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Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the health status of sows in a production unit, clinical examination and blood analysis were carried out based on leukocytes count, red blood cell indicators and blood smear as a complementary study. The hematological analysis of the zootechnical category of breeding sows showed 26.08 % of the animals (6/23) with anemia and 47.82 % (11/23) with leukopenia. The study on the blood smear showed structures compatible with hemoplasmas in 65.21 % (15/23) of the animals studied and in 66.66 % (4/6) of the animals with anemia. The results represent a starting point for future research aimed at the detection of the pathogenic hemoplasmas using PCR assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Tributaria is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Asesores Fiscales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agronomía & Ambiente is the property of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the Classical Swine Fever (CSF) disease in Cuba and the vaccination strategies used to combat it. Despite widespread vaccination in the domestic pig population, outbreaks of CSF have been recorded in different regions of Cuba. The need to develop a more effective vaccine against CSF is raised. The article presents the results of studies on the Porvac © vaccine for the eradication of CSF in Cuba, which has been shown to be safe and capable of controlling and eradicating the disease. Another study presents a vaccine to prevent vertical transmission of the CSF virus in pregnant sows, and another analyzes the safety and immune response of two vaccination programs in piglets. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To analyze the results of the management of grazing sows at international scale, as well as the elements of waste in field and confinement, which contribute to the resilience of pig husbandry systems. Materials and Methods: The results of more than 80 publications about the elements of the management of grazing sows: main grazing systems, se of plant genetic resources in their feeding under different climate conditions, stocking rate, quality of the ration, breed, category, as well as waste recycling, applicable to the conditions of the tropic, were analyzed. Results: There is innovative evidence in the management of grazing sows with the use of different plant genetic resources, in systems that go from subsistence to intensive management with electrical fence. The conditions or requisites for management, effect of stocking rate, species, importance of the nutritional value and animal category (mainly with sows), recycling in grazing and semi-confinement (deep litter), are analyzed. Conclusions: Pig feeding based on pastures and forages, mainly, implies different management, with different solutions from the ones that are applied in conventional confined systems with concentrate feeds. The agroecological management and use of adequate plant genetic resources are the ways for resilient and sustainable production in the face of climate change, which contributes to food sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive results of first and posterior reproductive cycles from 535 Large White x Landrace sows were controlled in an outdoor porcine farm. The age at first fertile mating had not significant (P>0.05) on first cycle variables: pregnancy duration, born piglets, born live piglets, born died piglets, weaning piglets, died piglets during lactation and interval weaning –to-conception. The increase of pregnancy duration of gilts reduced significantly (P<0.05) the born piglets. An increasing of weaning piglets number and when the weaning occurred in spring-summer tended (P<0.10) to increase the interval weaned-to-conception. Values of the age at the first fertile mating ≥ 311 days reduced significantly the reproductive cycles number that the sows accomplished in the farm (useful life), while values >291 days decreased significantly the average annual numerical productivity per present sow. A significant increase of average annual productivity with the useful life was observed. The useful life of the sows was significantly higher when in their first farrowing the number of born alive piglets was > 10. The average annual numerical productivity increased with the prolificacy of the first litter. It is concluded that is interesting advance the age at the first mating of the gilts, and that the prolificacy obtained in the first litter can help to producers to decide the replacement and removal of sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analecta Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Animal productivity is often related to the presence or absence of pathogenic organisms that can inhabit the digestive tract of specimens used for consumption purposes. A few years ago, the use of antibiotics was implemented within production processes because of the belief that it help to control the number of pathogenic microorganisms and