shade produced by the plantain plantation (21, 45, 50 %). The establishment of A. pintoi Krap. y Greg was realized by using vegetative material of 20-25 cm of large, which was planted to 30 cm between plants and lines. Statistically the lower percentage of shade had the higher values on the survival index of stolons of Arachis 60 days after sowing, and showed a 94.2 % of surface covered and lateral growth of stolons 112.5 cm by this plant.Their average high was 6.2 cm from February to May 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of vitroplants of banana and plantain in greenhouse using mycelial suspensions as inoculum for the early selection of genotypes improved with resistance to black Sigatoka constitutes a tool valuable to guarantee greater possibilities of success in the programs of genetic improvement of Musa sp. Nevertheless the compact growth and the slow development of the isolated of Pseudocercopora fijiensis in the solid culture medium make the use of these culture media inadequate for the obtaining of inoculums for these tests. Considering this criterion and the necessity of having a culture medium where the development of mycelium of P. fijiensis is abundant and fast as well as its easy use for the obtaining of mycelial suspensions to be employed as inoculum in the assays of early selection this work was carried out having as objective: to evaluate different liquid culture media for the growing of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Morelet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some patients stop treatment with orlistat because of the hassle of gastrointestinal effects, but is now known that adding a fiber can reduce such problems significantly. Objectives: To determine whether the gastrointestinal side effects induced by orlistat may be prevented or mitigated by the concurrent use of Psyllium plantago and determine the frequency of gastrointestinal effects inherent in the use of orlistat and management related or not of psyllium for 12 months. Design: Comparative study of 4-arm parallel, factorial design 2 to 2, experimental, along, prospective, open-label Phase IV. 120 Patients of both sexes between 18 and 60 years with BMI> 27 kg/m², randomized treatment with orlistat, with or without psyllium for 12 months. The dosage of orlistat was 60 or 120 mg every 8 hours and who received 6 g psyllium was dissolved in water every 8 h. We quantified each month gastrointetinales side effects inherent in the use of orlistat (number of stools, loose stools, liquid or steatorrhea, flatulence, oily spotting, fecal urgency and incontinence). results: We found that administration of psyllium significantly reduced the mean fecal urgency (without Psyllium [10.6], with Psyllium [3.8]), regardless of the dose of orlistat. The administration of Psyllium also significantly reduced the average spot oil and liquid feces, predominantly with the dose of 120 mg oil stain (without Psyllium [49.7], with Psyllium [16.5]) and loose stools (without Psyllium [33.5], with Psyllium [4.5]) Conclusions: The results suggest that concomitant administration of Psyllium plantago protects patients from gastrointestinal side effects, fecal urgency, oily stains and loose stools. The protective effect of Psyllium appears to be prevalent for the dose of 120 mg in cases of fecal stains and loose stools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vegetation of the sandy hills ("lomas") constitutes the main originality of the Peruvian and Chilean desert with a high number of endemics that shapes the vicarious associations. In this work, a phytosociological view of sandy environments of the Peruvian coastal desert is presented. According to the Braun-Blanquet method, we have made up 32 phytosociological inventories and added 138 ones from others authors. In each inventory, we have analyzed its floristic composition and ecological parameters, as altitude, soil and geomorphology. All releves were synthesized in a table to deduce the different associations, higher phytosociological units, and the distribution of its flora along the Peruvian coast and the Andean Cordillera. Using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the diversity of this flora is discussed making a comparison with historical data about the use of the territory with livestock during pre-Inca and Inca cultures, and Spanish invasion. As a result, two associations from Southern Peru -Nolanetum scaposo-spathulatae and Palauetum camanensis-weberbaueri-, two alliances -Nolanion humifusae from central Peru, and Nolanion spathulatae from the Southern Peru- and a new order -Tetragonio crystallinae- Plantaginetalia limensis- are described. In Nolanetum scaposo-spathulatae, Dictyophragnus englerianus, Leptoglossis lomana, Nolana scaposa, N. spathulata, Palaua velutina and Tetragonia vestita are the main characteristics, while in Palauetum camanensis-weberbaueri association N. scaposa and P. velutina are replaced by Palaua camanensis and P. weberbaueri. Nolanion humifusae alliance integrates species as Geranium limae, Hymenocallis amancaes, Nolana humifusa, N. latipes, Palaua rhombifolia or Villanova oppositifolia. Likewise, Cistanthe