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Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the correlation between winds in the Strait of Gibraltar in summer, monsoons, and ENSO. During the positive phase of ENSO, El Niño, there is a higher frequency of westerly winds in the Strait of Gibraltar, while during the La Niña phase, easterly winds prevail. The Mediterranean climate in summer is influenced by the summer monsoon in India and is limited to certain continental regions. Additionally, the covariability between the summer monsoon in India and ENSO is documented, where during El Niño events, the monsoon is weaker, and during La Niña events, the monsoon is stronger. The relationship between the ENSO climate phenomenon and temperature anomalies in the upper and middle troposphere in northern Africa is also analyzed, observing that these relationships vary on a multi-decadal timescale. It is suggested that these variations may be related to the modulation of upper troposphere temperature in subtropical Africa and Asia. Furthermore, the hypothesis is raised that the intensity of the correlation may have multi-decadal variability in phase with the variability of the West African monsoon. Finally, it is highlighted that there is a weak upward movement on average in the Iberian Peninsula, which can generate significant storms in the eastern interior due to low surface pressures that allow the entry of Mediterranean moist air at low levels. [Extracted from the article]

Based on ethnographic, environmental and iconographic information, linked to the “land snail” Scutalus spp., the ritual context of a funerary nature is addressed, to which the representations of this molusk in Mochica ceramics are associated: both the colecction scenes, combat and mountain sacrifice, as the designs of snails, hybrid animals, among others. Representations of snails can be located on the summer and winter solstices, as well as -exceptionally- when El Niño/Southern Oscillation occurs. The mollusk can be considered a metaphor for water and regeneration, and its morphology develops the symbol of the spiral in three dimensions, replicated in architectural models with a spiral ramp, as well as in the exceptional case of a Mochica ceremonial well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Climatología is the property of Revista de Climatologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation is a transcendental component for decision making in watersheds because it influences the activities of the people who inhabit them; however, in Colombia this type of research is carried out mainly at national and departmental levels, leaving aside studies at watershed scale. For this reason, in this study, an analysis of the influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the Cali River Basin was carried out. The methodology consisted of the estimation of missing data, precipitation anomalies, comparison of various indices such as ONI, SOI and EMI and the spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation. During the study years 1972 to 2016, a 10% decrease in rainfall was observed in the upper area of the Cali River basin, with a negative trend, in addition, it was found that the months of May and August are more susceptible to events of extreme precipitation in periods of the ENSO phenomenon. Among the probable causes of the decrease in rainfall in the study area, it has been found that the change in the average state of rainfall in the tropical Pacific (Andean region) tends to show a pattern similar to El Niño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Scolopacidae family (Order: Charadriiformes) is one of the most abundant families found in coastal wetlands. La Arenilla coastal wetland has a historical record of 20 scolopacid species; climatic events could affect the distribution and migration of the several species of this taxonomic family, reducing their species richness and abundance. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of the species belonging to the Scolopacidae family and both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the coastal El Niño index (ICEN) in La Arenilla Coastal Wetland, La Punta, Callao. Methods: Sampling were carried out twice a month, between January 2013 and January 2019 using the Total Count Method in order to determine species abundance (N = 292). A Spearman correlation analysis between abundance, species richness, SST and ICEN was performed, and beta diversity was calculated through the Whittaker index (ßw) to analyze both the annual turnover for each season and the seasonal turnover within each year. Results: Two significant correlations were obtained: between SST and abundance and between ICEN and species richness. On the other hand, the ANOSIM test showed seasonal differences in abundance, and the SIMPER test showed that the greatest difference in abundance between seasons was between autumn and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 81.57 %), and the minimum difference between winter and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 49.86 %). Conclusions: The ecological dynamics of scolopacid communities in La Arenilla coastal wetland face important changes according to the variations in the environmental thermal parameters related to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the temporal behavior of the droughts in the Yaqui River Basin, in Mexico using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and determines the influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic phenomenon in the modulation of the SPI variability. 