maintain a desirable balance in the gut microbiota. Today, it is known that this statement is not entirely true. INFOSAN states in its note Antimicrobial Resistance: "In some cases, antimicrobials are added to feed and water to promote growth and increase food efficiency. This prolonged exposure to low doses of antimicrobials is considered more likely to give rise to antimicrobial resistance than the treatment or prevention of infections in food-producing animals". This INFOSAN note warns of the impact that the use of antimicrobials on food-producing animals may have on public health. Other alternatives have been chosen, such as the use of probiotics. According to Parker, in 1974: "Probiotics are microorganisms and compounds involved in the balance and microbial intestinal development", and considered effective in increasing the number of beneficial microorganisms, without causing any disease in the host and at the same time promoting the reduction of the number and effects of pathogenic microorganisms. This research was conducted in order to validate the effectiveness of probiotics to reduce diarrheal processes in a 15-day-old piglet piara. A comparative table was used to record weekly each individual's weight gain and diarrhea-like bowel movements and check the overall condition of each individual. It is possible to conclude that it is advisable to use probiotics in the diet of lactating piglets, in order to prevent diarrheal processes and improve their immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of zinc-methionine supplementation during the gestation-lactation (GL) and growingfinishing (DF) period in the performance and during DF on the epithelium intestinal morphology of fattening pigs under hot and cool condition, two experiments were carried out. The experiment (Exp.) 1 was carried out during the hot season and Exp. 2 during the cool season of the year. 192 pigs were used (96 per Exp.) with an average age of 79 days and 26.39±SD4.97 kg of body weight, piglets of sows that received or not feed added with 100 mg of Zn/kg, from 80 to 114 days of gestation and during 21 d of lactation (LG). In each experiment, the pigs were assigned to one of four treatments in a completely random design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were: T1 (control, n = 24), non-supplemented mothers-nonsupplemented pigs; T2 (Zn FD; n = 24), non-supplemented mothers, pigs supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg feed; T3 (Zn LG; n = 24), supplemented mothers - non-supplemented pigs and, T4 (Zn LG + Zn DF; n = 24), supplemented mothers + supplemented pigs. Supplementation with 100 mg of Zn / kg of feed during GL and DF did not modify the productive performance of the pigs during the study period. However, the villus height: crypt depth ratio was higher (p <0.01) in pigs supplemented with Zn (3.36 vs. 2.77) during the hot season. An interaction (p <0.02) between climate and zinc methionine supplementation was observed in the depth of the crypt and the V: C ratio. Supplementation during GL tended (P = 0.06) to lower the mortality of developing-finishing pigs in the cool season. According to results, it is concluded that the addition of zinc methionine to the diet improves the integrity of the intestinal epithelium in developing-finishing pigs reared under a hot environment, and supplementation during the gestation and lactation period reduces mortality during fattening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To estimate the lifetime non-productive days (NPD), lifetime proportion of NPD (%NPD) and non-productive days per sow per year (NPD/Y), and to determine the effect of herd and sow level factors on the traits here studied in three pig farms in the Mexican tropics. Materials and methods. Data from 6703 sows from three commercial farms were used. The model that described the traits studied comprise the fixed effects of farm, year and season of first farrowing, age at first parity, reasons of removal of sows, year x season interaction and the residual error. Results. The means for lifetime NPD, %NPD and NPD/Y were 64 days, 12.0% and 39.3 days, respectively. All fixed factors had significant effects (p<0.01) on the characteristics evaluated. Sows having their first parity at an old age and sows culled because of reproductive reasons had the highest lifetime NPD. In addition, sows culled at first parity had lower lifetime NPD and higher %NPD than sows culled in subsequent farrowing. Conclusions. The early culling of sows increased the percentage of non-productive days, which in turn is expected to reduce the profit of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in sow's diet can modify their productive and reproductive performance, as well as the level of PUFA in milk fat; especially in the proportions of omega 3 and 6. This study aimed to compare the effects of two levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) on milk's profile, live weight and reproductive activity of sows, as well as on the litter weight. Two experimental diets, 32 and 