weberbaueri, Cryptantha parviflora, Hoffmannseggia miranda, Lupinus mollendoensis, Nolana confinis, N. pallidula, N. scaposa, N. spathulata, Palaua camanensis, P. velutina, P. weberbaueri, Tetragonia vestita and Weberbauerella brongniartioides are the characteristic species of Nolanion spathulatae alliance. The Tetragonio crystallinae-Plantaginetalia limensis order presents characteristic plants don't linked with eutrophic soils, as Calandrinia alba, Cryptantha limensis, Dyschoriste repens, Monnina macrostachya, Oxalis lomana, Palaua malvifolia, Pectocarya lateriflora, Plantago limensis or Tetragonia crystallina, with a distribution that claps the geographical area of the new alliances. On the other hand, the vegetation of the desert ravines is discussed in the context of the coastal river plant communities and its disturbance by the dunes. After the application of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index on the synthetic table columns, we can deduce that an increase in Andean and European ruderal species is linked to an intensive livestock activity. The transhumance between the Andes and the coast from pre-inca times until now, produces the plant dispersion of high Andean plants toward the coast; the Spanish colonization was the origin of the presence of European plants in the "lomas" vegetation of Peru. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 809-828. Epub 2011 June 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet.) is the most destructive fungal disease for plantain and banana in the world. With the development of fungal resistance to several fungicides, the biofungicides's search become necessity. We look for a contribution to the control of this fungus by using plant extracts as alternatives to reduce the incidence of disease damage, four species of plants were used. In order to evaluate the effect of plant extracts as an alternative for disease control in the Grand Naine (AAA) by inoculation with conidial suspensions of P. fijiensis this work were performed in the period between June and December 2010. Cundeamor plant extracts, sage and lemongrass (90 mL + 10 mL EV Neem oil) sprinkled on the cultivar 'Grand Nain' (AAA) showed an antifungal effect M. fijiensis under controlled conditions, with similar response to treatment Maconzeb PH (80%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un estudio sobre el efecto de Arachis pintoi sobre las arvenses en la cultivación de plántano. Se utilizaron los índices Shannon-Weaver y Sörensen para evaluar la riqueza de especies. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Cardénas, Tabasco, México, y incluía las especies T. triangulare, S. podophylum, y P. paniculatum, entre otros.

Plantain peel for industrial purposes represents from 35% to 40% of the total fruit weight, becoming a considerable quantity of waste which could be used to produce enzymatic complexes. Objective. To investigate the potential green and mature plantain peel of "Dominico-Hartón" as a supportsubstrate to produce laccase extracellular enzyme by the use of Pleurotus ostreatus fungus. Materials and Methods. Pleurotus ostreatus fungus was cultivated in different mixtures, as follows: Green plantain peel (GPP), mature plantain peel (MPP) green plantain peel-cane bagasse (50/50) (GPPCB), mature plantain peel-cane bagasse (50/50) MPPCB). Fermentation units were kept at pH 4.8, 28°C and a 63% humidity. The determination of the laccase enzyme was carried out by ABTS oxidation. Results. In the substrates used, a maximum laccase activity was achieved in the 24th day, except in the mature plantain treatment, which achieved it in the 34th day. MPPCB substrate had the highest production of laccase with 19.4 U/mL concentration. Conclusion. Plantain peel can be a good substrate when is supplemented with other lignocellulosic wastes, such as sugar cane bagasse. Laccase can be used as a morphogenetic indicator because it shows the maximum growth of the mycelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work belong to an intensive breeding program in Musa spp developed at Instituto de Investigaciones en Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT) since 1995. A group of combinations from female and male parents selected in the ex situ Banana and plantain germplasm bank at INIVIT was studied in order to select the most efficient for obtaining new hybrids. Progenies from crossing of different female parents with wild stocks of Musa Acuminata and Musa Balbisiana showed lack of commercial valves as they inherited nondesirable characters from male progenies such as asymmetric bunches and non-parthenocarpy. Twelve banana hybrid were obtained when 'Somaclone Saba'(ABB) was crossed with diploid (AA) 'SH-3362'. They are being tested in field conditions for possible commercial valves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Musa - Mycosphaerella fijiensis interaction and their interaction with microorganisms in Musa spp. phyllosphere may contribute to the development of breeding strategies to achieve more durable resistance and highly selective fungicides. However, little is known about the microbiota present in this crop and its possible relationship