28 climatic stations distributed in the basin gradient and in an additional area to divide of 20 km were used. The quality of the series was evaluated by tests of homogeneity of variances, the common variability between stations was determined through a Principal Component Analysis and a regional SPI was generated for the period 1937--2016. The most severe drought events were recorded in the years 1980, 1988, 1999, 2006 and 2011. The spectral coherence of waves analysis between the SPI and the ENSO indicates a phase relationship for dry and rainy events during the period from 1937 to 1959 at frequencies of one to six years, from 1937 to 1950 at frequencies of 10 to 11 years, from 1972 to 1974 at frequencies of one to two years and from 1997 to 2005 at frequencies of 11 to 15 years. ENSO significantly influences the variability of SPI in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ocean-atmosphere interaction acts as a force for hydrological systems at different time scales, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) being one of them. this paper presents the analysis of hydrometeorological variables and their association with the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), representative of ENSO, in the Upper Basin of Neuquén River (UBNR) for the period 2000-2014; detecting a weak correlation (r of 0,35). Precipitation, temperature and SWE presented weak and moderate associations, with a r lower than 0.44, 0.23 and 0.36 respectively, without a defined behavior for the different phases of ENSO; while the SCA presented a very weak correlation, between -0.07 and 0.14. Correlation between the flow and the ONI was 0.51 for the entire period and 0,31 for the El Niño phases with a 5% of significance, without being significant for La Niña periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Landslides triggered by rain have caused many human and economic losses in Colombia, especially in the department of Antioquia. According to DesInventar database since 1900 until 2017, 3478 landslides were recorded in the territory of Antioquia and these have left over 2065 fatalities and 74654 damaged homes. This paper presents spatial and temporal rainfall variability and their relationship with historical landslides events under the influence of ENSO in the nine sub-regions of Antioquia. For this purpose, daily rainfall data obtained from 27 IDEAM weather station and 5368 landslides reported in SIMMA and DesInventar database were used in a time window analysis between 1985 and 2016 (32 years). Also, temporal analyses and correlations were performed in daily, monthly and annual scale. According to the results of this study, the occurrence of landslides exhibits bimodal behavior according to temporal rainfall variability, and the strong effect of the cold phase of the ENSO (La Niña) has a strong influence on them. Moreover, landslides showed significant sensitivity to the time-series of rainfall linked to the different sub-regions of Antioquia. The understanding of spatial-temporal rainfall variability in tropical mountains environments is a key element for an appropriate risk management and early warning system implementation and design for hydro-meteorological hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the latest predictions, the ongoing La Niña episode could persist until 2023, which is relatively rare. Some scientists claim that this La Niña episode is just a random signal in the climate, while others warn that climate change could make similar conditions more likely in the future. La Niña and El Niño are phases of the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occur every two to seven years. Climate change is warming the oceans and affecting the El Niño phenomenon. In addition, the proMETEO Sevilla project has been launched in Seville, which consists of a categorization and nomenclature system for heatwaves. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial and temporal variability of the annual cycle of chlorophyll-a in the Juan Fernandez archipelago is analyzed through eight years of satellite data of chlorophyll-a, wind, currents and sea level. This archipelago consists of three islands: Robinson Crusoe-Santa Clara (RC-SC) and Alexander Selkirk (AS). The RC-SC islands are in a region of high eddy kinetic energy and higher concentrations of chlorophyll-a, defined as Coastal Transition Zone, whereas the AS island is in a region with low eddy kinetic energy and lower concentrations of chlorophyll-a called Oceanic Zone. RC-SC has an increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations on the southwest side, while AS has its highest concentrations on the west side, indicating the presence of different forcing. On both islands the annual cycle of chlorophyll is significant and begins to increase in April, reaching relatively high values between June and November, decreasing to its lowest values in December, reaching a minimum in late March. This annual cycle does not appear related with the wind, but it appears related with the eddy kinetic energy. The increase of chlorophyll-a in winter is associated with mesoscale eddies coming from continental region, while spring increases could be associated with local processes linked to the "island mass effect". On both islands, it appears a significant increase in chlorophyll-a in the annual and bi-annual bands, but only in AS was found a significant inter-annual fluctuation linked with the El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Climatología is the property of Revista de Climatologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human occupation of quebradas area -in the middle Chicama valley- is described, focusing the availability of water sources and local faunal and floral remains due to climatic and environmental changes caused by El Niño, Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Moreover, on the basis of ethnographic information recorded the possibility of developing of farming and especially maize cultivation using the upwelling of underground water is emphasized among various subsistence activities performed in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most well-known phenomenon influencing the global climate variability at inter annual time scales. The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate phenomenon linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date line and 120 degrees west longitude), and thus represents the warm phase of the ENSO, and is sometimes referred to as a Pacific warm episode. The opposite of which is La Niña, a cold phase of ENSO. Given the large size of the Pacific Ocean, changes in the sea surface temperature patterns and gradients across the basin influence atmospheric circulation with pronounced impacts on global tropical precipitation and temperature patterns. Building evidence of the links between ENSO driven climate anomalies and infectious diseases, particularly those transmitted by insects, the knowlodgment could allow providing improved long range forecasts of an epidemic or epizootic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the phenomenon El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) still is partial, the variations in the Colombian climate