55 % of total PUFA, were randomly assigned to 50 sows; starting from the first week before parturition until 21 d post-parturition. Milk samples were collected (parturition day and 14 d after) to measure the FA profile. The live weight and backfat thickness in sows were recorded at 42 d of gestation, one week before parturition, and 21 d post-parturition; the days until return to estrus and the number of services per conception were also recorded. In the litter, the piglets' weight at birth and weaning were recorded. The proportion of saturated and monounsaturated FA was higher in the diet with 32 % of PUFA, as compared with the 55 % diet, but this did not affect the live weight nor the post-parturition reproduction in sows. The milk fat of sows fed with 32 % of PUFA had a higher saturation level than the one from sows fed with 55 % of PUFA; this had no effect on the piglets' weight. A higher degree of dietary PUFA increases the PUFA of milk fat without affecting the sow's live weight and that of its litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This bibliographic review aims to introduce the effects of insulin modulated by diet in the productive and reproductive efficiency of sows. Insulin is an hormone that plays an intermediary role between nutrition and reproduction, causing the synthesis of gonadotropins, FSH and LH, through the direct effects of ovaries. Endogenous insulin levels may be influenced by nutrients and energy source. Scientific studies have shown that diets, in which lipids are the main source of energy, do not show improvements in the body condition of sows during lactation and reproductive development after weaning. In fact, catabolic condition can get worse due to the increase of fat in milk production. Moreover, increasing the carbohydrate content during lactation can improve energy balance, gonadotropin secretion and insulin and glucose profiles. Research results show that it is possible to modulate the levels of plasma insulin by consuming complex carbohydrates such as starch. This nutrient can produce longer glucose peaks compared to simple carbohydrates such as dextrose or saccharose carbon, promoting follicular oocyte development, from the synthesis of luteinizing hormone at an ovaric level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary lipid supplementation benefits the prolific and high-producing modern lactating sow. A comprehensive review of recent studies showed that lipid supplementation increases average daily energy intake, which is partitioned for lactation as indicated by greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. Recent compelling findings showed that addition of particular lipids during lactation improved the subsequent reproductive outcome of sows. Such benefits were related to the level of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and a-linolenic acid, C18: 3n-3) during lactation. Lactation diets without supplemental EFA resulted in a pronounced negative balance (intake minus milk output) of linoleic (-25.49 g/d) and α-linolenic acid (-2.75 g/d); which compromised sow fertility (farrowing rate < 75% and culling rates > 25% of weaned sows). This phenomenon seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age because of a progressive reduction of body EFA pool over successive lactations. The net effect of supplemental EFA during lactation was to create a positive EFA balance, which improved the subsequent reproduction of sows. Adequate linoleic acid intake improved the proportion of sows that farrowed in the subsequent cycle (Farrowing rate (%) = [(-1.5 ? 10-3 ? linoleic acid intake (g/d)²) + (0.53 ? linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R² = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). In addition, increasing linoleic acid intake increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (total pigs born (n) = [(9.4 ? 10-5 ? linoleic acid intake (g/d)²) + (0.04 ? linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R² = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). Supplemental α-linolenic acid resulted in a rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2%; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved a high retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98%). Collectively, we conclude that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to = 95% of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be susceptible to EFA deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Use of thoracic epidural anesthesia with morphine and fentanyl for abdominal surgery in sows" presents a study on the use of thoracic epidural anesthesia with morphine and fentanyl in sows undergoing abdominal surgery. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique as perioperative analgesia. Twelve Landrace sows were used in the study, and it was observed that the technique was effective, with a mild pain score in the immediate postoperative period and minor adverse effects. However, it is mentioned that the study did not include a control group. [Extracted from the article]