to the causal agent of the disease. Then, the aim of this research was to isolate bacterium from the phyllosphere of bananas and plantains and to characterize those with in vitro antifungal activity against M. fijiensis. Tissue samples were taken from leaves, with and without symptoms of the disease, from three partially resistant and three susceptible cultivars. The method of leaf printing on solid medium was used to isolate the bacterium. Isolation and characterization was carried out by traditional tests described for these purposes. The in vitro antifungal activity was determined by dual culture. An amount of 317 bacterial strains were isolated out of which 20 of them showed antifungal activity against M. fijiensis. The 80.0% came from tissues with symptoms of black Sigatoka and 75.0% from partially resistant cultivars. Representatives of the Bacillaceae family were predominant. A common feature of selected strains was the presence of pigments and the ability to degrade different substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work was developed in the Instituto de Investigaciones en Viandas Tropicales, in inseptisol soil. The objective was to evaluating in cultivar 'CEMSA' (ABB) the incidence of the vital area on aspects ecophysiologics, productive and the quality of the fruits. They were carried out 7 treatments which were: 25 m², 16 m², 12 m², 6 m², 5.33 m², 4 m² and 3 m². Perimeter of the pseudostem, height, area was evaluated to foliate, number of hands and fingers, Weight of the cluster, yield, weight, longitude and perimeter of the fruit, weight of the pulp and of the shell, and relationship shell/pulp. With a vital area of 25 m² a smaller height exists in the plants without difference with 12 m² and 16 m², but yes with the rest; it happens similar with the perimeter of the plant, being observed that difference doesn't exist among the treatments with 25 m², 16 m² and 12 m². While 3 m² and 4 m² show the smallest perimeters. The plants with more floor surface (25 m²) they show a bigger area to foliate and bigger area vital, as well as bigger number of hands, fingers and bigger weight of the cluster. Higher yields were observed with the vital area (3 m²). With the vital area up to 3 m for each plant is affected the quality of the product notably. In turn the completely lined clusters generate a bigger volume of losses in the moment of the crop, while with 50% of the lined hands a smaller decrease of the initial weight takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the black leaf streak or black sigatoka, caused by the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijensis, which is said to be the most destructive disease of foliage of bananas and plantains. Mycospaherella fijensis has a high level of genetic diversity due to its sexual reproduction and short life cycle that leads to numerous generations per year and a high grade of genetic recombination. According to the author, the application of genetic engineering predicts a great advancement on the control of black sigatoka, since it allows the design of management strategies through the study and modification of host and pathogen.

A comparative study of the leaf anatomy of 10 species of Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae) from Central Argentina was carried out. The analysis included the study of the foliar epidermis, cuticle, stomata and trichomes; a classification of eglandular and glandular trichomes was stablished and original data of the mesophyll structure in 8 species were given as well. Besides, a key based exclusively on leaf features was provided. The results were discussed and evaluated from a taxonomical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para determinar la incidencia de Raoiella indica yTetranychus tumidus en diferentes genotipos de plátano se realizaron muestreos periódicos, de mayo de 2013 a diciembre de 2014. Los clones de plátanos y banano evaluados fueron: Burro CEMSA (ABB), Macho ¾ (AAB), Parecido al rey (AAA), Dátil (AAA), Pisang Ceilán (ABB) y FHIA-18 (AAAB). Se seleccionaron 10 plantas de cada clon y se extrajeron de cada una de ella una sección de hoja de 100 cm². Se encontró un comportamiento diferencial de los genotipos de plátano y banano evaluados ante la presencia de R. indica; se hallaron diferencias significativas en la media poblacional entre los clones, resultaron significativamente mayores las poblaciones en el clon Dátil. Es de destacar que en el clon Pisang Ceilán no se detectó la presencia de R. indica. Con relación a T. tumidus, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las densidades poblacionales entre los clones evaluados. Sin embargo, resulta interesante constatar que en la mayoría de los clones evaluados sus niveles poblacionales fueron inferiores a los alcanzados por R. indica y se detectaron diferencias estadísticas significativas. La información obtenida de este estudio contribuirá a esclarecer el papel que puede desempeñar la resistencia genética en el manejo de estas dos importantes plagas, la cual será de utilidad como información de retorno para los fitomejoradores del cultivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]