and the ENSO events make difficult its understanding and the prediction of its impacts. This research used the Climate Explorer, to establish linear relations between the precipitation and the average temperature of the air (annual and quarterly) with associated variables to ENSO, between 1975 and 2000. It is concluded that in the center, north and west of the country, El Niño (warm phase) brings rain diminution and increases the temperature, the opposite happens during La Niña. Greater significant correlations obtained with quarterly periods (mainly in DJF) and lags around zero; which decay in trimester MAM of the climatological variables; between the precipitation and index IMENSO greater coefficients in DJF were obtained (r=-0.44). Greater incidence of ENSO exists on the temperature of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose the representation of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) dynamics using a new class of nonlinear hybrid model. In this new model, the non-linearity in the mean is represented by an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), while the variance is represented using an autoregressive conditional heterocedastic (ARCH) component. In addition, a specification strategy for the proposed model, which is based on a battery of statistical tests is developed. The results indicate that the proposed model captures in a better way the main features of the studied time series, when compared to other competitive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on atmospheric conditions of different regions, have determined characteristic trends in rainfall patterns of El Niño and La Niña years. The possibility of anticipating those conditions by using the Southern Oscillation Index (IOS), or other indicators, has created the expectation of using this information for forecasting. An analysis of quarterly and semestral rain information of six localities of Cordoba province, and of the entire region (Zona), verified the inverse association between rain anomaly and the IOS. This relation is more consistent for the warm semester that provides the greater proportion (80%) of annual rainfall in the region. During El Niño years, that correspond to positive rain anomalies, there is a greater frequency of positive anomalies of corn (Zea mays L.) yields, but they are of scarce magnitude. Negative rain anomalies occur predominantly in La Niña years, and are related to negative anomalies of yield, with frequencies statistically different not only to El Niño years, but also to those of Neutral years. Finally, some of the difficulties with the use of ENOS information for forecasting are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the possible impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sucre, Venezuela, for the 1994-2003 period. Materials and Methods: Climatic data was obtained using remote systems, and it was classified according to the National Oceanograhic and Atmospheric Administration criteria for El Niño, Neutral, or La Niña periods, using the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) as a variability indicator. Cutaneous leishmaniasis data was obtained from the Environmental Sanitation Management Office in Sucre. Comparisons of annual variations and deviations from average trends were performed for cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and climatic variability, and regression models were also used. Results: Between 1994 and 2003, 2212 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded. Three important El Niño phases were observed: 1994-1995, 1997-1998, and 2001-2003, being the one in 1997-1998 the most relevant one, which was followed by a chilly and rainy season in 1999 (La Niña). During 1999-2000, 360 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded in Sucre, with an important variability within a year, and a 66,7% increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases (F= 10,06, p= 0,0051) associated with the presence of a weak La Niña phenomenon (not too cold and rainy). Models showed that with higher SOI values, there was a reduced incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (r²= 0,3308; p= 0,0504). The increase with respect to the average trend in rain was associated with increases in trends for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the period from 1994 to 2003 (p= 0,0358). Conclusions: These data reflect the importance of ENSO upon cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence, opening a new research line, with a possible impact on prediction and monitoring, which is relevant for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some climatic features regarding the precipitation over northwestern Baja California (Mexico) were examined relative to the interannual, decadal and multidecadal variability of some Pacific indexes. The analysis is based on annual values from 1900 to 2001 of the winter (November through April) rainfall data for Ensenada, Baja California, which is climatologically representative of northwestern Baja California. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) were also examined. The results are derived from statistical and wavelet analysis of the rainfall data. The time-frequency evolution of the data shows close association with the interannual (2-7 years), decadal (10-20 years) and multidecadal (20-70 years) signals of the SOI and PDO. It is interesting to note that the multidecadal period of drought in northwestern Baja California (1941/1942 to 1976/1977) coincides with negative PDO values (characterized by cold sea surface waters off North America) and frequent La Niña events, whereas decadal rainy conditions (1977/1978 to 1998/1999) coincide with positive PDO values (characterized by warm sea surface waters off North America) and frequent and intense El Niño events. Finally, a future scenario, derived from the wavelet analysis, shows the possibility of a dry decadal period for northwestern Baja California from 1999 to 2015, approximately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that used artificial neural network algorithms to predict time series of the oceanographic variables Southern Oscillation Index and sea surface temperature anomaly. Application of the finite impulse response neural network (FIRNN) to data obtained; Determination of the most efficient FIRNN architecture; Factors that led to the achievement of the best predictions.