In order to determine overall calving and births in Camagüey, the records of 9 464 Yorkshire/Landrace sows from three swine farms between 2008 and 2013, were evaluated. The variables selected (total calving and births) were registered monthly, and were evaluated by serial seasonal decomposition, using a multiplication model. Overall evaluation of the three farms showed seasonal behavior of the variables, in which the maximum peaks tend to appear in the first quarter of the year, and the minimum peaks occurred in the last quarter. However, different seasonal behaviors were observed on each farm, due to organizational and management practices, and because of the characteristics and conditions of the facilities in use. It is important to determine if these seasonal behaviors are the most appropriate to prevent or reduce newborn deaths caused by the action of the elements on each swine farm. This situation must also be taken into account for decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to study the effects of genetic line (GL), farrowing room (FR) and number of parity (NP) on the productive and reproductive performance at farrowing and weaning of sows of seven genetic lines. The response variables were total litter size at farrowing (TLSF) and at weaning (TLSW), pigs born alive (PBA), stillbirth (PBD), litter weight at farrowing (LWF) and at weaning (LWW), sow average food intake (FI), and sow weight (SWL), and back fat (BFL) loss during lactation. Besides the fixed effects of GL, NP, and FR, the model also included the covariates TLSF for LWF, and TLSW for LWW. There were significant differences (P<0.0026) among GL for TLSF, PBA, PBD, and FI. Parity was important (P<0.0001) only for FI, and FR was (P<0.038) for PBD. Sows of three or more parities had higher FI (4.5 ± 0.2 kg) than those of one and two (3.4 ± 0.2 kg). It is needed more attention at farrowing and during lactation in order to reduce death of piglets both at farrowing and during lactation. Back fat and weight loss of sows during lactation should be reduced in order to avoid deterioration of post-weaning productive and reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Evaluate the lipidie metabolism of gestating sows in response to a modification in the fat level of the diet and its effect on fetal nutrition through metabolic indicators. Materials and methods. Fifty-six first-timers or multiparous sows were selected receive a diet without adding extra fat (SAp or SAm) or with extra fat addition (AGp o AGm). The SA diet consisted in feeding a conventional commercial diet of 3 kg/day, in the AG diet the corn was reduced and soybean oil was included to supply 20% extra fat. Blood samples were collected at 85, 100, 113 days of gestation and 24 hours postpartum, and on 50% of the piglets born alive per litter. Serum cholesterol (CT), triglycerides (TG), high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoproteins, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were analyzed. Results. The Serum concentrations of HDL, LDL, CT NEFA, BHB, and TG (p<0.01) increased in sows on days 100 and 113, but decreased at 24 hours postpartum. Blood metabolites in piglets under the influence of both treatments showed significant differences (p<0.01). Conclusions. There was no statistical effect from the modification of dietary fat on LDL and NEFA; for the remaining indicators differences were evident in pregnant sows. There was no correlation between metabolic indicators in mothers and piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to assess the viability after vitrification of sow and sheep embryos produced in vitro. Complexes Oocyte-cumulus cells (COCs) were obtained from ovaries collected from sows and sheeps in the slaughterhouse. The viability was evaluated in three groups of embryos: unvitrified (control group), after vitrification (warming) and at 72 hours of culture after warming. The vitrification used two steps with ethylene glycol (EG) 4% (v/v), fetal bovine serum (FBS) 20%, in TCM-199 at 37 °C for 15 minutes, then the embryos were transferred to a vitrification solution of 35% EG, 0.4 M trehalose, and 20% FBS in TCM-199 for 20 seconds and finally placed in beveled edge open straws (BES). The straws were immersed and kept in liquid nitrogen for a week. The total viability of the vitrified/warmed embryos from sows was 49.3%, and the highest viabilities were shown by the 8-16 blastomere embryos (63.7%) and the morulae (61,7%), though the differences were not statistically significant. The total viability in the control group was of 74.3%, and the 8-16 blastomere embryos and morulae had 100% of viability. The total viability of the vitrified/warmed embryos from sheeps was 63.1%, and the highest viabilities were shown by the morulae (76.1%) and the 8-16 blastomere embryos (68.1%), though the differences were not statistically significant. The total viability in the control group was 100% in all the different stages of the embryonic development. The viability obtained after