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In this article we study the legal instruments and educational policies that affect the education and rights of Deaf people in the European and international framework. We argue that the European educational policies for disability are an important guide and can be used as model for Latin American educational policies. We point out that the differences in the socio-economic and cultural context, as well as inadequacies in the interpretation of European policies, reveal more than two decades of delay regarding the education of Deaf people in most Latin American countries. Therefore, from a social cohesion perspective, we reflect on the importance of educational and cultural policies for Deaf people in Europe and the role of Spain as bridge between both, in order to achieve a sense of belonging to a collective and cultural group, defending linguistic, social, and civil equality rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The nonlinear dynamical systems theory provides some tools for the analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) at different sleep stages. Its use could allow the automatic monitoring of the states of the sleep and it would also contribute an explanatory level of the differences between stages. The goal of the present paper is to address this type of analysis, focusing on the most different stages. Estimations of dimensionality were compared when six subjects were awake and in a deep sleep stage. Greater dimensionality involves more complexity because the system receives more external influences. If this dimensionality is maximum, we can consider that the time series is a noisy one. A smaller dimensionality involves lower complexity because the system receives fewer inputs. We hypothesized that we would find greater dimensionality when subjects were awake than in a deep sleep stage. Results show a noisy time series during the awake stage, whereas in the sleep stage, dimensionality is smaller, confirming our hypothesis. This result is similar to the findings reached previously by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usualmente, la identificación de especies de Meloidogyne está basada en la morfología de hembras adultas, lo que dificulta la identificación de hembras y machos juveniles (J2). Los nematodos son considerados entre los animales más difíciles de identificar, el uso de marcadores genéticos basados en el ADN ribosomal (ADNr) ha ganado aceptación en aplicaciones que van desde las determinaciones de cuarentena a las evaluaciones de la biodiversidad. Los nematodos del género Meloidogyne son conocidos por su habilidad para producir cambios fisiológicos en el sistema radical de las plantas y causar pérdidas en la absorción de nutrientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la secuenciación de regiones espaciadoras transcritas (ITS) internas de ADNr pueden ser usadas como marcadores genéticos para la identificación confiable de poblaciones de hembras y machos juveniles (J2) para las principales especies del género Meloidogyne. De muestras de raíces enfermas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) se extrajeron larvas de hembras y machos juveniles de Meloidogyne para la extracción de ADN. Se amplificó una región génica del ADNr que contiene dos regiones ITS. Para su posterior secuenciación, dicha región se ligó al vector pGEM®-T. El análisis con el programa BLASTn indicó que la región génica presentó una identidad del 99.8 % respecto a una secuencia génica perteneciente a Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White, 1919. Tal resultado sugiere que las regiones ITS pueden ser usadas como un marcador genético en poblaciones de Meloidogyne para la identificación de especie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]