culturing the vitrified/warmed embryos for 72 hours was 1.5% of sow morulae and 2.8% of sheep blastocysts; in the latter, two morulae changed to blastocysts. It is concluded that the vitrification procedure in beveled edge open straws using ethylene glycol and trehalose as cryoprotectants allowed recovering of sow and sheep embryos viable at the devitrifying moment, but their further development is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agronomy; Universidad Central of Venezuela, in order to evaluate the productive performance of sows fed with two different diets and housed during the pregnancy in four different housing systems. The diets were based on traditional resources (DT) and made with alternative resources (RA: cassava root, cassava and mulberry leaves and palm oil). Housing systems were deep bedding (CP), field (CM) pens (CO) and cages (JA), under a completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement (2x4) with nine replicates, using the sow as experimental unit. 72 sows of the genetic line Camborough 22 were used (18 for lodging and nine per diet). The services of the sows were made by artificial insemination. The variables were: days of gestation, backfat thickness, total weight gain, average daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion, piglets born alive and litter weight at birth. There were no differences (P> 0.05) for the interaction of both factors, diet and housing systems. Sows with high genetic potential that made the period of gestation in alternative accommodation (CM or CP), fed with food arrangements made with alternative autochthonous resource base showed a satisfactory growth performance, comparable with conventional pig production, consequently improving animal welfare, being this one a feasible alternative for small and medium pig farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One thousand twenty five oocytes from sow ovaries, obtained in slaughter houses were recovered. From them, 165 (treatment 1 ) were matured with 075 U.I. of FSH and 0.75 U.I. of LH, and 125 (treatment 2 ) with 1.5 U.I. of FSH and 1.5 U.I. of LH. Maturation was evaluated by fixation with alcohol-acetic acid and stained with acetic orcein. There was a 40% and 39% of maturated oocytes from the treatments 1 and 2 respectively, without significant statistical differences among them. In the two treatments for in vitro fertilization, the maturation of oocytes was evaluated by polar body observation. They were divided into two groups: one having 155maturated with the first treatment and the other having 137 oocytes with the second treatment, which corresponded to a 42.1% and 37.3% respectively . As result of in vitro fertilization, 122 embryos were obtained in their different stages, reaching 76 with the first treatment and 46 with the second one, for a 49% and 33.5% (a different fom b p <0.05) respectively . It is concluded that even though FSA and LH supplement to the maturation medium TCM-199 (in vitro) did not significantly affect such maturation, in the development of embryos, there was a higher percentage of morulas and embryonic development with the use of 0.75U.I. of FSH and0.75 0.75U.I:ofLH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is technological level grading (high, intermediate and low) and its impact on production efficiency, defined as the number of animals sent to market per sow per year and on the main economic indicators: costs, income, profits and profitability, of a random sample of complete cycle pork farms in the four states of Mexico showing greater production. Thirty one point one percent of farms use high technology, 39.9 % use low technology and the remaining 29.5 % can be described as semi-technified. The Kruskall-Wallis non parametric statistical analysis provides conclusive evidence that high level technology yields a lower cost, MXP 9.45 vs 11.20 and 11.84 for the intermediate and low technology levels, respectively (P<0.01). In production efficiency, high technology farms sent more animals to market per year per sow (18.60) than either intermediate (11.67) or low (15.97) (P<0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo trata la alimentación de cerdas primerizas. Informa que las cerdas son más magras y tienen menor capacidad digestiva que en el pasado, características que pueden ser problemáticas ante su primera lactación. Nota varios factores esenciales en la preparación de cerdas reproductoras, entre ellos asegurar el desarrollo corporal adecuado, madurez sexual adecuada a la hora de la primera cubrición y alto nivel productivo desde el primer ciclo.

El artículo trata la alimentación correcta de las cerdas. Afirma que las cerdas excesivamente delgadas pueden provocar partos tempranos mientras las demasiado engrasadas pueden experimentar partos prolongados y problemáticos. Informa que han surgido genotipos porcinos que producen hasta el doble de lechones comparado con los 1970, pero que no son capaces de sostener esta producción elevada sin aumentos importantes en sus niveles de nutrición.

The effect of natural mating and the use of different types of semen were assessed on the productivity of 160 sows by forming four lots of 40 with the following arrangement: 1) Natural mating (MN); 2) Insemination on a cervical level with diluted and refrigerated semen from national origin (SDRN); 3) Insemination at uterine level with diluted and refrigerated imported semen (SDRI) and 4) Insemination at a uterine level with imported frozen semen (SCONGI). The synchronization of the sows was carried out by the weaning of the piglets with an average of 21 days of breast-feeding, detecting oestrus twice a day (9:00 to 11:00 and from 16:30 to 18:00) with the aid of a male pig. The fertility average results indicate that the SDRN group reached the best percentage with 85%, compared to the MN, SDRI and SCONGI (77.5%, 57.5% and 65.7% respectively), determining a considerable statistic difference (P>0.05), between the SDRN and SDRI groups. The same was observed in relation to the number of piglets born per litter, which was better with SDRN (11.4) than with MN, SDRI and SCONGI (10.7, 9.3 and 6.9 respectively), showing a considerable statistic difference (P>0.05) between SCONGI in relation to MN, SDRN and SDRI, determining a difference of 4.5 piglets less per litter than when obtained with SCONGI in relation to SDRN. It is concluded that no matter where the frozen semen is deposited for insemination, it will have a lower percentage of fertility in relation to refrigerated semen and natural mating, and the same occurs in relation to the total number of piglets born per litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo trata el efecto de las temperaturas elevadas durante la lactación en el consumo voluntario y rendimiento de las cerdas lactantes. Informa que las necesidades energéticas de las cerdas se duplica al entrar en la fase de lactación y afirma que el consumo voluntario no satisface estas necesidades. Nota que el calor disminuye el apetito de las madres, mientras que los lechones lo necesitan. Sugiere que este conflicto se resuelve con salas separadas para las cerdas y los lechones.

Se presentan los resultados de una experimentación de campo con catéteres para inseminación artificial en cerdas realizado por el Instituto Técnico y de Gestión Ganadero Villava, en Navarra, España. Se compara con sistemas convencionales un catéter para inseminación postcervical desarrollado por la empresa Import-Vet. Se obtiene el mejor resultado usando la inseminación postcervical con una dosis de 15cc.

El artículo describe y evalúa los beneficios de un sistema de separación temprana de los lechones de sus madres. Considera el principio ISOWEAN (isolated weaning) que propone la crianza de lechones que estén exentos de agentes patógenos luego del destete. Se indican las características del sistema y se comparan los índices técnicos de los lechones destetados mediante Isowean con aquellos destetados convencionalmente.

Se describe la optimización de la alimentación de cerdas reproductoras utilizando el sistema de modelación Solver Sows de la empresa española Setna Nutrición SA. Se indica el proceso seguido para auditar el estado corporal de las cerdas e identificar las condiciones de la granja y se define la modelización de las cerdas para los períodos de gestación y lactancia. Se indican estrategias para optimizar la alimentación y la productividad.

The distribution of cultivations in the world is restricted by the climatic limits, for defect or for excess of vital necessities for the individuals that conform the different biotypes. Since sow is made, plants are subjected to asynchronous variations of component elements of climate and it is the climate the main decisive factor of probability of success of cultivation. The objective of this work was the delimitation of the Argentinean geographical area where it is possible the economic production of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni that was supposed to overcome widely the area embraced by the bioclimatic zone. Since extracted data of the Climatic Statistics published by the National Meteorological Service it was sketched the climatic indexes that define the agroclimatic zone of the specie for the period 1961-1990 for meteorological and agrometeorological stations distributed in the country. Then, all maps corresponding to each one of the climatic indexes were elaborated and the resulting map of the overlapping of all previous ones defined the agroclimatic zone of the Stevia rebaudiana. Later, geographical areas embraced by the bioclimatic and the agroclimatic zones were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boar stimuli at or around insemination may affect reproductive characteristics. Previous research showed that mount simulation may increase litter size and parturition rate in free housing sows. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 25-kg saddlebags on the rump of the sows or a belt around the lumbar area simulating the mount and the front leg pressure during the mount, respectively. Thirty-three gilts and 117 sows restrained in individual cages from A. I. to weaning were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (I) animals artificially inseminated with no pressure on their backs or lumbar area. (II) individuals with saddlebags on their rumps during A. I. and (III) animals with a belt around their lumbar area. No difference (P>0.05) was found in the timing of the use of boar semen during A. I. among treatments. First parity sows under the control l group tended to have more (p<0.05) live born piglets than saddlebags or belt treatment. It was concluded that A. I. management, social housing conditions and stress susceptibility of gilts might be responsible of contradictory results obtained when mount simulation methods are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

180 Yorkshire x Landrace gilts were sampled to evaluate their vaginal length effect upon farrow size. These gilts, at commercial age and weight averaging 2,87 ± 3,166 days old and 98,486 ± 0,570 kg, respectively, had two or more rut cycles registered. Average gilt vaginal length at mating time was 22,439 ± 0,117 cm and the average farrow size was 8,571 ± 0,159 piglets born alive. The gilts were distributed into two groups taking into account all vaginal measurements, i.e., Group A (<22 cm, 87 animals) and Group B (>22 cm, 93 animals). Standard media and error were estimated for the studied variables and a simple regression analysis was carried out to determine vaginal length effect upon farrow size at birth. Little homogeneity was found concerning age (100-474 days old) and weight (79-125 kg) at mating; besides, vaginal length was not correlated to farrow size at birth in any group (A r=0,065 and B r=0,131). Therefore, this trait is not useful in determining farrow size when born from females below age and weight standards at mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world 39% of the total meat consumption is pork, 26% is beef, 28% is poultry and 7% meat from other animals. In Brazil beef represents 52% of the total consumption, while poultry represents 34%, and the pork meat represents only 15%. These data show the potential for development that this sector represents. To reach this increase in production special attention needs to be directed to housing where the animals will be placed during their production cycle. This housing need as main characteristics, to control the influence of the climatic fators over the lodged animals. Climatic variations are minimized by the use of distinct construction materials, the use of right building dimensions, the animal's lodging density and finally by the use of adequate ventilation system. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the use of climatization in the physiological response of nursing sows in the maternity building. Three treatments were tested: natural ventilation, cooled ventilation and forced ventilation. The following climatic parameter were measured: environmental temperature (Ta), relative humidity (UR) and wind speed (Vv). There were also measured the following physiological parameters from the nursing sows: respiratory track, skin temperature and backfat thickness. The results found showed that the use of cooled ventilation in the sows decreased the environmental temperature in the housing and also led to the decrease in the respiratory track as well as presented the smallest loss in backfat thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination was applied in a pig herd using an E2 vaccine candidate against classical swine fever (CSF). The sows received a two-dose vaccination schedule (25 µg) at intervals of 21 days. To evaluate the safety of E2 vaccine candidate in pregnant sows up to the second third of gestation, the reproductive performance of these sows was compared with a group of non-vaccinated sows in the last third of the gestation period. Data about repetitions of zeal, abortions, number of offsprings per litter and pups weaned per breeding by sow were registered. When comparing parameters between groups there were no differences. E2 vaccine candidate against CSF is safe when it is applied to pregnant sows until the second third of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to find out weaned-gilt body build and parity influence on non-pregnancy period of time and offproduction number was carried out. To this end, 310 F-1 Yorkshire x Landrace gilts were sampled to determine their body build at weaning as well as the farrowing number post-weaning. Gilts were kept into maternity pens for a 33- day lactation period. Data were processed by the SPSS statistic package V. 11.0. Results showed that gilt body build at weaning influenced (P<0,05) weaning-estrus period and off-production number. These parameters were most affected by body build 1 category (very thin gilts) reaching values of 15,65 vs 5,31 days/non-pregnant females and 17 vs o off-production females. However, the parameters were not affected by farrowing number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo describe un dispositivo para facilitar la inseminación artificial de cerdas, fabricado por la empresa española Inseminación Artificial Cubricer S. L.